The Effects of Blaming Others for Legislative Inaction on Individual and Collective Evaluations

Legislators commonly blame others for gridlock. We posit that legislators may engage in this type of rhetoric to minimize the individual reputational risks associated with legislative inaction or to boost the relative standing of their party. In a series of six survey experiments, we find that blaming others for inaction undermines voters’ evaluations of individual legislators who engage in this rhetorical strategy. This effect is particularly pronounced among out-partisans and independents. However, blaming rhetoric can also enhance the standing of the blamer’s party relative to the opposing party across all groups (including out-partisans), in large part by undermining the reputations of these other actors. Ultimately, we show that when an individual legislator engages in blaming rhetoric, the immediate net electoral effects are null. This suggests that coordinated efforts by a party to blame opponents may improve the party’s relative standing, while imposing few costs on those engaged in blaming.     

The moment you decide,you divide: How politicians assess procedural fairness

Are politicians more rational decision makers than citizens? This article contributes to the ongoing debate by examining how politicians and citizens assess the fairness of the process leading to a controversial policy decision. It contains theories as to why it is tempting to match the favourability of policy decision with a fairness assessment of the preceding process, and how politicians and citizens differ in their approach to the task. Having derived three hypotheses, parallel scenario experiments are run in large samples of Swedish politicians and citizens, in which the outcome and fairness of a policy decision process are manipulated. As predicted, it is found that both politicians and citizens match the favourability of the decision with the assessment of the process, that these self-serving biases are stronger among politicians, and that policy engagement accounts for the group-level difference.     

论刑事领域中的严格责任

刑法中的严格责任是指在处理某些特殊的侵害行为时 ,忽略罪过的形式和有无 ,而以行为的社会危害性为唯一的着眼点对行为人追究刑事责任的刑法制度。严格责任在我国刑事法律领域 ,既有现实需要 ,又是客观存在的 ,在刑法总则上仿照《民法通则》的做法 ,加入“没有罪过或罪过形式不明确 ,但法律规定要承担刑事责任的 ,应当承担刑事责任”的总摄规定 ,在刑法分则或单行刑事法规中将适用严格责任的范围加以明确 ,使我国刑事领域有关严格责任的理论和立法自成体系。     

民事诉讼司法认知对象范围探讨

司法认知是世界上许多国家证据法上所普遍适用的就某些特定的案件事实由法官直接加以确认 ,从而免除当事人举证责任的一种诉讼规则。我国关于司法认知的立法与研究同外国相比差距较大 ,在民事诉讼中如何客观地界定司法认知的对象范围 ,尚需深入研究。笔者认为 ,民事诉讼司法认知对象有事实和法律两方面。事实范围包括众所周知的事实、司法事实、政府事实、易于获知的事实 ;法律范围包括本国法、国际条约和惯例、外国法。     

物理场论对哲学思考的提示

哲学思考从物理学的"场”和"场论”得到如下提示将"相互作用及其连续性”的观点引入哲学领域,并进行全面的拓展与全面的深化;以"非实体主义”的基本理论为参照系,为众多的哲学问题求索新的答案;以"非决定论”的基本理论为参照系,引导相关的哲学问题寻找新的回应;"非决定论”与"非实体主义”结伴而行;"场”和"系统”这对范畴、"相互作用”的两套理论模式,可分可合、相互补充;与"物理场”相似,"哲学场”中相互作用的多方相对相关、互渗互补;摹拟理论物理学的"大统一场论”,建构包含古今中外多种哲学体系之间和流派之间相互作用的"哲学理论场的场论”.     

Education cooperation in the European Union at the threshold of the New Millenium

The principles of ‘double relevance’ and ‘user-friendliness’ are seen as being essential for the implementation of the EU education programmes SOCRATES II and LEONARDO da VINCI II. Against the background of the acquis in EU education cooperation two points are explored: a) the articles of the Treaty are not fully used, and b) the framework set is increasingly proving to be too restrictive. The Luxemburg process and the Bologna conference are the reason for the second point. The opinion is put forward that the exchanges of students and teachers and the information exchange can be further europeanized and, eventually, be organized in permanent European structures. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Variation and Mutual Infiltration of Literary Field in the New Century

After entering into the new century, Chinese contemporary literature is subjected to the double pressure of the electronic media and the market economy. the independent “Elite literature” field which is dominated by the literature publishing is experiencing the variation under the influence of many factors such as politics, economy, science and technology, thought and mentality. the variation includes four secondary literature field, they are elite literature, youth literature, network literature and popular literature respectively. The field of Chinese literature is composed by the four secondary literature field since the new century, they coexist and compete mutually.This competitive situation is unavoidable for the time being, that is to say, the mutual relationship among elite literature, youth literature, network literature and popular literary is both competitive and cooperative, the image of the competition and connection with each other is the current situation of contemporary Chinese literature.     

转型期中国农民心理文化惯习探析

文章以法国社会学家、哲学家布迪厄的“场域-惯习”理论为基础，通过对中国农民身心图式中的价值观念、思维方式、行为模式、日常习俗等心理文化因素展开哲学探寻，具体分析我国农民文化惯习存在的问题及其产生的根源，并在此基础上提出了一系列构建现代化农民心理文化惯习的途径与措施。     

安全·自由·自主--住宅不受侵犯的价值蕴含

住宅是人们生活、生存的场所,更是人们寄寓温情与安宁的家园。作为个人的栖息之地,住宅自古以来就受到特别的保护,俨然作为与社会相对隔离的堡垒。近现代以来,住宅不受侵犯权已经成为普适性人权,它通过私人领域的划定,保护着人的安全、自由、自主,并以此凸显人的尊严。正是住宅不受侵犯权对人具有如此重要的价值,各国均将其纳入宪法之中,并以不同于物质财产权利的精神性权利而熔铸在法律文本与民众心间。     

权利的张扬与追寻——2006年中国权利问题研究综述

2006年的中国权利研究,著述颇丰,学术研讨频率密集且范围广泛,呈现了多元化、立体化的趋势。人权研究生机勃勃,平等权是当下社会生活和权利研究中的一个关键词,农民、农民工等弱势群体的权利保护则是与平等权密切相关的热点问题。传统的权利研究继续深入,新兴权利的研究与日俱增,权利本位理论正在向现实论证扩展,有关权利的理论日益丰满。