涉嫌酒后驾驶交通事故人体损伤与驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度关系研究

目的探讨涉嫌酒后驾驶所致道路交通事故中人体损伤情况与驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度关系,为预防、控制道路交通事故及人体损伤提供依据。方法对467例涉嫌酒后驾驶机动车的道路交通事故损伤人员相关鉴定资料与肇事驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度进行系统分析性研究。结果涉嫌酒后驾驶发生道路交通事故的损伤人员中,以20~39岁男性居多;事故中驾驶员损伤机率最高;酒后交通事故以长头小车及摩托车最多,而驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）为0.1~20mg/100mL浓度的摩托车驾乘人员伤亡构成比最高;酒后驾驶机动车肇事导致的人体致命性损伤及人员死亡的饮酒组危险程度均高于未饮酒组,在驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）为0.1~20mg/100mL组与20.1~80mg/100mL组比较无明显差异。结论酒后驾驶肇事导致的人员伤亡比未饮酒驾车交通事故严重;未达酒后驾车组（BAC为0.1~20mg/100mL）和酒后驾车组（BAC为20.1~80mg/100mL）交通事故导致的人员伤亡无明显差异。研究结果提示,应降低饮酒后驾车血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）法定标准阈值,进一步控制和减少道路交通事故人身伤亡率。     

上海市浦东新区1050例涉嫌酒后驾驶鉴定的统计分析

目的通过对上海市浦东新区2008年1050例道路交通违章、事故酒精检案特点分析，为减少和防止交通事故的发生提供有力的参考信息。方法在Excel表中对肇事者性别、年龄、出事日期、时间以及对肇事者血液中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）等作统计分析。结果酒后驾车中男性明显多于女性，年龄以20～50岁居多。事故发生在20：00～22：00最多．以郊区主干道为主。1050例酒精检案中，BAC检测结果14．19％为阴性，2．00％酒精含量未超出法定范围，11．14％为酒后驾车，72．48％为醉酒驾车。结论2008年上海市浦东新区酒后违章、事故案例具有明显的分布特征，可为酒后驾驶的及时监测及制定有效预防措施提供依据。     

成都地区酒后驾车交通事故的流行病学调查

目的了解成都地区酒后驾车交通事故的流行病学特点,为预防酒后驾驶提供科学依据。方法回顾性分析2004—2008年成都市交通事故档案资料,酒后驾车组为病例组,非酒后驾车组为对照组,对其驾驶员性别、年龄、交通方式、事故发生的时间、事故特点及损害后果等进行统计学分析。结果酒后驾车交通事故发生时间主要集中在14：00-8：00及20：00-01：00,一年中1月、2月酒后驾驶交通事故较其他月份高;发生单车事故、碰撞固定物、追尾、翻车事故及发生事故后逃逸病理组明显高于对照组：对他人及驾驶员本人造成的伤害病理组均明显较对照组严重。结论酒后驾驶对社会的危害性很大,应针对其流行病学特点．采取相应措施,预防酒后驾驶交通事故。     

“危险驾驶”行为特殊问题分析

近年来，“危险驾驶”造成重大交通事故的现象非但屡禁不止，而且呈现愈演愈烈之势，业已成为社会公害之一。仅2009年1至8月份，全国就发生酒后和醉酒驾车肇事多达3206起，共造成1302人死亡，其中，酒后驾车肇事2162起，造成893人死亡；醉酒驾车肇事1044起，造成409人死亡。与此同时，一些危害极重、反响极强、公愤极大的恶性交通事故也是层出不穷，频频见诸报端，     

论道路交通事故与驾驶员血中酒精含量关系

目的探讨道路交通事故与饮酒驾车血中酒精含量关系及其法医学意义,为预防、控制道路交通事故提供重要依据。方法对2005份道路交通事故肇事驾驶员血酒精鉴定资料进行系统分析性研究。结果饮酒驾车以男性为主,女性饮酒驾车出现醉酒驾车的比例与男性无差别。市区驾驶员醉酒驾车高于郊区。驾驶员BAC<20mg/100mL肇事导致死亡的比例高于饮酒驾车肇事组(BAC20￣79mg/100ML),而BAC≥80mg/100mL则低于饮酒驾车肇事组。结论应降低饮酒驾车和醉酒驾车BAC标准,以利于减少交通事故肇事死亡率。     

酒后驾车道路交通事故流行病学研究

目的比较酒后驾车交通事故与非酒后驾车交通事故的流行特征。方法1999～2003年成都地区酒后驾车交通事故542例组成病例组,另从同期发生的75324例交通事故数据库中随机抽取1%非酒后驾车交通事故731例组成对照组。运用统计方法进行分析。结果酒后驾车交通事故造成人员死亡的危险度是非酒后驾车的1.72倍,两类事故的24小时分布基本呈相反趋势,酒后驾车非职业驾驶员和非驾驶员所占比例明显高于其他原因导致的交通事故(P<0.001),酒后驾车造成车辆的损害程度强于非酒后驾车,两类事故机动车的出行目的亦明显不同。结论酒后驾车交通事故较非酒后驾车交通事故后果严重,酒后驾车交通事故有不同于非酒后驾车交通事故的流行规律。     

处理高危驾车肇事案件的应然标准

2009年1月21日,三门峡市发生一起恶性交通事故,王卫斌醉酒后驾驶宝马车撞上停在超车道上的轿车及现场人员,致使6人当场死亡7人受伤。7月3日,当地法院以交通肇事罪判处王有期徒刑6年6个月。随着杭州5·7飙车案的发生,危险驾驶行为的定性开始成为舆论关注和学者重点探讨的问题。2009年7月20日,杭州市当地人民法院以交通肇事罪判处飙车案被告人胡斌有期徒刑3年。2009年7月23日,成都市中级人民法院却认定无证、醉酒驾车造成4死1伤的孙伟铭构成以危险方法危害公共安全罪,并判处死刑,与此同时,舆论就酒后交通肇事的性质进行了热烈讨论,民众强烈呼吁政府加强对酒后驾车、飙车等的监管,严惩肇事者。新闻媒体的导向作用日渐明显,头版醒目的报道更不乏其例,进而将议论引向深入。随着成都市中级人民法院于7月23日下达判处醉酒驾车的孙伟铭死刑的一审判决书,观点的交锋趋于白炽化。2007年9月8日,四川省高级人民法院以危害公共安全罪改判孙伟铭无期徒刑。随后最高人民法院召开的新闻发布会上,有关负责人表示,今后对醉酒驾车,肇事后继续驾车冲撞,造成重大伤亡,构成危险方法危害公共安全罪。其实最高法院于成都中院的判决书下达的第二天,就组织了酒后驾...     

论城市公共安全法律机制的完善——以办理危险驾驶案件为视角

近几年来,因酒后驾车或者危险驾驶引发的严重交通事故频发。2008年,在杭州,胡斌严重超速驾驶,致一人死亡;在成都,孙伟铭无照醉酒驾车,致四人死亡。2009年,南京的张明宝酒后驾车,致五人死亡,四人受伤;2010年,在北京,陈数酒后驾车,致两人死亡,一人重伤。上述案例,都是发生在最近三年的典型交通事故,引发事故的原因则是危险驾驶或者酒后驾车。     

驾驶人死亡交通事故中酒精及其相关因素分析

近年来,我国机动车保有量快速增长,机动车交通事故数量不断增加。据我国公安部交通管理局统计,2004年因酒后驾车造成4658人死亡,占死亡总数的4.4%[1]。本文统计分析了2003~2004年沈阳市因交通事故死亡的驾驶人体液中酒精含量及其相关因素,希望能为交通事故的预防提供一些帮助。     

交通肇事罪法律适用的疑难问题

酒后驾驶的国家标准虽已经颁布实施,但司法实践中存在多种没有或不及时进行酒精检验的状况,故酒精含量的检验不应成为认定交通肇事酒后驾驶的唯一证据,如果有充分的证据证实肇事者饮酒后驾车,在一定条件下,通过科学的计算方法,如widmark公式,也能够认定肇事者系酒后驾驶。交通肇事逃逸的相关司法解释存在一定的问题,在适用时会与刑法理论相矛盾,因而引起了较多的争议。对于交通肇事逃逸的主观方面认定,一是不能轻易相信肇事者的辩解,要善于抓住证据中的关键内容发现问题;二是肇事者逃离现场的主观动机应当以严格主义的原则来认定,只要动机中存在逃避法律追究的主观想法,不论是否还有其他主观故意,都应认定交通肇事逃逸;三是为逃避酒精检测逃离现场的行为,以交通肇事逃逸来认定,更符合主客观一致的原则。     

97例醉驾案例的回顾性分析

目的通过对醉驾案件的回顾性分析,探讨醉驾人员构成、发生时间以及心理等。方法收集97例杭州市某城区2011年5月1日—2012年4月30日醉驾入刑实施一周年的案件,从醉驾易发时间、驾驶人年龄、性别、职业特性、户籍所在地和心理因素等方面进行分析。结果 97例醉驾案例中,26~40岁、外地户籍、非职业驾驶员的男性为多,22:00至次日5:00易发生醉驾。结论醉驾与时间、年龄、性别、职业等具有一定相关性,醉驾驾驶员多存在侥幸、图方便、逞强、好面子心理。     

深圳市道路交通事故死亡案例特点分析

目的探讨道路交通事故死亡案例特点,为预防事故的发生提供可靠信息和参考数据。方法按照死者性别、年龄、死亡原因、事故发生时间及地点、事故车辆类型等相关参数,对深圳市4184例道路交通事故死亡案例进行回顾性分析。结果事故死亡人员以男性为主,男女比例为2.45∶1;事故在6：00～8：00和18：00～2：00发生最多;72%的案例在城郊主干道发生;死者主要交通行为方式分别为步行占44%,自行车骑车人19%,摩托车驾车人15%;肇事车辆以货车为主;死亡原因83.2%为颅脑损伤死亡,13.3%为多发损伤。结论深圳地区道路交通事故死亡案件具有明显特点,具有可防范性。     

Tractor driving and alcohol—A highly hazardous combination

Introduction

Approximately half of all injury-related fatalities in the agricultural industry are associated with farm tractors. Skill-based psychomotor tasks, such as driving and operating such machines, are easily impaired as a consequence of the use of alcohol. We have analyzed characteristics of fatal traffic accidents involving tractors in Zagreb County, with special accent to prevalence of alcohol use among drivers.

Subjects and methods

The material comprised all fatal accidents involving tractor drivers in Zagreb County between the years 2001 and 2005 where a medicolegal autopsy had been performed and samples taken for subsequent forensic toxicological analysis. The total of 47 cases were included. Data were collected on characteristics of the fatally injured as well as on circumstances and dynamics of the accident itself. The results are presented with absolute and relative frequencies.

Results

Ninety-one percent (43 out of 47 cases) of fatally injured were males. No person was under the age of 18, 70% were between 18 and 65 years of age and 30% were above 65 years of age. Blood alcohol reading was negative in only 13 out of 47 analyzed cases (28%). Six cases (13%) had blood alcohol concentration (BAC) below 0.50 mg/mL, further 6 between 0.50 and 1.49 mg/mL, 16 (34%) between 1.50 and 2.49 mg/mL and the remaining six had BAC between 2.50 and 3.49 mg/mL. Median BAC among 34 fatalities with positive blood alcohol level was 1.80 mg/mL, while the highest concentration observed was 3.49 mg/mL. Multiple injuries were the most common cause of death (43%) followed by crush asphyxia (26%). Most of the victims (81%) died at the scene of the accident and all of them died within the first 24 h. In the majority of accidents (79%), the tractor operator was a victim of the vehicle rollover.

Conclusion

High percentage of farm tractor users driving under influence and high median BAC indicates that legislation alone is not sufficient in preventing accidents. Further effort should be directed toward education aimed to increase awareness of the obvious risk that alcohol use represents to driving and workplace safety. Taking into account that the overwhelming majority of fatalities occurred from rollovers, strong encouragement should be given to implementation of rollover protecting structure (ROPS) devices in order to prevent such type of fatalities.     

“醉驾入刑”前后扬州地区酒驾状况比对分析

目的 对“醉驾入刑”前后酒后驾驶案件情况进行对比分析,以阐述新的道路交通安全法实施以后酒后驾驶案件的发展趋势和特征。方法 对2009年1月到2013年4月扬州地区实际酒驾案件所占的比例、酒驾的月分布、车辆类型以及饮酒后驾驶和醉酒后驾驶所占的比重进行统计学分析。结果 2011年5月份之后,实际达到酒后驾驶的案件在涉嫌酒后驾驶交通事故案件中的比例有所减少,酒后驾驶在每月的分布渐趋一致,所涉及的车辆类型有所变化,醉酒后驾驶的案件数是饮酒后驾驶案件数的3倍左右。结论 新的《道路交通安全法》实施以后,扬州地区酒后驾驶案件的特征有了一定的变化,在实际的交通安全管理中,应根据这些现况,采取相应的措施。     

Screening for drug use among Norwegian drivers suspected of driving under influence of alcohol or drugs

Two hundred and seventy blood samples selected at random from Norwegian drivers apprehended on the suspicion of drunken or drugged driving were screened for the presence of amphetamine, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cocaine. Of the samples tested, 223 were from drivers suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol only (A-cases). In the rest (n = 47) of the cases, the police also suspected drugs as a possible reason for driving impairment (D-cases). In the A-cases, benzodiazepines were found in 17%, cannabinoids in 26%, THC in 13% and amphetamine in 2% of the blood samples. One or more drugs besides ethanol were found in 38% of the A-samples. In the D-cases, benzodiazepines were found in 53%, cannabinoids in 43%, THC in 43%, amphetamine in 13% and 77% of these samples contained one or more drugs. Cocaine was not detected in any sample. Blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) above the legal limit of 0.05% were found in 80% of the drug positive A-cases and in 28% of the drug positive D-cases. The frequency of drug detection in A-samples was similar (40%) in samples with BAC above and below 0.05%, while this frequency was much higher (above 90%) in D-samples with BAC below 0.05% than in D-samples with BAC above 0.05% (53%). Benzodiazepines were most frequently found among drivers above 25 years of age, while cannabinoids were most frequently found among drivers below 35 years. For about 15-20% of the A-cases with BAC below 0.05%, other drugs were detected at concentrations which may cause driving impairment. It was concluded that analysis of alcohol only might often be insufficient in A-cases to reveal driving impairment.     

Drugged driving in the Nordic countries--a comparative study between five countries

The purpose of this study was to compare whether the high incidence of drugged driving in Norway was different to that in the other Nordic countries. All blood samples received by Nordic forensic institutes during one week in 1996, from drivers suspected by the police of driving under the influence (Denmark: n = 255, Finland: n = 270, Iceland: n = 40, Sweden: n = 86, Norway: n = 149), were analysed for alcohol and drugs (benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, amphetamines, cocaine, opiates and a number of antidepressant drugs) independent of the primary suspicion, and using the same analytical cut-off levels at the different institutes. The primary suspicion was directed towards drugs in more than 40% of the Norwegian cases, drugs were detected in more than 70% of these samples. In only 0-3% of the cases from Denmark, Finland and Iceland, were drugs suspected, while the corresponding frequency for Sweden was 17%. However, evidential breath analyses were used for about three-quarters of the Swedish drivers suspected to be influenced by alcohol. Blood alcohol concentrations (BAC's) below the legal limits were found in 32, 18 and 2% of the Norwegian, Icelandic and Finnish cases, respectively (BAC < 0.05%), in 10% of the Danish cases (BAC < 0.08%) and in 20% of the Swedish cases (BAC < 0.02%). Drugs were most frequently found in the Norwegian and Swedish cases with no alcohol (80-83%). Similar frequencies of drugs in samples with BAC's above the legal limits (19-22%), were obtained for all countries. Benzodiazepines, tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine represented the most commonly detected drugs. Our results show that differences between Norway and other Nordic countries with regard to drugs and driving, are connected to the selection criteria made by the police and with more focus on drugged driving in Norway.     

“毒驾”与道路交通安全研究

近年来,随着一些恶性交通事故的发生,酒后驾驶机动车作为道路交通安全的重大隐患,早已深入人心。而同样与＂饮酒＂被《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第二十二条第二款列为机动车驾驶人上路前绝对禁止的＂服用国家管制的精神药品或者麻醉药品＂的行为却未被公众引起高度的重视!面对道路交通安全领域愈演愈烈的＂毒驾＂问题,我们必须做好充分准备,未雨绸缪,对其进行全面、细致的研究,采取必要的对策予以遏制。