商标侵权惩罚性赔偿的制度构建

我国《商标法》2013年第三次修改时首次在知识产权领域引入惩罚性赔偿责任。实证分析表明,惩罚性赔偿在商标侵权诉讼中适用甚少且适用不规范的问题突出,未能充分发挥其遏制侵权行为的预期作用。究其原因,主要存在适用条件不明确、赔偿基数难确定、程序保障不充分等问题。为规范适用,充分发挥惩罚性赔偿的作用,需要从以下四个方面完善其制度构建:一是强化程序保障;二是明确适用条件;三是完善赔偿数额的计算;四是厘清惩罚性赔偿与法定赔偿的关系。     

构建我国食品召回制度的法律思考

缺陷食品召回制度是一种具有公法性质的行政管理制度和有效手段,在发达国家已非常完善。近年来,由于食品召回立法的缺位,在一系列的缺陷食品事件中,我国消费者的合法权益未能得到平等的保护。在市场经济和加入WTO的今天,日益成为阻碍消费者权益保护和企业竞争力增强的制度障碍。为此,借鉴发达国家的实践经验,结合中国国情,确立和完善我国的食品产品召回制度就成为当务之急。     

各国立法上违约金性质比较研究

违约金诞生于罗马法,至今理论界仍存在很大分歧,这集中表现在两大法系对惩罚性违约金的态度上。我国合同法第114条对违约金性质做了专门规定,但在理论上依然有一些问题引发争论。如何吸收两大法系的经验,及时完善我国违约金制度,避免国际贸易中的合同条款因违背各国的国内强行法而无效,实有必要对各国违约金的性质进行比较研究。     

民事责任的两种规范模式

民事权利义务规范的设定有行为本位和资源本位两种模式,民事责任规范作为民事规范的一种也不例外。传统的学说将民事责任界定为义务的违反显然是行为本位视角的产物,实际上民事责任的产生与当事人的义务违反没有必然联系。民事责任是为保护民事权利或者法益,基于特定的法律事实而对一定的民事主体产生的不利后果。根据民事规范的设定模式,可以把民事责任规范设定模式分为“义务(行为)——责任”模式和“权利(资源)——责任”模式两种,其中前者是行为本位视角的产物,后者是资源本位视角的产物。     

Having the cake and eating it too: efficient penalty clauses in Common and Civil contract law

In this paper we examine one of the areas where there is a marked difference between Civil and Common contract law, that of the enforcement of liquidated damages and more particularly of penalty clauses. Common law judges are quite reluctant to enforce liquidated damages, especially if they believe that they include penalty clauses which are not enforceable. On the contrary, in almost all European contract laws liquidated damages are readily enforced, as are penalty clauses when they are not manifestly excessive. Although most law and economics scholars have criticized Common law courts for the non-enforcement of penalty clauses, there is a sizable minority of scholars who have defended the Common law “non-enforcement” policy on the ground that penalty clauses are inefficient because they hinder efficient breach. However, and despite the merits of the arguments advanced by advocates of the non-enforcement of penalty clauses, we believe that Common law’s rejection of penalty clauses is inefficient. We further show that the Civil law solution to the problem is not only comparatively more efficient, but that it can also appease the worries of those scholars who are afraid that efficient breaches will be deterred. The solution that Civil law systems give to the problem manages to enforce the parties’ wishes and to avoid deterring efficient breaches. However, we point out that in order for the Civil law systems to take advantage of this superiority, the interpretation of their Civil Codes should be guided by economic analysis and the respect to the wishes of the contracting parties.     

胎儿利益的民法保护

对胎儿利益的保护不是胎儿有无权利能力的问题,而是胎儿能否就其出生前的侵害请求损害赔偿的问题。对胎儿利益保护应注意下列问题:侵权行为的多样性、间接性,父母能否成为侵权主体?父母对损害发生有过错,能否适用过失相抵原则?父母阻却违法的允诺,是否对受害人有效等。     

错误的生命之诉的法律适用

错误的生命之诉是近年来出现的一种新型诉讼。目前,法国、美国五个州的最高法院准许了原告就此提起的财产损害赔偿请求,而英国、美国19个州的最高法院、加拿大的两个省、德国联邦宪法法院均驳回了原告的损害赔偿请求。但实际上,全部或部分驳回原告方诉讼请求所持的理由并不成立,原告的确受到了侵害,受侵害的客体是拥有充分知情的父母的利益。     

论惩罚性赔偿制度的确立与适用

惩罚性赔偿是英美法系创造的制度,具有独特的惩罚和遏制功能。我国《消费者权益保护法》第四十九条也有双倍赔偿的惩罚性规定,但在适用中还有许多不尽如人意之处,存在很多局限。文章重点分析了在我国民法典中完整确立惩罚性赔偿制度的必要性,并就其适用提出了一些可行性建议。     

试论刑事附带民事诉讼判决的既判力

我国《刑事诉讼法》在刑事附带民事诉讼的具体制度设计上存在诸多不合理之处。无论在立法还是司法实践中,对刑事判决和民事判决之间的冲突如何协调,均存在一定模糊性。应从挽回损失、补偿受害人的角度实行民刑分立,同时启动程序分别进行审判,更好地保护被害人的合法权益。     

Safe and Sound

正China is working to enhance the earthquake resistance of rural homes On October 21,Nurman Guli,a woman from Bacu County,northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,got married in her new house.Everyone in the neighborhood was invited to celebrate.This is a community with rows of newly