WTO协议与司法审查

司法审查在世界贸易组织协议 (简称WTO协议 )中被多次提到 ,虽然WTO协议没有规定各国应制定统一的司法审查制度 ,但司法审查制度在各成员方履行WTO协议义务方面是非常重要的。本文首先分析WTO协议对司法审查制度的具体规定 ,然后探讨了司法审查的国内法制度的背景及其原则 ,再次 ,重点分析了我国关于司法审查的国内法制度及我国加入WTO时关于司法审查的具体承诺 ,最后作者结合司法审查与WTO争端解决机制的关系及司法审查的理念对我国的司法审查制度的完善提出了一些建议     

WTO的框架协议谈判现状分析

WTO制度的建立有效地推动了国际经济的发展,多年来的国际经济实践证明,WTO制度已形成了一整套比较完备的法律和原则。但是,国际经济不断发展和变化的形势迫使WTO制度进行调整,根据WTO的基本职能规定,组织多边贸易谈判,制定新一轮协议,是WTO要达到的目的。2001年以后,WTO组织的谈判议题不断增多,涉及的事项有:非农产品关税、知识产权、农业、服务业、贸易与环境、电子商务、贸易便利化、争端解决、补贴和反倾销等。这些谈判议题都是国际经济法律中被密切关注的重点。新一轮谈判要达到的目的是有利于多边贸易体制的完善,有利于公平、公正和合理的国际经济新秩序的建立,有利于世界经济的发展。     

后TRIPS协议时代的贸易协定与知识产权条款

TRIPS协议建立了全球统一的知识产权基准之后,世界知识产权组织(WIPO)接着制定了两个因特网版权条约。国际知识产权法和政策多以双边、多边、地区性的形式出现。从上个世纪90年代中期开始,国际上达成更高知识产权保护标准协议的场合也从WIPO和WTO转向了自由贸易协议(FTAs),并且与知识产权条款的关系呈现出新的特点。     

Preparing for Structural Reform in the WTO

The structure and operation of the WTO have not been at theforefront of attention of negotiations ever since the GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade was introduced in 1947. The modusoperandi of negotiations has essentially remained unchangeddespite the turn towards non-tariff barriers in complex operationsof treaty-making ever since the Kennedy Round. The note arguesthat the evolution and introduction of the two-tier system ofdispute settlement in 1995 marks the most profound structuralchange, but is not able on its own to deal with all of the challengesof tackling non-tariff barriers in the WTO. Today, the Organizationforms part of a complex system of multilayered governance, bothhorizontally and vertically. It calls for more appropriate structure–substancepairings. The note addresses the need to review negotiatingprocesses in the field of non-tariff barriers. It suggests establishinga proper balance with dispute settlement and case law, and renderingthe function and role of the Secretariat of the WTO more transparent.The creation of a two-tier system is suggested, with a ConsultativeCommittee and a Standing Committee on Legal Affairs within theWTO in order to support and initiate a long overdue structuraldebate in the WTO.     

Agreements of Economic Integration and the Choice of National Environmental Policies

This paper analyzes the question whether and in which respect agreements of (regional) economic integration affect the choice of environmental policies by individual countries. We focus our interdisciplinary analysis on the agreements of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). We find that these agreements primarily restrict a country's choice among possible instruments to achieve a certain environmental level or target, but do, in principle, not restrict its choice with regard to the environmental target or level itself. We also show that this type of restriction is likely to benefit the individual countries and the world as a whole because it tends to promote the implementation of more efficient environmental policy instruments. A brief analysis of the case of Switzerland illustrates this point.     

WTO反倾销法律制度的演进思考

最早的倾销产生于重商时代的欧洲,20世纪随着倾销行为的加剧,西方各国相继开始用反倾销的国内立法来抵制外国的倾销,保护本国工业。为了规范各国的反倾销行为,国际社会于1947年达成GATT第6条,标志着国际反倾销法律制度的建立,其后为了发展与完善之,相继达成1967年《反倾销守则》、1979年《反倾销守则》和WTO《反倾销协定》。但在反倾销法律制度的建立与发展中,其核心内容却逐渐背离了公平竞争原则,与其理论上预期的目标渐行渐远。     

State Transformation and the Role of Lawyers: The WTO,India, and Transnational Legal Ordering

This article explains the impact of India's engagement with the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on both the Indian state and on the WTO itself. In each case, it explains the role of Indian lawyers within the larger transnational context. In engaging with globalization and the WTO, India has transformed itself. The Indian state has moved toward a new developmental state model involving a stronger emphasis on trade, greater government transparency, and the development of public‐private coordination mechanisms in which the government plays a steering role. The analysis shows that it has done so not as an autonomous policy choice, but rather in light of the global context in which the WTO and WTO law form an integral part. Reciprocally, the article displays the ways that India has built legal capacity to attempt to shape the construction, interpretation, and practice of the trade legal order. Indian private lawyers play increasing roles, although they remain on tap, not on top.     

国际公法在WTO争端解决中的作用与应用

WTO法是在国际公法的大背景中创制的,WTO协定不是存在于一个不受一般国际法影响的制度中。WTO法从来就不是一个封闭的、自给自足的法律制度,WTO规则是更广泛的国际公法内容的一部分,它在国际公法的框架内运作,并不是脱离国际公法的法律子系统。至少在解释的层面,它们总是会有某种程度的互动。国际公法可为WTO规则提供规范背景,有助于WTO无具体规定的某些方面的运作或提供解释性指导。在解释WTO协定的必要范围内,专家组和上诉机构有权使用或考虑其他条约、习惯和一般法律原则。但是,它们并非作为法律适用。在WTO争端解决中,其他国际法规则的作用是有限的、辅助的。     

论WTO体系下农业补贴的特殊安排及未来展望

与WTO《补贴协定》及GATT1994相比,在总体规范方法、概念、规则结构、救济等方面,《农业协定》采取了一套独特的规制方式,但在WTO农业补贴争端中,《补贴协定》、GATT1994与《农业协定》常被共同适用于农业补贴。此举强化了对农业补贴的规制,但农业补贴是否,以及在多大程度上继续享有特殊地位和待遇,最终应由成员谈判确定。在未来一段时期内,特殊的农业补贴规则将继续存在,我国在参与WTO农业谈判、诉讼,调整国内农业政策时,应给予充分重视。     

E-Commerce in Light of International Trade Agreements: The WTO and the United States-Jordan Free Trade Agreement

E-commerce offers economy-wide benefits. World Trade Organization(WTO) members recognized the benefits e-commerce offers andhave developed a work program to facilitate the developmentof e-commerce. However, WTO efforts to facilitate e-commercehave stalled, leading to a slower than anticipated progress.As fundamental differences continue to stall progress in theWTO’s program on e-commerce, the United States concludeda free trade agreement with Jordan. This agreement was the firstever to incorporate explicit provisions on e-commerce. Thisarticle analyzes how existing trade agreements have dealt withe-commerce. The article gives an overview of the situation inWTO. The article then examines the e-commerce provisions inthe United States-Jordan Free Trade Agreement (US-JO FTA) andhow the parties have tackled the obstacles that stalled theWTO work on e-commerce. It concludes that the US-JO FTA approachregarding e-commerce did not move beyond what the WTO has alreadydone. It is argued that although there are specific provisionsdealing with e-commerce in the FTA, the parties left many loopholesto be filled.     

WTO与中国行政法制度改革的几个关键问题

我国加入世界贸易组织（ＷＴＯ），必将对国内法律制度产生深远的影响。这种影响不仅仅涉及贸易、投资等经济法律制度领域，而且涉及规范政府权力的公法制度。本文认为：就本质上看，ＷＴＯ协议是一种契约，目的是约束各成员方政府将其贸易政策限定在一定范围内，从而建立一种鼓励公平与自由竞争的多边贸易体制。因此，ＷＴＯ协议直接对政府行为提出了要求。这些要求集中表现为ＷＴＯ协议所规定的“国民待遇原则”、“透明度原则”、“法律统一实施原则”、“行政公平原则”以及“对行政行为的监督审查原则”等方面。我们需要根据上述原则的要求，对规范政府行为的宪法和行政法制度进行相应的改革。ＷＴＯ背景下行政法制度的改革，对我国行政法学的发展既是一个挑战，又是一种机遇。     

浅析由WTO贸易与环境争端所引发的理论争议

有关贸易与环境争端在GATT法律体系内很难找到具体适用的规则,因此GATT曾被环保主义者称作没有规则的天堂。WTO成立后,为解决贸易与环境争端,出现了对WTO协定作普通法式解释的现象。本文认为这种解释方法符合客观要求,我国政府应顺应国际环保形势发展的总体需要,支持用普通法的方式解释WTO贸易与环境的相关法律规定。     

论WTO法下的中国法制变化

中国入世后在WTO法的约束下,较快地完成了将WTO法转化为大量国内法的艰巨任务。中国入世所引起的国内法制的直接变化和法治观念的间接变化,不亚于30多年前中国法制的重建。WTO法所包括的协定尚无具有国际法效力的中文本,对于国内实施带来诸多困难,但是,中国依然通过对应式、归纳式和分散式三种国内立法转化WTO法而履行了实施义务,并由此促进了中国法制透明度的增强与法治观念的变化。诚然,就国际法与国内法的关系而言,为了进一步适应WTO法,中国《宪法》的缔约规定亟待修改,WTO法在国内的司法解释应予进一步规范,立法解释与司法解释的关系应予理顺。     

The Evolving and Multilayered EU–India Investment Relations—Regulatory Issues and Policy Conjectures

India and several EU member countries share a rich history of investment collaborations. The collaboration has been cemented with several formal agreements with individual EU members, and the recent negotiations with the trade bloc since June 2007 on a broad‐based Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) can be considered as a culmination of this process while ongoing WTO negotiations on Mode 3 commitments remain essential in terms of market opening. The present article analyzes the multi‐layered regulation of foreign investment against the backdrop of the evolving EU‐India economic relations. The 2009 Treaty of Lisbon gave a new competence to the EU which will impact ongoing negotiations with India whose global standing has been significantly changing in recent years. The economic vibrancy, coupled with large market size, has earned India greater relevance in several international forums, thereby making the future EU—India investment treaty one of the most promising investment agreements.     

WTO: US and Argentina settle dispute over patents and data protection

In May 2000, supplementing an earlier complaint filed in May 1999, the US filed a complaint against Argentina, alleging that its patent laws violate the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (the TRIPS Agreement). The gist of the US complaint was that Argentina's law failed to provide: (1) adequate protection against "unfair" commercial use of undisclosed test data submitted in order to get market approval of pharmaceutical products; (2) certain safeguards for compulsory licences on an invention granted on the basis of inadequate working by the patent holder; and (3) adequate measures to prevent infringements of patent rights. The US also alleged that Argentina denies certain exclusive rights of patent holders, such as the exclusive right to import the patented product into the country. At the end of May 2002, the US and Argentina notified the WTO that they had reached a "mutually agreed solution," without prejudice to their respective rights and obligations under WTO agreements, and the US has withdrawn its complaint.     

CARICOM states and the WTO dispute settlement system: the case for greater engagement

This paper examines the participation of member states of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) in the World Trade Organisation (WTO)’s dispute settlement system and its associated negotiations. In so doing, it highlights the dispute settlement system’s important contribution to the WTO and the need for CARICOM member states to engage more actively with this aspect of the WTO’s work. The paper concludes by articulating some of the lessons learnt from CARICOM member states’ experiences to date and offering some concrete suggestions on how the region can improve its current record of engagement.     

论WTO的执政理念

WTO是调整其成员政府行为的国际经济组织,其规则体系集中体现了这样的政府执政理念：服务、公正执法以及非歧视与透明。这些执政理念不仅贯穿于WTO规则体系之中,体现了其精髓,而且也是其成员政府履行WTO法律规则义务的理性前提,更是践行我国行政法治价值的意志基础。     

The World Trading System, the International Legal System and Multilevel Choice

Abstract:  This article develops a theory of multilevel choice of regulatory jurisdiction based on normative individualism, and suggests how certain features of the World Trade Organization (WTO) might be understood in terms of this theory. The WTO has some capacity for positive integration, as demonstrated in, for example, the harmonised minimum standards for intellectual property protection contained in the TRIPS agreement. Yet the WTO has generally not been used as a site for re-regulation in areas congruent with its de-regulation. However, in a limited way, and in particular contexts, it provides certain incentives for re-regulation at other sites. For example, both the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement encourage the formation of harmonised rules. These agreements require Member States to use international standards as a basis for their measures, with important exceptions.     

Engaging the Private Sector: EU–China Trade Disputes Under the Shadow of WTO Law?

Abstract:  This article intends to reflect a new tendency of China's new trade policy to utilise more effectively the World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules with the support of emerging public–private networks, at bilateral, regional and multilateral levels. Based on legal pluralism and network theory, this article argues that although still far from an active user of the dispute-settlement mechanism, China is gradually building up its legal capacity for challenging foreign trade barriers, by actively engaging the private sector and mobilising resources of domestic industries. It particularly focuses on how this new trend has been reflected on three recent high-profile disputes: textile, footwear and car parts, and concludes that the pattern of China's trade policy indicates that both China and its trading partners have realised that their trade relations are developing under the shadow of WTO law.     

The Authoritative Interpretation Under Article IX:2 of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization: Current Law, Practice and Possible Improvements

The Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization reservesthe right to adopt ‘authoritative interpretations’of the multilateral trade agreements to the Ministerial Conferenceand the General Council. Given that, to date, this instrumenthas not been used, the present article intends to highlightits structural importance for the balance of powers within thelegal system of the World Trade Organization. It identifiesthe use that could and should be made of it and reviews thepractice so far. The article attempts to explain the reasonsfor the present lack of authoritative interpretations in theWorld Trade Organization and presents several options for thefuture. At the outset, this article explores the parametersthat are relevant for this discussion, notably the possiblescope and legal effects of an authoritative interpretation.Important questions are whether an authoritative interpretationis legally binding on all WTO Members, whether it may modifythe existing law or whether the rules of treaty interpretationare relevant in the formulation of an authoritative interpretation,and whether its validity can be challenged in dispute settlement.