MRI在膝关节细微骨折法医学鉴定中的应用价值

目的探讨膝关节细微骨折的MRI表现及其在法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法分析24例经MRI诊断并经CT及临床证实的膝关节细微骨折的MRI表现,并与CT和X线检查结果进行比对。结果24例患者中X线仅检出2处骨折,CT检出27处,MRI检出31处骨折;其中MRI诊断同一患者2处以上骨折共有5例。所有骨折均无明显分离或错位,T1WI STIR和FE-T2WI序列是显示细微骨折的最佳序列。结论MRI能明确诊断膝关节细微骨折,为法医学鉴定提供有力的依据。     

CT在脊柱损伤中的法医鉴定价值

从法医学角度探讨CT在脊柱损伤中的应用价值的资料报道不多。作者整理了1992年11月至1997年2月收治的100例脊柱损伤病人的病历，现分析报道如下。临床资料本组100例病人，男88例，女12例；年龄最小者18岁，最大者70岁。外伤类型木棒、铁棍打伤12例，扭伤18例，坠落伤15例，车辆撞伤55例。受伤部位颈椎8例，胸椎5例，胸腰段79例，腰椎8例。X线结果100例均有椎体压缩和变窄改变。X线报告为椎体压缩性骨折98例，椎体楔形变2例。CT结果颈椎新鲜骨折7例，陈旧性压缩性骨折1例；胸椎新鲜骨折5例；胸腰段新鲜骨折60例，陈旧性压缩性骨折10例，生…     

《人体损伤程度鉴定标准》理解与适用——脊柱与四肢损伤

<正>1骨关节损伤5.9.3b一节椎体压缩骨折超过1/3以上;二节以上椎体骨折;三处以上横突、棘突或者椎弓骨折(轻伤一级)。【理解与适用】椎体压缩性骨折多由垂直间接暴力所致,椎体松质骨因压缩而变形,常发生在下胸椎、上腰椎等处,椎体呈楔形。椎体压缩性骨折及其程度主要是通过X线     

就医前骨折引发医疗纠纷两例

本文报道两例就医前骨折在医院推拿治疗中引发的医疗纠纷案例 ,望能引起同行们在法医临床学鉴定中重视 ,注意甄别。案例资料【例 1】尹某 ,男 5 9岁 ,农民。因慢性间隙性腰背部疼痛3年余 ,2 0 0 0年 11月 3日在当地卫生院住院治疗 ,诊断为腰肌劳损 ,风湿性腰痛 ,给予推拿对症治疗 ,在推拿中被鉴定人“哎哟”一声 ,当时感到腰背部疼痛加重。次日在县医院及上级医院照片显示 :胸腰椎骨质密度普遍减退 ,椎体前缘增生明显 ,胸腰段椎体明显弧形后凸畸形 ,T1 0 ～T1 2 及L1～T3椎体呈楔形改变 ,压缩约 1/2至 1/3。放射科诊断意见 :(1)胸腰椎骨质…     

浅谈“道标”胸腰椎椎体压缩性骨折伤残评定——附5则案例分析

对“道标”中胸腰椎椎体压缩性骨折的标准进行细化,有助于促进此类损伤伤残评定的客观、公正.通过5件椎体压缩性骨折案例的分析,依据司法鉴定工作的实践经验,运用临床医学理论知识,结合损伤从轻到重的客观演变规律以及脊柱解剖学、生理学、病理生理学特点,利用叠加（累加）原则,初步拟定胸腰椎椎体压缩性骨折伤残等级评定的操作细则.根据椎体压缩程度结合其功能状况评定道路交通事故伤残等级,有望在司法鉴定工作中应用,提高鉴定意见的客观性与公信力.     

先天性椎体畸形临床误认骨折法医学鉴定2例

1案例例1:某女,44岁。1998年5月28日被他人以石头击伤头部、后腰部,伤后到当地医院诊治。病志记载:左顶部有一3.0cm裂口,脊柱生理弯曲,脊柱无压痛,生理反射存在,Babinski征(-)。X线检查示第11胸椎压缩超过1/3。临床诊断:第11胸椎椎体压缩性骨折。2003年12月22日公安机关就其腰部损伤程度提请出法医学鉴定。法医学检查:左前额有一斜行2.0cm×0.1cm大小瘢痕,脊柱生理弯曲,无固定压痛点及纵向叩击痛。四肢肌张力正常,肌肉无萎缩,生理反射存在,病理反射未引出。胸腰椎X线片:T11椎体上下端均呈“V”形凹陷,似蝴蝶状,脊柱侧弯畸形,T11椎体凸向…     

椎体骨折伤残鉴定分析1例

<正>1案例资料1.1简要案情某女,45岁,某年10月26日因交通事故致胸腰部疼痛伴活动障碍入院。入院查体:脊柱呈生理弯曲,胸12椎体、腰1椎体处压痛,稍肿胀,活动功能明显受限,左膝内侧可见3cm×2cm擦伤,轻度肿胀,压痛无畸形。X线片示腰1椎体骨折、胸12椎体压缩     

胸腰椎骨折伤残评定标准探讨

正胸腰椎爆裂性骨折在交通事故中常见,约占胸腰椎骨折的64%~81%。现就我所鉴定的32例胸腰椎骨折伤残评定中所存在的问题进行剖析,对《道路交通事故伤残评定》标准予以探讨。1案例资料2009~2012年受理交通事故所致单纯胸腰椎骨折伤残评定32例,男24例,女8例,年龄15~78岁,平均42.6岁。单节段骨折27例(T1例、T2例、T     

老年骨质疏松病变者腰部损伤法医学鉴定1例

<正>1案例资料邱某,女,65岁。被人推倒臀部着地,出现腰部疼痛、活动受限。伤后5d入院检查:腰部肿胀不明显,胸12、腰椎棘突有压痛、叩击痛,椎旁有压痛、叩击痛,胸腰段活动受限。X线示:T12、L1椎体形态变扁,骨质密度减低,椎体前缘骨质皱折,呈楔行改变,部分骨质嵌插重叠,密度稍高。CT示:T12、L1椎体压缩呈楔形样改变,骨质密度不均,上缘可见骨抑块向后侧方移位,同     

胸腰椎骨折伤残评定标准探讨

胸腰椎爆裂性骨折在交通事故中常见,约占胸腰椎骨折的64%~81%。现就我所鉴定的32例胸腰椎骨折伤残评定中所存在的问题进行剖析,对《道路交通事故伤残评定》标准予以探讨。1案例资料2009~2012年受理交通事故所致单纯胸腰椎骨折伤残评定32例,男24例,女8例,年龄15~78岁,平均42.6岁。单节段骨折27例(T1例、T2例、T     

Differentiation of Antemortem and Postmortem Appendicular Fractures Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Intensity Changes in Bone and Soft Tissues,

Intraosseous T1-weighted (T1W) and short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity changes—so-called bone marrow edema—may be able to differentiate antemortem and postmortem fractures in human forensic imaging. The primary objective of this study was to investigate this hypothesis using an animal model. Three juvenile Landrace pigs were anesthetized and underwent MRI of both tibiae and both radii using a 1.5 T magnet. T1W, T2-weighted (T2W), STIR, and T2* sequences were included. Antemortem fractures were induced in both tibiae and postmortem fractures in both radii, and MRI was repeated. Two board-certified radiologists blinded to fracture group jointly evaluated the images for intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes. Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) in identifying antemortem fractures were calculated based on intraosseous, soft tissue, and combined intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes. Intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes, when present, were hyperintense in all sequences. Intraosseous hyperintensity in T1W and T2W sequences yielded Sp of 100% for antemortem fractures. Regardless of sequence, soft tissue hyperintensity was comparatively more sensitive than intraosseous hyperintensity. Sensitivity for each sequence could be maximized by assessment of soft tissue and intraosseous hyperintense signals together; for the T1W sequence, such assessment optimized diagnostic utility yielding a Se of 100% and Sp of 83%. In summary, MRI—particularly the T1W sequence—can differentiate antemortem and postmortem fractures and may be a useful adjunct to the forensic analyses of fractures.     

Frequency of laryngeal and hyoid bone trauma in nonhomicidal cases who died after a fall from a height

A retrospective study was carried out on 93 autopsy cases who died after a fall from a height. For each case, following parameters were reported: age, sex, manner of death, estimated height of fall, ground type, estimated site of primary impact, type of laryngeal and hyoid bone trauma, presence of associated local trauma in the neck and cephalic region. Mean age of the studied population was about 33 years. Sex ratio (men/women) was 1.8. Mean height of fall was about 15 m. Manner of death was, respectively, suicide and accident in 70 and 23 cases. The type of ground was concrete in 94% of the cases. The site of primary impact was, respectively, head, front of the body, back of the body, feet/lower limbs, and lateral body in 31, 26, 19, 12, and 5 cases. Cervical soft tissue bruising without laryngohyoid fractures was found in 5 cases. Laryngohyoid fractures were found in 5 cases. These fractures could be explained by direct impact of the neck structures against the ground. The mechanism of these fractures could also be indirect fractures due to high muscle strains on the hyoid bone or thyroid cartilage due to cervical hyperflexion or hyperextension or secondary to mandible or cervical vertebral column fractures.     

Craniocervical injuries in judicial hangings: an anthropologic analysis of six cases

Restoration projects and archaeologic excavations in two Canadian prisons resulted in the recovery of the skeletons of six felons executed by judicial hanging. Damage inflicted by hanging on various skeletal elements was observed. Among the injuries seen were fractures of the hyoid cornua, styloid processes, occipital bones, and cervical vertebral bodies (C2) and transverse processes (C1, C2, C3, and C5). Despite the general uniformity of the hanging technique, which involved a subaural knot, the trauma to the skeletal elements and the cause of death varied among individuals. Although some of this variation was probably due to minor differences in hanging practices, individual anatomic peculiarities of the victims likely also contributed.     

磁敏感加权成像在出血性弥散性轴索损伤鉴定中的应用

目的探讨磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)在出血性弥散性轴索损伤(diffuse axonal injury,DAI)法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法对20例DAI的法医学鉴定资料进行回顾性分析,对其T1WI、T2WI、扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)、液体衰减反转恢复(fluid attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR)、磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)序列影像资料进行统计分析。结果 DAI出血灶多位于脑组织表浅区,SWI对出血性DAI的检出率最高,与其他序列成像之间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SWI在DAI法医学鉴定中具有重要的意义。     

Fatal Child Abuse Presenting with Multiple Vertebral and Vascular Trauma

This case study involves the unexplained death of a previously healthy 30‐month‐old child. Reportedly, she was found unresponsive by her foster father following a 2‐hour nap. She was transported to the hospital and died in the emergency room of unknown causes. Blood drawn in the ER showed hemoglobin of 4.3 mg/dL. Postmortem skeletal survey, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, and retinal examinations were negative. The medical examiner assumed jurisdiction of the body. The autopsy showed massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage, transections of the abdominal aorta, and inferior vena cava, and complete tears of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine at C5/C6 and L1/L2 with diastases of the vertebral bodies at the corresponding intervertebral disk spaces. The case is believed to be extraordinary due to both the extent of injury that does not match the reported history and the mechanism of vertebral and vascular injuries.     

Bilateral fractures of transverse processus: a diagnostic sign of overrun?

Injuries caused by traffic accidents can be complex and extensive. Due to the highly dynamic course of actions, reconstructive questions may be challenging to investigators. Differentiation of a single collision from an overrun is a central question. We hypothesized that the existence of spine fractures such as spinous and transverse processus fractures may be helpful to distinguish both. The postmortem CT-data of pedestrian fatalities were analyzed in a retrospective manner. A group finally assessed as being overrun (n=13; 7 m, 6 f, 18-86 y, mean 65 y) and a control group being hit but not overrun (n=11; 7 m, 4 f, 31-89 y, mean 61 y) were compared. Secondarily, the CT results were compared to the localization of fractures detected in routine autopsy. Cases in the overrun group showed 1-31 fractures of processus (mean 14.6) and 9 cases presented with bilateral fractures of partly opposite transverse processus. In the control group there were 6 cases without any fractures and 5 cases showed 1-9 injuries (mean 1.7). There were no bilateral fractures of transverse processus in the control group. Autopsy only detected fractures of spinous processus in 4 cases from the overrun group. Bilateral fractures of transverse processus are a possible sign for an overrun. Unilateral fractures of the transverse processus are not specific. Post-mortem CT is more sensitive for the evaluation of vertebral processus than conventional autopsy.     

Abusive Pediatric Thoracolumbar Fracture Due to Forced Hyperextension: Case Report,Biomechanical Considerations,and Review of the Literature

Pediatric thoracolumbar fractures are rare due to the physiological differences which afford greater resilience to the immature spine. Most pediatric thoracolumbar fractures occur as the result of high energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents, and modes of reasonable accidental injuries are limited by age and developmental capabilities of the child. These fractures can occur as the result of inflicted blunt force trauma and child abuse, and in most cases, the mechanism of injury to the spine is not known. We report the death of a 29-month-old man due to blunt force trauma to the back and forced hyperextension of the thoracolumbar spine causing fracture of the fourth lumbar (L4) vertebral body. A complete forensic examination revealed a previous healing fracture of the anterior aspect of the L4 vertebral body, with acute disruption of the anterior longitudinal ligament overlying the fracture site, complete fracture of the vertebral body, and fatal retroperitoneal hemorrhage. We present a review of the biomechanical considerations of the pediatric spine, a survey of pediatric spinal fractures, and a review of the literature on pediatric abusive thoracolumbar fractures. In this case, there was never a provided explanation for how the injury occurred; however, understanding the biomechanics of the pediatric spine allowed for the determination of the mechanism, force required to produce this specific pattern of abusive spinal injury, and the manner of death.     

Postmortem roentgen diagnosis of the skull]

In this prospective study, skulls of 164 dead bodies were x-rayed in two different planes. The findings were assessed independent to the results of the subsequent autopsy, however afterwards compared with the autopsy findings. In 86 cases (53.4%) x-ray findings were significant. Dislocated calvarium fractures were clearly visible on the x-rays, however non-dislocated calvarium fractures as well as fractures of the visceral cranium and skull base were difficult to detect. Gas and foreign bodies could easily be observed. Similar to the clinical assessment the indication for a post-mortem x-ray of the skull must consider the case history and the respective condition of the corpse (for example putrefaction, charred body).     

Histologic appearance of fractured thyroid cartilage and surrounding tissues

Histological appearances of the fractured superior horns (SH) of the thyroid cartilage and their surrounding tissues were reviewed, with particular reference to signs of vital origin of the fracture. Twenty-nine autopsies with either histories or findings indicating asphyxial neck compression, with a total of 39 fractured SHs, and three autopsies with history of suicidal jump from height with a total of two SH fractures, were examined. Fifteen autopsies with finding of 19 artefactually fractured SHs while removing neck organs at autopsy were used as controls. In the cases of neck compression and victims of jump from height haemorrhages, retraction of fractured SH fragments with invagination or squeezing of the perichondrium, contraction bands, contraction band necrosis and 'opaque fibres', in the adjacent muscle fibres could be seen. Fibrin deposition and/or leucocytic reaction were noted in cases where circumstances of death indicated prolonged death struggle (as in incomplete hanging, resuscitation or homicidal neck compression). However, retraction of fractured fragments and invagination of perichondrium between artefactually fractured SH fragments were observed in both control cases and cases with antemortem trauma to the larynx. Many of these histological findings, including haemorrhages and fractures had not been evident at gross examination. We conclude that histological examination of SHs may not only uncover macroscopically overlooked injuries but also may facilitate the clarification of an injury's vital origin.