青少年骨关节X线片的骨龄研究

通过对11～16周岁女性及13～20周岁男性青少年左侧肩、肘、腕、髋、膝、踝关节拍摄X线片,进行了青少年的骨龄研究.根据骨骼生长发育的特点,提出了各大关节X线片判定骨龄的观察指标及分级标准,并使用SPSS软件包进行数据处理,建立了青少年利用6大关节骨骺愈合程度判定女性是否已满14周岁、男性是否已满16周岁或18周岁的判别分析方程.     

中国汉族女性青少年法医学活体骨龄推断数学模型的建立

目的建立推断中国汉族女性青少年活体骨龄的数学模型。方法摄取华中、华南及华东等地区的838名年龄介于11～20周岁正常女性青少年双侧锁骨胸骨端以及左侧肩、肘、腕、髋、膝、踝关节的X线片。依据青少年骨发育分级标准对24项骨骼发育指标进行阅片、分级,结合考虑身高、体质量及地区等影响因素．应用SAS8．1及SPSS11．0软件进行统计学处理,探索各指标与年龄的相关性。结果建立了我国汉族女性青少年利用锁骨胸骨端及6大关节骨骺闭合程度联合推断活体年龄的多元回归数学模型．推导出判定我国汉族女性青少年是否已满14、16和18周岁的Fisher’S两类判别分析方程。结论本研究所建立的判定活体年龄的数学模型丰富了活体年龄的法医学鉴定方法,有利于提高活体骨龄鉴定方法的科学性和结论的准确性。     

男性青少年X线片的骨骺特征及年龄推断

根据骨骺的愈合程度推断青少年年龄。本文对河南周口地区 2 10名 13～ 2 0周岁的男性青少年拍摄了左侧肩、肘、腕、髋、膝、踝关节的X线片。对上述关节的近端及远端骨骺进行观察分析 ,选取与年龄变化关系密切的2 7项骨骺愈合指标。并对其进行分级、评分 ,用SPSS软件进行统计学处理 ,建立了多关节骨骺愈合程度推断男性青少年年龄的多元回归方程。选取了其中 4个复相关系数最高 (r =0 75 8～ 0 787) ,且标准误最低者 (SE =1 0 136～1 0 70 1)的多元回归方程。根据多个关节的骨骺愈合情况综合评价判定青少年的年龄 ,可提高年龄判定的准确性。     

广东东莞市男性青少年肩关节正位DR片骨龄研究

目的利用肩关节正位数字化X线片（DR片）上诸骨发育特点建立男性青少年骨龄评测数学模型。方法对广东东莞市310名15~22岁男性青少年拍摄肩关节正位DR片,根据锁骨肩峰端（X1）、肩胛骨肩峰端（X2）、喙突（X3）、肱骨近端（X4）及锁骨胸骨端（X5）骨骺发育分级评分,利用SPSS统计进行各骨骼发育评分与年龄间的相关分析、Fisher＇s线性两类判别分析及多元逐步回归分析。结果 X1~X5与生活年龄间的Pearson相关系数分别为0.496、0.571、0.559、0.702、0.807（P〈0.01）;16、17、18周岁判别分析综合判别率为87.2%~91.4%,年龄推断多元逐步回归方程准确率（±1岁）约79.8%。结论本研究建立的年龄判别分析方程及多元逐步回归方程,可为法医活体年龄鉴定提供了新的地区性标准和方法。     

四川省阿坝地区藏族青少年膝关节骨发育趋势

目的探讨四川省藏族青少年膝关节骨发育趋势,更新利用膝关节骨龄推断我国藏族青少年活体年龄的数据资料。方法在我国四川省阿坝地区调查483例14~19周岁藏族男、女性青少年膝关节X线片,选取股骨远端、胫骨近端及腓骨近端骨骺作为骨骼发育指标,观察骨骺发育情况,并运用SPSS 16.0统计学软件计算出青少年膝关节骨骺闭合年龄的描述性数据。结果膝关节中,闭合最早的骨骺是股骨远端骨骺,闭合最晚的是腓骨近端骨骺,其中女性青少年膝关节骨骺发育较男性提前约1岁左右。结论应用于法医学活体骨龄鉴定的藏族青少年相关数据资料应定期更新。本研究结果可为法医学、人类学及临床医学等相关学科在进行骨龄评价时提供参考。     

14岁青少年手腕骨发育的研究I．男生骨龄标准的制定

目的研究我国当前青少年骨发育状况,制订专用于法医学推断男性刑事责任年龄14岁的骨龄标准。方法以湖南冷水江地区青少年为对象,按照纳入标准,选取14岁±3个月的健康男性中学生103名,拍摄其左手腕部后前位X线片。选择手腕骨15个部位,按照统一标准进行观察、测量,采用最大百分比法确定发育等级标准,建立骨龄评估方法,以单盲法进行验证。结果除第一掌骨、近节第四指骨骨骺发育等级为部分闭合外,其他均为未闭合;对于第四、五掌骨和近三指骨,不足14岁组以未闭合为主,已满14岁组以部分闭合为主。各个观察部位骨骺横径宽于干骺横径。30例的验证结果准确率为80.0%。结论根据发育等级特征及测量学方法建立骨龄评估标准可行,可望得到推广。本文以刑事责任年龄14周岁为对象,制订法医学专业骨龄推断标准,并引入测量学方法,辅助推断年龄。     

X线片的骨骼年龄判定

目前,对儿童青少年骨骼年龄评价以手腕部及膝部较好,方法也较多,但主观性强,随机误差大。随着计算机图像识别及智能化技术的应用,将使得骨骼年龄评价更为客观、准确。对于成年人X线片骨龄推断,以胸骨、耻骨及锁骨等方法具有一定的应用价值,尚需更广泛的方法学研究以增加推断年龄的方法及准确性。本文介绍了X线片的骨骼年龄判定方法的现状及研究进展。     

根据手籽骨判定青少年年龄

<正> 年龄推断是法医人类学研究的一项重要的内容。目前,在法医人类学中有关青少年年龄判定的方法不是很多,已有的方法应用较为复杂。本文作者通过对青少年右手的X线片观察,根据手拇指内侧掌指关节处籽骨的出现与形态变化,推导出判定青少年年龄的多元回归方程,期望为法医人类学的年龄判定提供一种新方法。     

单一关节X线片判定男性青少年年龄的应用价值

我国刑法对不同年龄的未成年人保护力度不同。近年来男性青少年犯罪率明显上升,由于户籍管理制度尚不完善,户口申报或改变的随意性大,故引发诸多“申报年龄”与“实际年龄”是否相符的争议。判定青少年年龄的常用方法是通过骨龄来推断（skeletal age,SA）,既根据骨骼发育的具体状况,与骨龄标准比较而求得发育年龄。     

青少年肩关节X线片的骨龄研究

目的探讨青少年肩关节X线影像与年龄间的关系。方法对太原地区267名年龄在12～22岁的青少年拍摄肩关节X线片,根据X线片上的不同年龄特征,筛选出5个与年龄变化密切相关的影像标志点,进行分级评分,提出了肩关节X线片判定年龄的观察指标及分级标准,并使用SPSS包进行数据处理,建立了利用肩关节X线片判定青少年年龄的判别方程。结果判别方程y=9.517+0.518x1+0.913x2+0.465x3+0.436x4经方差分析,F>0.01,回归高度显著。将全部样本进行计算机方程回代检验,符合率为±1S72.01%,±2S96.3%,其结果达到了设计与统计学要求。方程具有实用价值。结论本项研究证实了青少年肩关节X线影像与年龄之间存在相关关系,并为司法鉴定时根据肩关节X线片判断年龄提供依据,同时也为人类学研究积累了资料。     

手腕部桡、尺骨骺线消失作为推测18岁年龄的指征

目的探讨手腕部桡、尺骨骺线消失是否可以作为推测青少年18岁年龄的指征。方法研究样本为15～20岁的中国5城市4492名（男1942,女2550）汉族健康青少年。在受试者出生日前后15d内拍摄左手腕正位X线片。根据骺线是否可辨评价桡、尺骨远侧骺的发育,计算年龄组骺线不可辨的例数及其构成比。结果在18岁以下,男、女青少年桡骨骺线不可辨等级出现的构成比分别为0.9%和4.9%,尺骨骺线不可辨等级出现的构成比分别为13.1%和69.2%。结论手腕部桡骨骺线消失可作为推测青少年18岁年龄的指征。     

中国汉族6-18周岁男性牙齿生长发育的年龄研究

目的研究牙齿钙化程度与年龄的关系,建立利用牙齿钙化程度推断中国汉族6～18周岁男性年龄的办程。方法通过对6568名6～18周岁汉族男性全口曲面断层影像上牙齿的钙化程度进行评分;将分级值及其对应年龄输入SPSS软件进行分析,建立推断年龄的方程模型;从研究样本外随机抽取已知年龄的样本160例进行卣测,,结果同名牙齿钙化评分值侧别间秩合检验结果P〉0．05;下颌左侧恒牙钙化评分值与年龄相关分析结果r值均存0．7以上,下颌同名牙间相关系数r均在0．9以上;所建回归模型拟合优度R^2=0．828,估计值标准误为1．23岁;阿测平均洪差为0．423±0．269岁。结论本研究所建立的方法准确可靠,可用于中国汉族6～18周岁男性人群的年龄推断。     

Dental age estimation from the developmental stage of the third molars in western Chinese population

The purpose of this study is to provide reference data about estimating dental age from third molars of the western Chinese population for comparing with other populations and being applied to the age estimation of western Chinese juveniles and adolescents. A total of 2078 digital panoramic radiographs of 989 male and 1089 female Chinese subjects aged between 5 and 23 years were examined. The mineralization status of the third molars was assessed using the formation stages described by Demirjian et al. with two modifications. The results showed that the development of third molars in the western Chinese population was likely to begin at age 5 in both males and females. The third molars 28 and 48 showed significantly higher frequency in females than in males. The third molars 18 in the stage 1, 38 in the stages 1, A and G, and 48 in the stage H showed significantly older average age in females than in males. The Demirjian's stages C and D could be used as a reference stage to determine dichotomously whether a western Chinese is more likely to be under or above age 14 or 16, respectively. This study provided reference data for the age estimation of western Chinese juveniles and adolescents by the mineralization stages of the third molar. Apart from forensic age determination in living subjects, the presented reference data can also be used for age estimations of unidentified corpses and skeletons.     

陕西省6～15岁汉族未成年人牙龄的研究

目的运用全口曲面断层影像技术,研究陕西省6-15岁汉族未成年人牙齿钙化规律,建立利用牙齿钙化程度推断陕西汉族6-15岁未成年人年龄的方法。方法按照中国汉族儿童及青少年牙齿钙化分级标准,对1997名（男934名,女1063名）陕西省6-15岁汉族未成年人的全口曲面断层影像中下颌恒牙钙化程度进行分级评分;将所得评分值及对应的年龄输入SPSS软件并进行统计分析,最终建立年龄推断的方程。结果下颌同名牙钙化评分值侧别间非参数检验结果 P〉0.05,而性别间非参数独立样本检验结果 P〈0.05;下颌左侧各颗恒牙钙化程度与年龄相关分析结果 r〉0.59;方程拟合优度检验所得校正决定系数均大于0.76,估计值标准误男性在0.85-1.05岁之间、女性在0.83-0.97岁之间。结论本研究建立的方法合理可靠,可用于陕西省汉族6-15岁未成年人年龄的推断。     

Children rearing children: A study of reportedly maltreating younger adolescents

This ex post facto study of officially reported child abuse and neglect incidents examined the demographic and dynamic variables associated with reportedly maltreating adolescent mothers of differing ages. A sample of one half of all the incidents reported within Maricopa County, Arizona, was drawn for the period January 1, 1976, through December 31, 1978 (N =5,098). Adolescent mothers were compared on the basis of their age at the time of the incident, and were categorized as younger adolescents (less than 16 years of age) and older adolescents (16 to 19 years of age). It was found that this total sample of adolescents was faced with pressures such as those found within the general, non-age-specific maltreating population. However, the younger adolescent was faced with the greatest financial stress, yet was less likely to be receiving any income supplement. Additionally, the younger adolescent was more likely to be a minority group member, was less likely to be married, and the maltreating situation involved neglect of children. In sum, the reported situation was likely to have been a direct result of the financial, educational, employment, and life experience limitations found in the adolescent's environment. Discussion of the findings reported that the younger adolescent parent's problems were rooted in basic survival and environmental stabilization needs. Implications and suggestions for further research are also presented.     

Sex-typed role in male adolescent sexual abuse survivors

Confusion and conflicts regarding sexual identity have been identified by clinicians as sequelae of sexual abuse in male adolescents. The empirical evidence supporting this assertion is limited, however. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sexual abuse of male adolescents and their sexual self-concept in comparison to other clinical and nonclinical adolescent populations. The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) was administered to 31 sexually abused male adolescents, 14 nonabused, psychiatrically treated male adolescents, and 35 nonabused, nonpsychiatric male adolescents. A significant difference in sex-typed roles was found between sexually abused male adolescents and nonabused, nonpsychiatric male adolescents.     

Parent-adolescent conflict and stress as a parent: Are there differences between being a mother or a father?

Parent-adolescent conflict is viewed as a common dimension of the family during the teenage years. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether mothers and fathers of young adolescents differ in their report of conflict with their adolescent, level of stress, and parenting competence. Furthermore, the role of age and gender of the young adolescents was examined. One hundred and twenty-two adolescents and their parents participated in the study. All families were intact. The families were divided into groups according to the adolescent's age and gender. Analyses of variance with three factors (adolescent's age, adolescent's gender, mothers versus fathers) were performed. Mothers and fathers did not differ on personal (depression) or marital adjustment and on perceived parenting competency. In contrast, in terms of parent-adolescent conflict, mothers reported a less positive relationship, a greater number of conflicts, and more intense discussions of conflicts with their adolescents. Gender and age of the adolescent were not important contributors to the analyses. The results suggest that, in terms of the variables examined in this study, conflict in the parent-adolescent relationship is the primary difference between mothers and fathers.     

The effects of the second Intifada,terrorist acts,and economic changes on adolescent crime rates in Israel: A research note

Designed as a field quasi-experiment, this study analyzes the differences in Jewish adolescent crime rates before and after the inception of the second Intifada (September, 2000). Data covers the years between 1996 and 2003. The study focused on the relationship between the number of terrorist acts, the number of deaths in these acts, economic changes, and crime rates (murder, manslaughter, assault, mugging and robbery and property-related). The findings of the study were analyzed in terms of current theories on the impact of social and security-related stress on adolescents. The results show that the second Intifada has had significant effects on male adolescent crime rates. In particular, the number of terrorist acts was significantly associated with the following offences: assault, robbery, and manslaughter. No significant differences were found for adolescent female crime rates. Economic changes were significantly negatively related both to male adolescent crime for all the offences studied, as well as to property-related female offences.     

河南省安阳市6-15周岁汉族人牙龄的研究

目的建立利用牙齿钙化程度推断未成年人年龄的方法。方法选取河南省安阳市1575名（男性900名,女性675名）6～15周岁人群的全口曲面断层影像片,依照牙齿钙化分级标准对下颌恒牙钙化程度进行评分分级;所得数据经SPSS13．0软件统计分析,建立根据牙齿钙化程度推断年龄的方程;采用拟合优度检验、模型方差分析、回归系数检验和共线性诊断、残差分析对方程的合理性进行检验及盲测。结果下颌同名牙间钙化分级评分值无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,而下颌同名牙性别间钙化评分值在部分年龄组存在差异（P〈0．05）;下颌恒牙的钙化程度与年龄相关系数r均大于0．7;所建方程模型调整决定系数均大于0．8,估计值标准误男性为0．92岁至1．04岁、女性为0．92岁至1．00岁;推测年龄与真实年龄的平均误差男性为0．433±0．288岁、女性为0．502±0．297岁。结论本研究建立的方法在推断相关地区、相关年龄段人群的年龄推断中有较好的应用前景。     

根据中国汉族男性甲状软骨推算年龄的研究

目的根据中国汉族男性甲状软骨推算年龄。方法对73例已知年龄的中国汉族男性甲状软骨进行软X线摄片和(或)X线摄片,从摄片上选择8个与年龄变化关系较为密切的观察部位,每个部位又划分成3至6个等级,然后采用多元线性回归方法,建立其推算年龄的数学模型。结果运用该方法推算男性甲状软骨年龄,其标准差为1.354,复相关系数R为0.9971。结论本方法适用于中国汉族男性甲状软骨的年龄推算,其有效力年龄范围为13-67岁。