PREDICTING WHO REOFFENDS: THE NEGLECTED ROLE OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT IN RECIDIVISM STUDIES*

Prior studies of recidivism have focused almost exclusively on individual‐level characteristics of offenders and their offenses to explore the correlates of reoffending. Notably absent from these studies are measures reflecting the neighborhood contexts in which individuals live. The current research addresses this shortcoming. Using data on a sample of ex‐offenders in Multnomah County, Oregon (Portland and surrounding area) in conjunction with 2000 census data, we answer two questions. First, which individual‐level factors influence rates of recidivism? Second, to what extent does neighborhood socioeconomic status account for variation in the reoffending behavior of ex‐prisoners that is not explained by their individual‐level characteristics? We find that those who return to disadvantaged neighborhoods recidivate at a greater rate while those who return to resource rich or affluent communities recidivate at a lesser rate, controlling for individual‐level factors.     

论海峡两岸逃犯移交中的“政治犯罪”

＂政治犯罪不引渡＂是国际引渡的重要原则,但由于＂政治犯罪＂概念本身难以界定等原因,导致该原则的适用具有很大的不确定性。当今国际司法协助中,政治犯罪不引渡不断受到限制,产生了越来越多的＂例外＂,甚至已经有取消的理论主张和实践。在海峡两岸的区际刑事司法互助中,具体而言就是在逃犯移交---＂刑事犯和刑事嫌疑犯＂的遣返中,同样面临着是否适用＂政治犯罪不移交＂的问题。作为区际刑事司法互助,海峡两岸应当摒弃政治犯罪不移交原则。     

看守所收押罪犯保外就医医学鉴定探索

目前有关看守所收押罪犯保外就医医学鉴定的法律规定尚不够规范，看守所收押罪犯保外就医的医学鉴定存在很多问题。要规范看守所收押罪犯保外就医的医学鉴定，就应加快刑罚执行方面的立法完善，规范保外就医等执法行为；建立统一的保外就医鉴定机构准入制度，改变当前鉴定机构的乱、杂局面；针对保外就医出现的新情况，建议尽快构建《看守所收押罪犯保外就医执行办法》及其实施细则和标准.     

精神病犯服刑能力评定量表研究

目的制订符合中国法律体系的精神病犯服刑能力评定量表。方法根据鉴定实践,结合中国法律,研究者首先创建了称为“精神病犯服刑能力评定量表”的评定工具,然后再回顾性运用该工具,通过诊断性实验,对该工具的信度、效度及实用性进行了检验。结果该量表同质性信度为0.8779,量表评定与专家评定一致性为0.909,除了阴性似然比为0.0683,其他诊断性指标均大于0.80。结论精神病犯服刑能力评定量表具有较好的实用性。     

Does a Rising Tide Lift All Boats? Labor Market Changes and Their Effects on the Recidivism of Released Prisoners

The dramatic growth in incarceration nationally has increased attention to the factors that influence recidivism among ex-prisoners. Accordingly, scholars have called for research that identifies factors, such as employment opportunities, that may influence reentry experiences. Few studies, however, have examined how changes in labor market conditions affect ex-prisoner offending. Drawing on prior scholarship, this study examines the effect of such changes on the recidivism of ex-prisoners and, in particular, how the recidivism among blacks and whites may be differentially affected by changes in labor market conditions in the areas to which they return. The analyses indicate that, among black male ex-prisoners, labor market declines increase violent recidivism. They also indicate that, among white male ex-prisoners, the effects are more tenuous, influence only property recidivism, and are moderated by prior labor market conditions and criminal history. Implications of the study are discussed.     

Reentry and the Ties that Bind: An Examination of Social Ties,Employment, and Recidivism

Scholars consistently find that reentering offenders who obtain steady work and maintain social ties to family are less likely to recidivate. Some theorize that familial ties may operate through employment to influence recidivism and that such ties may also serve a moderating role. The current study employs an integrated conceptual framework in order to test hypotheses about the link between familial ties, post‐release employment, and recidivism. The findings suggest that family ties have implications for both recidivism and job attainment. In fact, the results suggest that good quality social ties may be particularly important for men with histories of frequent unemployment. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to theory and future research on prisoner reentry and recidivism.     

Employment After Prison: A Longitudinal Study of Former Prisoners

Finding sustained employment is an important component of the transition from prison to the community for exiting prisoners. Anecdotal reports from former prisoners indicate that most individuals experience great difficulties finding jobs after their release. However, little systematic information is available about the employment experiences of individuals released from prison or the characteristics of former prisoners who are successful in locating employment. Using a causal framework, this paper examines the employment experiences of a multi-state sample of former prisoners, and identifies the individual factors influencing the likelihood of employment after release from prison, using data gathered from interviews with prisoners before and at multiple times after release. Findings indicate that consistent work experience before incarceration, connection to employers before release, and conventional family relationships improve employment outcomes after release. Individuals who relapse to drug use quickly after release, have chronic physical or mental health problems, and are older or nonwhite are employed fewer months after a period of incarceration.     

Self-control strength in prison inmates with antisocial personality disorder

The present study aimed to examine the difference in self-control strength between individuals with and without antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in a Chinese male prisoner sample. Thirty-seven male inmates who met the criteria for DSM-IV ASPD and 38 who did not were asked to watch a four-minute silent videotape of an interview, and ignore the words displayed on screen during the videotape to deplete their ego strength. A handgrip task was conducted both before and after watching the videotape, with participants’ time squeezing the handgrip being the dependent variable. Result showed a significant interaction between group (ASPD/no-ASPD group) and time (baseline/post-manipulation measure). The post-manipulation result was significantly worse than the baseline result for the ASPD group, but not for the no-ASPD group. These results indicate that tasks that contribute to ego depletion lead to a deficit of self-control strength in prisoners with ASPD.     

贴敷疗法配合腰痹方治疗退变性腰椎不稳短期临床疗效评价

目的 观察贴敷疗法配合腰痹方治疗退变性腰椎不稳的短期临床疗效。 方法 将94例退变性腰椎不稳的住院患者分为治疗组和对照组,每组47例,其中治疗组脱落2例,对照组脱落3例。对照组患者接受贴敷疗法,治疗组患者加服腰痹方。采用视觉模拟评分（visual analogue score,VAS）和Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）评估临床疗效,采用SF-36量表评估生存质量。 结果 两组治疗10、21 d后,VAS评分和ODI均较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）,且治疗组VAS评分和ODI均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗21 d后,两组SF-36各维度评分与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,治疗组生理机能、生理职能、精力、社会功能4个维度评分升高值显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）。 结论 贴敷疗法配合腰痹方治疗退变性腰椎不稳能减轻疼痛,提高临床疗效及患者生存质量,短期临床疗效满意。     

Short-Term Forces and Partisanship

One of the most intriguing aspects of the debate regarding the persistence of party identification is that proponents of different schools of thought have each managed to use the same quasi-experimental data and similar state of the art techniques to defend their point of view. In this article we argue that this debate cannot be resolved with quasi-experimental data alone and propose another method that we believe can help us triangulate in on the correct answer: experimentation. Two experiments are performed and analyzed. The first tests the hypothesis that party identification is updated in response to the vote choice; the second tests the hypothesis that candidate evaluations influence party choices. The results of our experiments provide some additional support for the traditional conception of partisanship as the unmoved mover of American politics.