论合同法限制完全赔偿的规则

现代合同法限制完全赔偿的规则有可预见性规则、减损规则、过错相抵规则和损益相抵规则。来源于英关法的可预见性规则在比较法上较德国法的相当因果关系说居于更有力的地位,为CISG等国际法律文件所采纳。减损规则与过错相抵规则的适用范围应以时间来划分,过错相抵规则分管的是损失发生的阶段,而减损规则分管的是损失扩大的阶段。过错相抵规则和损益相抵规则发生竞合时,损益相抵规则应优先适用。我国未来民法典应对损益相抵规则做出规定。     

《民法典》第584条(违约损害赔偿范围)评注

《民法典》第584条为有关违约损害赔偿范围的规定,可从事实因果关系和法律因果关系两个视角进行分析。事实因果关系视角下,应注意区分履行利益、信赖利益和返还利益。在因解除而发生的违约损害赔偿的计算中,应注意履行利益和返还利益的关系,避免重复计算。违约损害赔偿范围的决定中,确定性问题位于事实因果关系层面,是事后判断;而可预见性问题位于法律因果关系层面,是事前判断。若涉及确定性问题,确定性问题的探讨应在可预见性问题之前。     

Culture, Autonomy and Djulibinyamurr: Individual and Community in the Construction of Rights to Traditional Designs

The remoteness enquiry in negligence, which serves to exclude the liability of defendants for harmful consequences that their careless conduct caused, but for which it seems unfair to penalise them, has long been beset by uncertainty. Indeed, a common view is that this area of the law can be explained only by reference to diffuse considerations of 'legal policy'. This paper, however, argues that the remoteness enquiry represents a principled response to a problem that can arise, at a deep level, in ascribing a harmful outcome to the negligent exercise of individual agency. The relevant problem concerns the possible mismatch between the hypothetical 'risk-claim' in virtue of which conduct was faulty and the causal set that subsequently materialised for harm. The 'revised risk theory' that emerges from this analysis accounts for the majority of remoteness determinations. However, a few exceptions are also considered where 'policy', in a restricted sense, operates to extend or curtail a negligent agent's legal responsibility.     

《合同法》第113条第1款(违约损害的赔偿范围)评注

《合同法》第113条第1款确立了违约损害金钱赔偿责任的完全赔偿原则和可预见性限制规则,也适用于多种非违约型的义务违反情形。涉及履行利益和非履行利益的损害,都可能表现为实际损失或可得利益。以信赖利益范围为准的违约损害赔偿,填补的仍是履行利益损害。实际损失和可得利益在事实因果关系认定方面各有特点。可预见性规则的时点标准存在细化的可能。可预见性的判断因交易情境的差异而有不同。