贵州省 1 000 例涉嫌酒后驾驶者的鉴定结果分析

目的通过对贵州省2012年1000例涉嫌酒后驾驶、道路交通事故酒精检案的特点进行分析,为预防和控制酒后驾车提供科学数据。方法在利用Excel及Spss统计软件对涉嫌交通事故肇事者性别、年龄、肇事时间、肇事车型以及对肇事者血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）等数据进行统计分析。结果涉嫌酒后驾驶者男性居多,年龄在20~50岁间占92%。事故多发生于20~24时,以县市区干道为主,肇事车辆为摩托车占46.72%。在1000例乙醇检案中,28.7%为未检出,9.3%为酒后驾车,59.5%为醉酒驾车。结论 2012年贵州省发生的1000例涉嫌酒后驾驶案件中有一定相关特征,可为＂酒驾＂的预防与控制提供准确的科学依据。     

成都地区酒后驾车交通事故的流行病学调查

目的了解成都地区酒后驾车交通事故的流行病学特点,为预防酒后驾驶提供科学依据。方法回顾性分析2004—2008年成都市交通事故档案资料,酒后驾车组为病例组,非酒后驾车组为对照组,对其驾驶员性别、年龄、交通方式、事故发生的时间、事故特点及损害后果等进行统计学分析。结果酒后驾车交通事故发生时间主要集中在14：00-8：00及20：00-01：00,一年中1月、2月酒后驾驶交通事故较其他月份高;发生单车事故、碰撞固定物、追尾、翻车事故及发生事故后逃逸病理组明显高于对照组：对他人及驾驶员本人造成的伤害病理组均明显较对照组严重。结论酒后驾驶对社会的危害性很大,应针对其流行病学特点．采取相应措施,预防酒后驾驶交通事故。     

酒后驾车道路交通事故流行病学研究

目的比较酒后驾车交通事故与非酒后驾车交通事故的流行特征。方法1999-2003年成都地区酒后驾车交通事故542例组成病例组，另从同期发生的75324例交通事故数据库中随机抽取l％非酒后驾车交通事故73l例组成对照组。运用统计方法进行分析。结果酒后驾车交通事故造成人员死亡的危险度是非酒后驾车的1．72倍，两类事故的24小时分布基本呈相反趋势，酒后驾车非职业驾驶员和非驾驶员所占比例明显高于其他原因导致的交通事故(P<0．001)．酒后驾车造成车辆的损害程度强于非酒后驾车，两类事故机动车的出行目的亦明显不同。结论酒后驾车交通事故较非酒后驾车交通事故后果严重，酒后驾车交通事故有不同于非酒后驾车交通事故的流行规律。     

涉嫌酒后驾驶交通事故人体损伤与驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度关系研究

目的探讨涉嫌酒后驾驶所致道路交通事故中人体损伤情况与驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度关系,为预防、控制道路交通事故及人体损伤提供依据。方法对467例涉嫌酒后驾驶机动车的道路交通事故损伤人员相关鉴定资料与肇事驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度进行系统分析性研究。结果涉嫌酒后驾驶发生道路交通事故的损伤人员中,以20~39岁男性居多;事故中驾驶员损伤机率最高;酒后交通事故以长头小车及摩托车最多,而驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）为0.1~20mg/100mL浓度的摩托车驾乘人员伤亡构成比最高;酒后驾驶机动车肇事导致的人体致命性损伤及人员死亡的饮酒组危险程度均高于未饮酒组,在驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）为0.1~20mg/100mL组与20.1~80mg/100mL组比较无明显差异。结论酒后驾驶肇事导致的人员伤亡比未饮酒驾车交通事故严重;未达酒后驾车组（BAC为0.1~20mg/100mL）和酒后驾车组（BAC为20.1~80mg/100mL）交通事故导致的人员伤亡无明显差异。研究结果提示,应降低饮酒后驾车血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）法定标准阈值,进一步控制和减少道路交通事故人身伤亡率。     

各国酒后驾车BAC界值与处罚的比较研究

目的为我国酒后驾车立法方面的后续工作提供参考与借鉴。方法对不同国家酒后驾车的血液乙醇浓度界值、检测方法选择以及相应处罚等进行比较。结果目前世界各国此方面立法的变化趋势为:(1)1BAC界值普遍下降。(2)对不同驾驶员的具体BAC值作出不同规定。(3)对酒后驾车的处罚越来越严厉。结论建议我国有关立法机构:(1)广泛开展道路交通安全教育;(2)规定最小饮酒年龄和驾车年龄;(3)对不同驾驶员规定不同的BAC酒后驾车和醉酒驾车界值;(4)政府给交警部门配备合适的检测仪器;(5)加大处罚力度。     

我国酒后驾车BAC标准及检测程序等问题的探讨

酒后驾车,是全球引起交通事故的重要原因,国外对此的检测、处罚等都已有相当成熟的管理。但目前我国对酒后驾车引起的交通事故的处理,还没有统一的标准,即使实行了血液或呼气酒精检测的省市,其操作和检测等也很不完善。已颁布的新的《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》对酒后驾车的处罚做了修改,但关于确定酒后驾车酒精检测值标准及如何实施酒精检测等诸方面的工作,尚缺乏可操作性,本文就酒后驾车认定标准、呼气检测证据价值、事故发生时血液中酒精浓度推算、血液检测程序及注意事项等相关问题进行探讨,以期规范化此方面的工作。     

交通事故酒精检测结果及其影响因素

在涉嫌酒后驾驶机动车发生交通事故时,酒精检测的结果是认定驾驶员责任的关键证据。本文对酒精检测结果及其影响因素进行分析,希望能为正确解释酒精检测结果,提高交通警察日常酒精检测程序规范意识提供帮助。1血液中酒精浓度测定的意义酒精对人体大脑的作用与血液中酒精浓度（blood alcohol concentration,BAC）有密切关系。研究表明,饮酒对驾车能力的损害,     

酒后驾车道路交通事故流行病学研究

目的比较酒后驾车交通事故与非酒后驾车交通事故的流行特征。方法1999～2003年成都地区酒后驾车交通事故542例组成病例组,另从同期发生的75324例交通事故数据库中随机抽取1%非酒后驾车交通事故731例组成对照组。运用统计方法进行分析。结果酒后驾车交通事故造成人员死亡的危险度是非酒后驾车的1.72倍,两类事故的24小时分布基本呈相反趋势,酒后驾车非职业驾驶员和非驾驶员所占比例明显高于其他原因导致的交通事故(P<0.001),酒后驾车造成车辆的损害程度强于非酒后驾车,两类事故机动车的出行目的亦明显不同。结论酒后驾车交通事故较非酒后驾车交通事故后果严重,酒后驾车交通事故有不同于非酒后驾车交通事故的流行规律。     

国外重典治酒驾

我国拥有全世界1．9％的汽车保有量，汽车引发的交通死亡事故却占全球的15％，死亡率“排名”世界之首。此外，我国目前万车死亡率为7．6，日本以及欧美一些发达国家，万车死亡率平均控制在2～3之间。这一数字的背后，酒后驾车为其中一大元凶。2008年12月14日，在成都醉酒驾车的孙伟铭造成4死1伤的惨祸。     

论道路交通事故与驾驶员血中酒精含量关系

目的探讨道路交通事故与饮酒驾车血中酒精含量关系及其法医学意义,为预防、控制道路交通事故提供重要依据。方法对2005份道路交通事故肇事驾驶员血酒精鉴定资料进行系统分析性研究。结果饮酒驾车以男性为主,女性饮酒驾车出现醉酒驾车的比例与男性无差别。市区驾驶员醉酒驾车高于郊区。驾驶员BAC<20mg/100mL肇事导致死亡的比例高于饮酒驾车肇事组(BAC20￣79mg/100ML),而BAC≥80mg/100mL则低于饮酒驾车肇事组。结论应降低饮酒驾车和醉酒驾车BAC标准,以利于减少交通事故肇事死亡率。     

深圳市道路交通事故死亡案例特点分析

目的探讨道路交通事故死亡案例特点,为预防事故的发生提供可靠信息和参考数据。方法按照死者性别、年龄、死亡原因、事故发生时间及地点、事故车辆类型等相关参数,对深圳市4184例道路交通事故死亡案例进行回顾性分析。结果事故死亡人员以男性为主,男女比例为2.45∶1;事故在6：00～8：00和18：00～2：00发生最多;72%的案例在城郊主干道发生;死者主要交通行为方式分别为步行占44%,自行车骑车人19%,摩托车驾车人15%;肇事车辆以货车为主;死亡原因83.2%为颅脑损伤死亡,13.3%为多发损伤。结论深圳地区道路交通事故死亡案件具有明显特点,具有可防范性。     

498例海口市道路交通事故死亡案例的法医学分析

目的分析海口市道路交通事故死亡案件的特点,为死亡原因鉴定及预防提供参考依据。方法收集2014—2016年海口市公安局交警支队受理的498例道路交通事故死亡的案例资料,对性别、年龄、案发时间、死者交通方式、肇事车辆类型及死亡原因等相关参数进行分析。结果死者年龄以21~40岁居多,男女性之比为3∶1;案发时间以每年3、4、5月及10月,每天的6:01~8:00及20:01~22:00为高峰期;死者交通方式以驾(摩托车和电动车)的发生率最高(30.9%);肇事车辆以摩托车和电动车为主(57.4%);死亡原因以颅脑损伤居多,胸腹部损伤次之。结论道路交通事故死亡案件的尸体检验对死亡性质及责任认定有重要作用和意义。     

Medical driver selection and alcohol

Due to the rapid development of motorisation in the past few decades, the epidemic of traffic injuries has become a serious problem. Numerous studies indicate that the human factor, often in connection with alcohol consumption, plays a major role in traffic accidents. Studies also show that people addicted to alcohol often drive under the influence and are not deterred by the possibility of punishment, e.g. a revocation of their driving licence.Our study examined people who caused traffic accidents under the influence of alcohol in Slovenia, the consequences of their actions, police and judicial measures and medical selection.In the last decade, the share of people causing traffic accidents under the influence of alcohol in Slovenia has been on the rise. Higher blood alcohol levels are found in people causing fatal traffic accidents, most of them are cyclists, pedestrians and tractor drivers, aged between 25 and 34; the accidents are most common on village roads, on weekends. The discrepancy between numbers of intoxicated drivers with suspended driving licences (approximately 8500/year) and between numbers of successfully terminated judicial procedures is particularly worrisome. When these drivers get their licences back, the medical selection process is inadequate.Our results emphasise the problem of medical selection for reinstatement of penalized drivers. The inadequate approach currently in force allows too many dangerous drivers, most still addicted to alcohol, to return to traffic without medical selection. The only solution to this problem is an immediate change in legislation that would require rigorous medical selection for all reinstatements of drivers who drove under the influence of alcohol. This would decrease the numbers of intoxicated drivers in traffic and at least partly decrease the numbers of alcohol addicts in society.     

道路交通事故鉴定技术概述

针对目前的道路交通安全形势,结合《道路交通安全法》对交通事故处理的要求以及交通事故案件审理的需要,提出道路交通事故鉴定需求。在此基础上,初步探讨交通事故鉴定的技术框架,总结概括了交通事故的技术鉴定内容,以及目前已开展的部分交通事故鉴定项目的服务目标。最后对我国的交通事故鉴定技术的发展进行了展望。     

Prevalence of blood alcohol in fatal traffic crashes in Shanghai

The objective of this project was to investigate the incidence of alcohol consumption in fatal traffic deaths in Shanghai, one of the largest cities in China. A study was conducted on 803 individuals killed in road accidents during the period 2009–2011, in terms of alcohol-positive rate, mean blood alcohol content (BAC), gender, age, vehicle type, pedestrian alcohol problem, single-vehicle vs multiple-vehicle crashes, and time of day. It was found that 28.9% of the drivers involved had a BAC ≥ 0.20 mg/mL (limit of civil offense) and 21.8% had a BAC ≥ 0.80 mg/mL (limit of criminal offense). The mean BAC of alcohol-positive drivers (with a BAC ≥ 0.20 mg/mL) was 1.51 mg/mL. The vast majority of the drivers involved were males. With regards to age, the largest group was of drivers aged between 40 and 49 years group in both alcohol-negative cases (26.8%) and alcohol-positive cases (26.2%). Motorcycles were most likely to be involved, representing 34.4% of alcohol-negative crashes and 51.6% of alcohol-positive crashes. Very high BACs were common among alcohol-positive pedestrians, yet all female pedestrians were alcohol-negative. Single-vehicle crashes were over-represented in alcohol-positive cases. Alcohol-negative crashes and alcohol-positive crashes most often happened during the time period of 17:00–18:59 and 19:00–20:59, respectively.     

Is Toxoplasma gondii a potential risk for traffic accidents in Turkey?

In Turkey, traffic accidents are the major causes of mortality and morbidity. According to the statistics made by Turkish Security Headquarters in the year 2000, 7500 people are killed in the traffic accidents every year. Drivers are mostly blamed for the traffic accidents. Tired, weary, sleepy and absentminded driving are common reasons for traffic accidents due to many reasons. Among these reasons mental and reflex conditions of drivers are significant. Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonoses throughout the world. In immunocomponent adults, toxoplasmosis has no clinical signs or symptoms and infection in such people can only be detected by serological examinations. This kind of latent or dormant toxoplasmosis can be located in neural or muscular tissues and cause prolonged reaction times of the muscles. Extended reaction times also lead to deceleration of the reflexes which could be a major cause of the traffic accidents. By the light of this situation, the incidence of Toxoplasma gondii is investigated among the population who were involved in a traffic accident while driving. A total of 185 people (100 men and 85 women), aged between 21 and 40 years, living in Izmir and Manisa cities, were enrolled in the study group (SG) during a period of 6 months time. Their informed consents were taken initially and the laboratory tests of all these individuals related to blood alcohol levels after the accidents were found negative. The control group (CG) were also consisted 185 people (95 men and 90 women), residents of the same region, in same age group. The people in CG had no clinical signs or symptoms concerning toxoplasmosis. All collected sera were examined using a commercial IgG and IgM ELISA kit. According to the results of serological tests of the SG, 45 (24.32%) sera were IgG positive, six (3.24%) were IgM positive and 10 (5.40%) were both IgG and IgM positive. On the other hand in CG, 12 (6.48%) people found IgG positive, one (0.54%) found IgM positive and three (1.62%) found both IgG and IgM positive. This data was considered as statistically significant by Yates corrected chi2-test. (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there is an increased risk for traffic accidents for drivers owing to these high seroprevalence of latent toxoplasmosis. Prospective studies are still necessary on this subject but latent toxoplasmosis of drivers should be taken into account while developing strategies to prevent traffic accidents in Turkey.