淮海战役士兵遗骸的Y染色体遗传类型鉴定

目的鉴定淮海战役士兵遗骸的Y染色体遗传类型,为寻找其父系亲属提供线索。方法采用古DNA的方法提取遗骸DNA,使用Yfiler试剂盒进行17个Y-STR基因座的复合扩增,推测样本的单倍群,并根据最新Y染色体谱系树挑选Y-SNP位点进行精细分型,再基于Y-SNP和Y-STR数据进行共享单倍型分析,获得与遗骸遗传关系最近的现代个体信息。结果 8份男性样本中的17个Y-STR基因座总共观察到8种Y-STR单倍型,进一步Y-SNP分析得出6种Y-SNP单倍群,分别是O2a1-M95+、O1a1-P203+、O3*-M122+/M234-、D1-M15+、C3*-ST和R1a1-M17+。结论本次对淮海战役士兵遗骸进行的Y染色体遗传类型鉴定对于推断陈年检材的地理来源具有一定的借鉴价值。     

10年陈旧软骨DNA检验1例

陈旧骨骼样本骨组织中DNA含量少且高度降解，DNA提取不仅有一定的难度，而且检验周期相对较长。笔者通过对长达10年的骨骼上附着的软骨成功进行DNA检验，现介绍如下。     

MagAttract(R)M48试剂盒在案例骨骼检验中的应用

陈旧性骨骼DNA检验的关键环节之一是模板DNA的提取及纯化,本文采用MagAttract(R)M48 DNAManual试剂盒(QIAGEN公司,简称M48试剂盒)对陈旧降解骨骼样本进行检验,结果如下.     

考古样品中Amelogenin同源基因的提取和检测

目的利用人类性染色体Amelogenin同源基因在X、Y染色体上序列长度的差异,选择设计引物,对考古样本进行古DNA性别信息研究。方法采用苯酚/氯仿-二氧化硅-超滤离心方法提取东岭墓葬群殉人骨骼、牙齿古DNA,PCR扩增,非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)分离和检测古DNA扩增片段。结果8个墓葬16个样品中有7个样品出现阳性扩增检测,目标基因片段清楚,男性为二条带(X、Y),女性为一条带(X),牙齿样品检测成功率优于骨骼样品。结论改进的苯酚/氯仿—二氧化硅—超滤分离法是较好的古DNA提取方法,具有降低PCR抑制剂、消耗成本低和提取成功率高等特点。基于人类X、Y染色体Amelogenin同源基因的古DNA性别分析方法可成为分子考古重要的技术方法。     

利用AutoMate Express~(TM)自动化法医DNA提取系统提取骨骼及牙齿DNA

目的探讨建立骨骼及牙齿DNA自动化提取的新方法。方法将33份骨骼及15份牙齿样本分别用冷冻研磨和手工处理两种方法研磨成粉,采用AutoMate ExpressTM自动化法医DNA提取系统提取DNA并定量。结果 AutoMate ExpressTM自动化法医DNA提取系统能够在3h左右完成骨骼、牙齿DNA的提取,两种方法处理的骨骼样本所得DNA质量浓度差异无统计学意义。冷冻研磨处理的骨骼和牙齿样本均获得了较好的STR分型结果,且牙齿样本所得DNA质量浓度高于手工提取所得。结论应用AutoMate ExpressTM自动化法医DNA提取系统是自动化提取骨骼、牙齿DNA的一种新方法,可应用于法医实际案件检验。     

骨骼DNA分析的应用研究

<正> 近年来,各国法庭科学工作者对骨骼DNA检验进行了不断研究与实践,但由于陈旧骨骼受时间和环境因素的影响,对其进行DNA分析仍是目前国际法医界公认的难题。我们前期工作中运用本室改良的硅珠法提取骨组织DNA,对149例骨骼样本中的146例进行STR分型或线粒体测序,并且在此基础上,进一步探讨了骨骼DNA鉴定的难点及其实际应用中应注意的问题,供同仁参考。     

MagAttract~M48试剂盒在案例骨骼检验中的应用

<正>陈旧性骨骼DNA检验的关键环节之一是模板DNA的提取及纯化,本文采用MagAttractM48 DNAManual试剂盒(QIAGEN公司,简称M48试剂盒)对陈旧降解骨骼样本进行检验,结果如下。1材料与方法1.1样本及预处理肱骨、胫骨各1根,取自2具无名白骨化尸体,尸体发现地点分别为树林和自家房内。根据调查分析     

藏獒粪便中人碎骨DNA检验1例

正近年来,骨骼DNA检验技术取得很大进展。骨骼DNA检验不仅在一些疑难案件中为侦破提供了方向,同时在证据链的完善和服务法庭诉讼中也发挥着重要作用。本文对1例藏獒粪便中残留的碎骨片进行检验,成功获得了被害人的STR分型,现报道如下。1案例样本及检验1.1简要案情及样本提取2014年11月,四川省某地发生一起杀人案。受害人张某家属报案称其失踪,经调查和前期取证,确     

PrepFiler Express BTA~(TM)裂解液联合硅珠法快速提取骨骼DNA

目的建立方便、快捷的提取骨骼DNA的方法。方法对15份长骨样本清洗消毒后,采用电钻钻取骨屑,使用PrepFiler Express BTA~(TM)裂解液进行裂解消化后,应用手工硅珠吸附纯化进行DNA提取检验。结果有14份样本获得满意的STR分型,仅1份样本未获得STR分型,检出率为93.33%。结论本研究建立的骨骼DNA快速提取方法操作简单、便捷、有效,适应性强,值得推广应用。     

陈旧骨骼DNA检验2例

对高度腐败及白骨化的尸体,骨骼是进行DNA检验的唯一检材。由于骨骼的特殊组织结构及环境因素的影响,使骨骼DNA提取较一般的组织困难。本文作者运用传统的有机法结合Microcon100纯化柱提取骨骼DNA,对2例陈旧骨骼DNA进行检验,现报道如下。1简要案情例12004年8月某河边发现一白骨化的尸骨,破案证实系2001年5月失踪的出租车司机陈某。取肱骨1根进行DNA检验。例22005年6月某水库内发现部分碎尸块,破案证实系半年前失踪的郭某。取股骨1根进行DNA检验。2DNA检验骨骼处理用手术刀片刮净骨骼表面的污垢,蒸馏水冲洗干净后晾干,在紫外灯下照…     

DNA Identification of Commingled Human Remains from the Cemetery Relocated by Flooding in Central Bosnia and Herzegovina

The floods in Bosnia and Herzegovina in May 2014 caused landslides all over the country. In the small village of ?eri?i, near the town of Zenica, a landslide destroyed the local cemetery, relocated graves, and commingled skeletal remains. As the use of other physical methods of identification (facial recognition, fingerprint analysis, dental analysis, etc.) was not possible, DNA analysis was applied. DNA was isolated from 20 skeletal remains (bone and tooth samples) and six reference samples (blood from living relatives) and amplified using PowerPlex^® Fusion and PowerPlex^®Y23 kits. DNA profiles were generated for all reference samples and 17 skeletal remains. A statistical analysis (calculation of paternity, maternity, and sibling indexes and matching probabilities) resulted in 10 positive identifications. In this study, 5 individuals were identified based on one reference sample. This has once again demonstrated the significance of DNA analysis in resolving the most complicated cases, such as the identification of commingled human skeletal remains.     

Field Contamination of Skeletonized Human Remains with Exogenous DNA

The Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory reports the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of over 800 skeletal samples a year for the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command–Central Identification Laboratory. These sequences are generated from degraded skeletal remains that are presumed to belong to U.S. service members missing from past military conflicts. In the laboratory, it is possible to control for contamination of remains; however, in the field, it can be difficult to prevent modern DNA from being transferred to skeletal elements and being carried forward through the analysis process. Four such cases are described here along with the controls in place in the laboratory to eliminate the possibility of the exogenous DNA being reported as authentic. In each case, the controls implemented by the laboratories prevented the false reporting of contaminant exogenous DNA from remains that were either faunal or human, but lacked endogenous DNA.     

DNA Typing for the Identification of Old Skeletal Remains from Korean War Victims*

Abstract: The identification of missing casualties of the Korean War (1950–1953) has been performed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) profiles, but recent advances in DNA extraction techniques and approaches using smaller amplicons have significantly increased the possibility of obtaining DNA profiles from highly degraded skeletal remains. Therefore, 21 skeletal remains of Korean War victims and 24 samples from biological relatives of the supposed victims were selected based on circumstantial evidence and/or mtDNA‐matching results and were analyzed to confirm the alleged relationship. Cumulative likelihood ratios were obtained from autosomal short tandem repeat, Y‐chromosomal STR, and mtDNA‐genotyping results, and mainly confirmed the alleged relationship with values over 10⁵. The present analysis emphasizes the value of mini‐ and Y‐STR systems as well as an efficient DNA extraction method in DNA testing for the identification of old skeletal remains.     

Simple and highly effective DNA extraction methods from old skeletal remains using silica columns

The recovery of DNA data from old skeletal remains is often difficult due to degraded and very low yield of extracted DNA and the presence of PCR inhibitors. Herein, we compared several silica-based DNA extraction methods from artificially degraded DNA, DNA with PCR inhibitors and DNA from old skeletal remains using quantitative real-time PCR. We present a modified large-scale silica-based extraction combined with complete demineralization, that enables maximum DNA recovery and efficient elimination of PCR inhibitors. This is performed with high concentration of EDTA solution for demineralization of bone powder followed by QIAamp^® spin columns and buffers from the QIAquick^® PCR purification kit. We have successfully used this modified technique to perform STR analysis for 55-year-old skeletal remains. The results of this study will contribute to solve the forensic cases dealing with skeletal remains.     

Identification of the skeletal remains of Josef Mengele by DNA analysis.

There has been considerable controversy over the identity of the skeletal remains exhumed in Brazil in 1985 and believed to be those of Dr Josef Mengele, the Auschwitz 'Angel of Death'. Bone DNA analysis was therefore conducted in an attempt to provide independent evidence of identity. Trace amounts of highly degraded human DNA were successfully extracted from the shaft of the femur. Despite the presence of a potent inhibitor of DNA amplification, microsatellite alleles could be reproducibly amplified from the femur DNA. Comparison of the femur DNA with DNA from Josef Mengele's son and wife revealed a bone genotype across 10 different loci fully compatible with paternity of Mengele's son. Less than 1 in 1800 Caucasian individuals unrelated to Mengele's son would by chance show full paternal inclusion. DNA analysis therefore provides very strong independent evidence that the remains exhumed from Brazil are indeed those of Josef Mengele.     

Assessing the Utility of Soil DNA Extraction Kits for Increasing DNA Yields and Eliminating PCR Inhibitors from Buried Skeletal Remains

DNA identification of human remains is often necessary when decedents are skeletonized; however, poor DNA recovery and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibition are frequently encountered, a situation exacerbated by burial. In this research, the utility of integrating soil DNA isolation kits into buried skeletal DNA analysis was evaluated and compared to a standard human DNA extraction kit and organic extraction. The soil kits successfully extracted skeletal DNA at quantities similar to standard methods, although the two kits tested, which differ mechanistically, were not equivalent. Further, the PCR inhibitors calcium and humic acid were effectively removed using the soil kits, whereas collagen was less so. Finally, concordant control region sequences were obtained from human skeletal remains using all four methods. Based on these comparisons, soil DNA isolation kits, which quickened the extraction process, proved to be a viable extraction technique for skeletal remains that resulted in positive identification of a decedent.     

The Correlation Between Skeletal Weathering and DNA Quality and Quantity*

Abstract: Mitochondrial DNA analysis of skeletal material is invaluable in forensic identification, although results can vary widely among remains. Previous studies have included bones of different ages, burial conditions, and even species. In the research presented, a collection of human remains that lacked major confounders such as burial age, interment style, and gross environmental conditions, while displaying a very broad range of skeletal degradation, were examined for both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) quality and quantity. Overall skeletal weathering, individual bone weathering, and bone variety were considered. Neither skeletal nor bone weathering influenced DNA quality or quantity, indicating that factors that degrade bone do not have the same effect on DNA. In contrast, bone variety, regardless of weathering level, was a significant element in DNA amplification success. Taken together, the results indicate that neither skeletal nor individual bone appearance are reliable indicators of subsequent mtDNA typing outcomes, while the type of bone assayed is.     

The application of miniplex primer sets in the analysis of degraded DNA from human skeletal remains

A new set of multiplexed PCR primers has been applied to the analysis of human skeletal remains to determine their efficacy in analyzing degraded DNA. These primer sets, known as Miniplexes, produce shorter amplicons (50-280 base pairs (bp)) than standard short tandem repeat (STR) kits, but still utilize the 13 CODIS STR loci, providing results that are searchable on national DNA databases. In this study, a set of 31 different human remains were exposed to a variety of environmental conditions, extracted, and amplified with commercial and Miniplex DNA typing kits. The amplification efficiency of the Miniplex sets was then compared with the Promega PowerPlex 16 system. Sixty-four percent of the samples generated full profiles when amplified with the Miniplexes, while only 16% of the samples generated full profiles with the Powerplex 16 kit. Complete profiles were obtained for 11 of the 12 Miniplex loci with amplicon sizes less than 200 bp. These data suggest smaller PCR amplicons may provide a useful alternative to mitochondrial DNA for anthropological and forensic analysis of degraded DNA from human skeletal remains.     

Anthropological and Radiographic Comparison of Antemortem Surgical Records for Identification of Skeletal Remains*

Abstract: This case review illustrates the important contributions of forensic archeological methods and forensic anthropological analysis to the identification of found skeletal remains. After reassociation of skeletal remains found in two locations, anthropological analysis provided the basis for a presumptive identification and a request for antemortem medical records. Partial DNA profiles were supportive but not conclusive and antemortem dental records were not available. Comparison of antemortem traumas, skeletal morphology, and surgical artifacts with antemortem radiographs and surgical records led to positive identification of an individual missing for almost a decade.     

Application of mtDNA sequence analysis in forensic casework for the identification of human remains

In four forensic cases of unidentified skeletal remains investigated in the last year, we were able to attach three to missing persons. In one case we could show that the discovered bone sample did not fit to a missing child. The method for mitochondrial DNA analysis for the routine identification of skeletal remains was established in our institute by typing bone samples of defined age obtained from Frankfurt's cemetery. Reproducible results were obtained for bones up to 75 years old. For analysis the bone samples were pulverised to fine powder, decalcified and DNA was extracted. From the DNA we amplified a 404-bp fragment from HV-1 and a 379-bp fragment from HV-2 of the mtDNA control region. After sequencing of the PCR products, the results were compared to the Anderson reference sequence and to putative maternal relatives.