安眠酮薄层色谱扫描检测研究

本文通过实验研究改进了安眠酮的提取方法，以卡马西平为内标建立了血中安眠酮的薄层色谱扫描定性定量检测方法，研究了安眠酮在家兔体内的毒物动力学过程。     

尿样中安眠酮代谢物的分析

安眠酮是一种作用时间快、半衰期长的低毒性镇静催眠药物,长期服用有一定的成瘾性,目前国际上已将此药列为滥用药品,控制其生产和使用。由于安眠酮的代谢周期长,在体内容易积累,其代谢物     

高效液相色谱法测定人血清中安眠酮及其苯甲基羟化代谢物的浓度

本文建立了用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定人血清中安眠酮及其苯甲基羟化代谢物-2-甲基-3[2-(羟甲基)-苯基]-4(3H)喹唑酮(Ⅰ)的浓度。安眠酮浓度在1-35μg/ml范围内呈直线相关(相关系数r=0.9980;回归方程y=0.06324x—0.1029),方法回收率平均为102.08±9.987(SD)％(n=5),检出限为1ng。其代谢物Ⅰ按原型安眠酮的线性浓度测定其相对量。本法为测定中毒者体内安眠酮及其代谢物Ⅰ的血浓度提供可行的手段。     

血中安眠酮的硅藻土提取紫外导数光谱测定法

固相革取是一种新的分离方法，和传统的液液革取法相比，具有革取率高、操作简单、省溶剂、避免乳化等优点。固相革取法按所用的固棺材料可分为亲脂性材料（如烷基键合相硅胶。大孔树脂）固相苹取和亲水性材料（如硅藻土、硅胶）固相革取两种。对于亲脂性材料革取，国内已有较多的研究，而亲水性材料固柏章取，国内尚未见报道。笔者建立了血中安眠酮以硅藻土为因相材料进行提取、用紫外导数光谱进行测定的方法。此法操作较用亲脂性因相材料车取更为简单、快速，回收率也高。实验方法一、主要仪器。试剂、材料日本岛津Uv－250型紫外可见分光…     

尸体脏器中几种镇静药物气相色谱/质谱测定的研究

本文应用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)技术,研究了尸体脏器中五种巴比妥酸盐、导眠能、苯妥英的定性和定量分析方法。应用SE-54毛细柱找到了良好分离条件。以安眠酮作内标,建立了定量分析程序。应用这个方法,可在1小时内完成定性分析,检测限为5ng;定量分析的准确度和精密度均为±10％。     

广东精神类毒品犯罪趋势

近年来,中国毒品形势发生了新的变化,制贩“冰”毒和非法买卖、走私易制毒化学品等新型毒品犯罪迅速发展蔓延。特别是受港澳台境外黑社会毒品犯罪方式的影响与渗透, 在广东、福建等地,毒品犯罪分子不仅制贩海洛因、可卡因等常规毒品,而且开始制造、贩卖“冰”毒。以广东省为例, 从1991年至2004年4月,广东省公安机关共侦破各类制贩精神类毒品案件218宗(其中制贩“冰”毒案件94宗、制贩“摇头丸”案件124宗),共缴获“冰”毒约47吨、“摇头丸”388余万粒、氯胺酮1605千克、安眠酮近3300千克(氯胺酮和安眠酮截止2003年6月),摧毁制毒工厂、窝点89个。     

混合碱性药物中毒检验一例

<正> 一、案情摘要某男,1987年5月12日在家中突然死亡。死者之妻,于5月8～10日将安定250片、利眠宁100片、安眠酮18片研成粉末分六次掺入麦乳精、牛奶、糖水中给丈夫服下。10日晚,见夫未死,又向其静脉注射空气,并用浴巾、纱巾、棉被等物捂夫的口和鼻,但仍未将其捂死。     

混合斑中酸性磷酸酶及精子检出时限的研究

目的 研究探讨性生活后活体阴道内混合斑中酸性磷酸酶（ ACP）及精子的检出时限。方法 采用取材、检验三盲法对 600例阴道拭子进行 ACP及精子的常规检验。结果 ACP最长检出时限 255h,平均检出时限 52h。精子最长检出时限 132h,精子平均检出时限 29h。 ACP检出例中阳性程度在（＋＋）以上占 41.3％,精子检出例中阳性程度为每个视野 6～ 10个占 34.3％。 结论 应用混合斑中酸性磷酸酶及精子的检出时限 ,能为侦审性犯罪案件的法医学鉴定提供客观依据。     

检测浮游生物叶绿素相关基因诊断溺死的实验研究

目的评估浮游生物叶绿素相关基因检测用于溺死诊断的价值。方法将18只大白兔随机分为溺死组（n=10）、死后抛尸组（n=6）和对照组（n=2）,各组分别取心血及肺、肝、肾、脑组织,分离浮游生物并提取其DNA,用PCR技术检测叶绿素相关基因EG（EG1和EG2）及SK（SK1和SK2）。同时用硝酸消化法检验肺和肝组织中的硅藻。结果溺死组心血及肺、肝、肾、脑组织中EG1分别检出9、10、9、7和8例阳性,EG2分别检出8、10、7、5和7例阳性;死后抛尸组仅在心血和肺组织中各检出1例EG1阳性;对照组各组织均未检出EG1和EG2。SK1、SK2除在溺死组心血、肺和肾有少数检出外（≤2例）,在其他组未检出扩增产物。硝酸消化法从溺死组肺、肝组织中分别有9例及3例检出硅藻,死后抛尸组仅在1例肺组织中检出。结论浮游生物叶绿素相关基因EG用于溺死诊断的阳性检出率要高于硝酸消化法,在溺死诊断中具有较高的应用价值。     

烟蒂DNA分型的研究

目的 研究烟蒂中DNA提取及其检验。方法 用Chelex-100法提取170枚烟蒂样本的DNA,进行PCR扩增及STR检验。结果 除1名志愿者提供的21枚烟蒂外层纸未能检出STR基因分型外,其余烟蒂外层纸均得到分型结果。加入少许烟丝的样本未能检出STR分型,与口唇接触的海绵有时可检出基因型,6个月内的烟蒂可检出小片段基因座。结论 烟蒂能进行DNA分型,在法医检案中具有应用价值。     

Ethanol, marijuana, and other drug use in 600 drivers killed in single-vehicle crashes in North Carolina, 1978-1981

Although the use of ethanol, marijuana, and other drugs may be detrimental to driving safety, this has been established by direct epidemiological evidence only for ethanol. In this study, the incidences of detection of ethanol (and other volatile substances), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), barbiturates, cocaine and benzoylecgonine, opiates, and phencyclidine were determined in an inclusive population of 600 verified single-vehicle operator fatalities that occurred in North Carolina in 1978 to 1981. The incidence of detection of amphetamines and methaqualone were determined for drivers accepted for study during the first two years (n = 340) and the last year (n = 260), respectively. Blood concentrations of 11-nor-deta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (9-carboxy-THC) were determined in THC positive drivers. EMIT cannabinoid assays were performed on blood specimens from all drivers accepted for study during the third year, and the feasibility of using the EMIT cannabinoid assay as a screening method for cannabinoids in forensic blood specimens was investigated. The incidence of detection of ethanol (79.3%) was far greater than the incidences determined for THC (7.8%), methaqualone (6.2%), and barbiturates (3.0%). Other drugs were detected rarely, or were not detected. Blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) were usually high; 85.5% of the drivers whose bloods contained ethanol and 67.8% of all drivers had BECs greater than or equal to 1.0 g/L. Drug concentrations were usually within or were below accepted therapeutic or active ranges. Only a small number of drivers could have been impaired by drugs, and most of them had high BECs. Multiple drug use (discounting ethanol) was comparatively rare. Ethanol was the only drug tested for that appears to have a significantly adverse effect on driving safety.     

A survey of reported synthesis of methaqualone and some positional and structural isomers.

Methaqualone (2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone) is the illicit synthetic drug of choice amongst South African drug users. Historically police and forensic investigation has proven that all methaqualone seized by the South African Police Service originates from illicit manufacturing sites both inside, and outside South Africa's borders. From a drug enforcement, and forensic point of view it is, thus, of utmost importance that the various synthetic routes available to the illicit "chemist" are fully documented and understood. This is a prerequisite for effective illicit laboratory investigation, as well as chemical and precursor monitoring. This paper gives a brief introduction to the current status with regard to methaqualone use and production in South Africa, as well as an extensive review of the synthesis of methaqualone and selected isomers reported since 1946. A table summarizing synthetic routes reported in 32 reference sources is provided.     

The isolation and identification of precursors and reaction products in the clandestine manufacture of methaqualone and mecloqualone

Abuse of the hypnotic quinazolinone is well recognized and increasing. Clandestine laboratories producing methaqualone (2-methyl-3-ortho-tolyl-4(3H) quinazolinone) and mecloqualone (2-methyl-3-ortho-chlorophenyl-4(3H) quinazolinone) have been discovered throughout the United States. These laboratories utilize one of many synthesis routes to produce the illicit quinazolinone. Frequently, the clandestine chemist has little, if any, formal education in chemistry; does not keep notes; and does not label flasks and beakers containing solutions. The forensic chemist may be asked to analyze unmarked reaction mixtures that were seized in a clandestine laboratory raid. As a result, a rapid method of isolation and identification of the precursors and products of such a mixture is presented.     

The human distribution of some barbiturate sedatives in combination with miscellaneous CNS-active drugs

This paper presents 14 cases in which the distribution of barbiturates and the hydroxylated metabolites in combination with miscellaneous CNS-active drugs was studied. In 7 of these cases the other drug present was methadone, and in the remainder dihydrocodeine, morphine, propoxyphene, amitriptyline, meprobamate, cyclizine and dipipanone, diphenhydramine and methaqualone.Amitrityline, methadone, cyclizine and dipipanone, methaqualone and diphenhydramine appeared to modify the distribution of amylobarbitone and quinalbarbitone. Likewise, the barbiturates seemed to alter the distribution of amitriptyline, propoxyphene and, in one instance, methadone.     

The analysis of illicit methaqualone containing preparations by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for forensic purposes

A validated gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for quantitative analysis of methaqualone (MTQ) in illicit preparations is reported. The method proved to have a coefficient of variation of below 5%. Four batches of seized tablets, two pairs with similar imprints, were analyzed. It was found that the average MTQ concentration in all four batches of tablets differed significantly (p = 0.01) rendering it impossible to conclude that, on the basis of MTQ concentration alone, the batches with a similar logo originated from the same manufacturer or manufacturing batch. Conversely, it can be said that in this case, the four batches originated from either different clandestine laboratories or manufacturing batches.     

Metabolite sensitivity in the methaqualone radioimmunoassay.

Recent literature reflects the increased use of RIA as a qualitative and quantitative tool. This study exemplifies the problems that may arise when this technique is used for quantitation. Caution must be exercised, and a physiological and toxicological understanding of each particular drug is essential to provide credible results. It is evident that the sensitivity and ease of the RIA method for methaqualone makes it invaluable as a screening test, but confirmation and quantitation of this drug must remain with those methods that can quantitate each metabolite.     

Occurrence of barbiturate, benzodiazepine, meprobamate, methaqualone and phenothiazine in car occupants killed in traffic accidents in the south of Sweden

An investigation of the following psychoactive drugs: barbiturate, benzodiazepine, meprobamate, methaqualone and phenothiazine, was performed on all automobile occupants killed in accidents in southern Sweden during 1977 and 1978. Of 122 drivers and 55 passengers analysed, low concentrations of these drugs were found in nine drivers and in five passengers. Thus, 7.3% of the drivers were driving under the influence of drugs and, of these, two drivers (1.6% of all analysed drivers) were also inebriated. Twenty-three per cent of the drivers were inebriated only. According to the circumstances in the accidents and the number of drivers whose analyses proved positive, drug influence seldom seems to be the cause of fatal traffic accidents.     

Wide-bore capillary column gas chromatography in toxicological analysis of biological samples from multidrug overdoses fatalities

Fatalities from multidrug overdoses account for 25% of the total number of all poisoning fatalities and as such deserve greater attention from researchers than single drug overdoses. High resolution, good sensitivity, and repeatability provided by gas chromatography (GC) with wide-bore capillary silica and glass columns make GC particularly useful for identification and quantitative analysis of drugs in toxicological screening of autopsy specimens. Results of toxicological findings in three deaths from multidrug overdoses (methaqualone, doxepine, methotrimeprazine, pernazine-aspirin, paracetamol, codeine-morphine, diazepam) occurring in routine medical practice are reported.