欧盟银行并表监管立法实践对我国的启示

欧盟国家在银行监管中相继引入了并表监管技术,其有效实施与欧盟银行一体化的经济基础、监管规则的法律权威息息相关。只有母国监管当局承担对跨国银行集团监管的主要职责才能有效防范银行集团的系统性风险。欧盟并表监管立法的理论前提是属人原则和公共利益原则。我国银行应完善并表监管制度。我国应以立法确认并表监管为我国银行监管法的法定原则,并由相关部门作出具体的规则设计,同时与相关当事国签订监管合作的双边协定。     

监管联席会议:跨境银行集团监管的制度创新

监管联席会议是相关监管当局组建的、旨在持续性地加强跨境银行集团监管合作与协调的常设机制。它是次贷危机催生的一项金融监管机制创新,是后危机时代国际社会为加强系统重要性银行监管而推行的一项全球化制度安排。监管联席会议一般以银行集团的母国监管当局为主导设立、以当局签署监管谅解备忘录为前提条件、以灵活的组织结构为基础运行,具有促进监管信息交流、协调监管行动和加强危机管理等重要制度功能。该机制在全球范围内的建立和推广,体现出银行监管理念的重大革新,即强调单一监管与并表监管良性互动、日常监管与危机管理统筹兼顾、微观审慎与宏观审慎有机结合。     

信息结构、激励相容与我国银行监管目标的定位

次贷危机阴霾未散，各国金融监管改革尚在探索中，体现激励相容的银行监管是提高银行监管效率的关键。本文从我国银行业信息结构的角度出发，结合我国银行监管体系中各主体的激励现状，重新审视我国银行监管目标的定位。     

银行监管成本的分类与计量

本文对国内外银行监管成本研究成果进行总结,从银行监管成本的分类和计量两个方面进行了系统介绍和分析,在此基础上提出我国银行监管应重视成本因素。     

论我国外资银行监管立法的完善

外资银行监管是我国入世后金融业面临的一个十分重要的问题。新的《外资金融机构管理条例》与旧条例相比有了许多进步,但在业务范围、监管职责、外资银行待遇、银行公司治理、反不正当竞争和反垄断、风险防范机制、信息披露制度、退出机制等诸多方面仍存在不足。我国可根据《有效银行监管核心原则》和中国入世议定书来完善外资银行机构监管立法。     

WTO与我国银行法律制度的完善

加入WTO在给我国银行业带来机遇的同时 ,也带来挑战。本文从消除我国银行法制中存在的问题 ,健全和完善我国银行法律制度 ;健全银行监管体系、创造良好的外部环境两方面探讨了如何健全和完善我国的银行法律制度 ,提高我国银行业在市场竞争中的能力。     

完善我国网络银行监管法律制度的思考

目前我国的网络银行业正处于迅速发展的阶段.并已经初步建立了网络银行监管法律制度框架,但是在监管目标、监管具体制度、监管法律体系等方面都存在着许多的不足,这些不完善之处将会为网络银行业的发展带来不稳定的因素,为了保障客户利益和网络银行业的健康发展,我国需要对现存的网络银行监管法律制度就上述问题进行完善。     

基于约束条件的非政府组织监管协同研究

监管的有效性关乎非政府组织的规范化发展和高质量发展。非政府组织监管是在多元监管背景下政府依照法定职权和程序,通过一定的监管制度安排对非政府组织行为予以规范和控制,其本质属于法治化监管,它需要通过制度的协同来推动多元主体与政府监管的协同。实现非政府组织监管系统整体性最优功能的路径在于更新政府理念,树立协同监管意识,完善法律体系,优化制度结构。制度结构的优化取决于能否彻底改革双重监管体制、完善年检制度和信息公开制度、确立税收监管与淘汰制度、实现评估制度的转换。     

网络银行法律监管的国际经验及其启示

伴随着网络银行的兴起，如何改进和完善银行监管法律制度以对其实施有效监管成为国际社会普遍关注的重大课题。巴塞尔委员会在网络银行业务风险及其监管领域提供了许多重要原则，许多国家和地区在这一领域的积极探索也提供了大量宝贵经验。笔者拟从理论上对这些国际经验予以归纳和总结，进而阐明这些经验对于全面确立和完善我国网络银行监管法律制度的重要启示。     

分业经营条件下金融监管机构协调合作的机制与途径

目前我国的金融监管体制具有典型的分业监管体制特征。因为在一个相对较长的时间内,金融主体、金融法规和金融监管方面均不成熟的条件下,分业经营和分业监管仍是我国金融业发展的主要方式。但混业经营是世界金融市场的发展趋势,我国也存在金融混业经营的苗头和愿望,为此,必须做好三大监管机构的协调和分工,通过立法形式使金融监管联席会议法制化,对金融控股公司的监管应建立监管制度,引导和鼓励银行、证券、保险经营部门业务方面的相互融合,并构建主体多元化、多层次的金融监管体系。     

The political economy of banking reforms in China, 1993–1997

The weakness of China's banking system poses a serious threat to the sustainability of the country's economic development. This article measures the extent of this weakness and analyzes its causes. It focuses especially on the structural changes in the banking sector, the economic crisis of 1992–1993, and the subsequent financial reforms implemented. The evidence gathered by the author shows that the banking reforms initiated since 1994 have produced mixed results. Although central bank autonomy and bank supervision have improved, political, economic, and institutional constraints have prevented the government from taking more decisive measures to re‐capitalize banks, restructure the debt of state‐owned enterprises, and increase competition in the banking sector quickly. Despite the apparent effectiveness of the short‐term measures taken to bolster public confidence in the banking system, China's banking reform will be a difficult and prolonged process.     

China's banking sector: From administrative control to a regulatory framework

The development of the banking sector has been one of the primary vehicles for stimulating the economic growth of China since the late 1970s. This paper presents, first, an overview of the institutional structure of the Chinese banking system, and second, an analysis of the development process of commercial bank regulations. With reference to international experience, the paper argues that several institutional problems have posed major challenges to the effective implementation of the promulgated bank regulations. These problems include: the impossibility for state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) to go bankrupt, the strong influence of local governments on banks’ operation, and the lack of an effective enforcement mechanism.     

当代银行资本监管理论及其新进展

银行业作为世界上监管最严的行业之一,其资本在保持银行稳健和风险承担方面所起的作用,以及在银行公司治理中所起的作用,使得对银行资本监管尤其重要。为了实现合理和有效的资本监管,银行内部风险资本模型和有效监管当局的审查相结合这种模式将是银行资本监管的趋势,市场约束将处于相对次要的地位。     

入世与我国外资银行监管制度的完善

我国加入WTO后 ,外资银行进入国内市场的速度、广度和深度都将显著提高 ,外资银行监管面临严峻挑战。要应对挑战 ,必须从监管的法律、主体、内容、人才、信息化建设五个方面完善外资银行监管制度     

银行法中的私人自治原则与国家监管

银行法应当区分为银行私法和银行公法,私人自治是其中的基本原则,银行法许多规范都表现了私人自治原则。通常所提及的国家监管原则只不过是私人自治原则的补充。     

Transforming China's Banks: the IFC's experience

China's progress in fixing its banking system has surprised observers. Successful experiments, some of them involving foreign investors, have emerged in China to deal with the problems of the banking system. The International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private sector arm of the World Bank Group, has played an active role in piloting some of these approaches in close cooperation with the regulator and other strategic investors. In the period 1995–2000, IFC's strategy was to work with one or two banks to help improve their governance and skills. The idea was to create some model banks which could be emulated by others and used by the regulators to introduce modern banking practices. Once the corporate governance and business practices of these banks improved, then the IFC was able to attract foreign banks to invest in these banks. These investments encouraged other foreign banks to consider taking minority stakes in the smaller banks. The success of these experiments gave confidence to the Chinese authorities to open up the big state-owned banks for foreign investment and encouraged big international banks to invest large sums of money to take minority stakes in the big banks. While progress in reform has been remarkable, the real and sustainable transformation of the Chinese banks is far from over and will be a lengthy process. Significant challenges such as improving corporate governance and credit risk management remain. Despite the significant opening of the banking system to foreign direct investment, foreign ownership in the Chinese banking system remains low by international standards. Even with existing limitations on foreign ownership, foreign strategic investors are contributing to the transformation of Chinese banks and their role remains highly relevant for the continued reform of the Chinese banking system.     

地方金融稳定发展组织模式的选择及其操作系统的构建——基于规则系统理论的扩展分析框架

地方金融稳定发展组织框架的构建是影响本轮中国金融监管改革成败的关键环节,牵涉到中央与地方关系和省政府金融办、"一行两局"之间关系的调整和职责定位,是地方金融管理改革的核心问题。本文基于规则系统理论,提出和运用"规则系统-组织结构-操作系统"扩展框架,回顾中国金融监管体制演进,遵循顶层设计与基层创新相结合原则,对地方金融稳定发展组织模式进行选择和设计,提出重组监管资源和构建规则操作系统等政策建议。     

论我国金融混业经营的可能性

文章简介了我国金融业分业经营的相关法律规定及现实情况,认为我国分业经营的法律制度存在不完全性,而且现今混业经营已渐露端倪,并呈必然发展的趋势。由此,从经济法的基础理论出发寻求混业经营的合理性,并结合国际金融混业经营情况,探索中国应该借鉴的金融控股公司模式,以及经济法的应然状态。