早期葡萄牙在远东殖民扩张中的天主教因素

近代早期的葡萄牙既是信奉天主教的旧教国,也是最早向海外扩张的欧洲殖民国家。葡萄牙的宗教狂热决定了其在殖民活动中不可避免地受到了天主教的影响。本文以近代早期葡萄牙在东亚海域的殖民扩张为背景,从几个方面探讨了天主教的影响。     

西属菲律宾殖民制度研究回顾

作为地理大发现以来欧洲殖民扩张史的重要组成部分，西班牙在菲律宾的殖民扩张早已成为国际学术界的一个重要课题，尤其是在菲律宾、美国和西班牙，对西属菲律宾殖民统治制度的研究，一直是20世纪许多西班牙殖民史和菲律宾历史研究者关注的重要内容。     

16-17世纪西班牙传教士与菲律宾民族语言的发展

16世纪中期到 1 7世纪中期是欧洲基督教在东南亚传播的重要时期 ,伴随着欧洲殖民势力在亚洲的扩张 ,欧洲各国的传教士也蜂拥而至 ,目的在于配合本国殖民政府的政治、军事行动 ,对亚洲实行精神征服。这一时期欧洲各国的传教士在东南亚的传教活动非常活跃 ,其中重要表现之一就是纷纷把有关天主教教义的经典翻译成为东南亚地区各民族的民族语言 ,其中表现突出的是在菲律宾的西班牙传教士 ,他们在这方面的工作不仅极大地促进了天主教在菲律宾群岛的传播 ,而且对菲律宾民族语言的发展也产生了重要影响。一、近代西方宗教在东南亚的传播宗教扩张在…     

东盟—欧盟关系变迁初探

东盟与欧盟①(当时为欧共体)的关系始于20世纪70年代初期,但是东南亚国家与欧洲国家的联系可以追溯到17、18世纪欧洲国家在东南亚的殖民扩张时代.早期欧洲国家与大多数东南亚围家间是宗主国与殖民地的关系,这种关系一直持续到二战日本入侵时为止.此后,东南亚与欧洲国家的关系中断,成为"彼此忽略"的两个区域.     

试论原敬对美协调外交思想的原点

原敬强调日本外交之关键在于以本国利权为本 ,对中国友善之时不忘日本国的利益。日本作为后进的资本主义国家 ,其实力更逊于各国 ,远不能和欧洲列强平起平坐 ,日本不仅要审时度势 ,认清中国的国际形势 ,而且更需要协调与欧洲列强在中国的利益关系 ,这样才能确保和扩张日本在中国最大的殖民利益。     

15—19世纪帝俄扩张的动因和特点

俄罗斯在四个多世纪中不停地向外扩张，其原因并不在于存有建立全球或欧洲统一帝国的野心。在帝俄的扩张过程中存在着两个较为持久的因素，即文化和经济的边缘位置以及边陲地区的可渗透性。与西方国家的殖民模式不同，俄罗斯的扩张表现为吞并相连的领土，新吞并区域被置于俄的社会和行政管理之下。俄罗斯的扩张始终存在着难以消化和吸收的问题。     

以“开拓”为名的日本移民侵略——日本移民侵略档案分析

从1905年到1945年间,日本政府在军事侵略中国的同时,对中国东北实施了有计划、有组织、有步骤的大规模移民侵略。明治维新后,日本在发展资本主义的同时,也走上了扩张军备和对邻近国家进行侵略扩张的军国主义道路——大陆政策。日本"开拓团"(殖民扩张团,下同)是近代日本殖民扩张政策的产物。日本为了掩饰其战略意图和侵略行径,把侵入中国东北的日本移民团改称"开拓团",企图掩盖日本移民侵略的本质。准确地把握其政策形成过程,有助于深刻理解日本对东北实施移民的侵略动机和性质。从日本向我国东北大规模移民及其移民政策的变化过程来看,日本向中国东北移民是上升为"国策"地位的国家战略行为,是日本对中国东北地区实行殖民扩张的重要手段,日本"开拓团"本质上就是"殖民扩张团"。     

启蒙时代早期欧洲知识人的殖民地科学探险与旅行书写——以拉·孔达米纳对南美洲的探险考察为例

启蒙时代早期,由于国际局势的变化与科学研究的需要,欧洲掀起了知识人赴殖民地探险的热潮,1735年法国科学院派出的秘鲁大地测量团正是其中一例。拉·孔达米纳作为该测量团的领袖,领导了地球赤道弧度的测量,并且撰写了沿亚马孙河流域的旅行文学作品。拉·孔达米纳将探险活动的全部荣誉和成果都冠以法国国王的名字,并将探险目的的科学性视为法兰西文化先进性的表现。在探险过程中,拉·孔达米纳对殖民地的植物进行了整理分类,试图借助殖民地测量数据定义公制度量单位,并且对原住民族群展开观察。其旅行书写则记录了这些活动,并用启蒙话语阐释了上述活动的意义。考察其科学探险和旅行书写可以发现,此时欧洲的知识人以理性为工具,以殖民地为研究对象,正在尝试建构适用于物质世界和人类社会的普遍规则。这种规则的建构维护了旧的殖民秩序,并为拥有文化优势的帝国提供了归化与驯服的新的殖民手段,从而导致被殖民者的文化沦落为从属地位。     

论美国外交中扩张主义文化的本质属性

扩张主义文化是美国核心文化中的重要组成部分,它融贯于美国立国、发展、崛起直至称霸世界的整个历史进程之中,殖民扩张、宗教扩张和价值观扩张是美国扩张主义文化演进过程中所表现出的本质属性。扩张主义文化深刻塑造了美国的外交特性,对美国外交政策和外交走向产生了极为重要而深远的影响。     

论西班牙天主教在菲律宾传播的历史背景

对大多数殖民地国家而言,15世纪末以来,基督教是伴随着西方殖民主义者的隆隆炮声而来的。基督教在近代欧洲的海外扩张中充当了侵略工具,它的海外扩张是近代欧洲海外扩张的产物。本文以辨证唯物主义为指导,探讨了近代基督教传播的二重性,并在基督教东扩史和欧洲扩张史背景下来探讨了西班牙天主教在东方的传播。     

Where Hobbes Meets Hobson: Core Conflict and Colonialism, 1495–1985

This study explores the connections between the Long Wave and the Leadership Cycle by examining their possible effect on long-term patterns in major power war and colonial expansion. Building directly upon the Leadership Cycle work of Modelski and Thompson, Goldstein's Long Wave analysis, and the Modern World System School, a new analytical framework is developed. This framework treats the Leadership Cycle and Long Wave as separate, though interconnected processes, and permits derivation of empirically testable hypotheses concerning the effects of the Leadership Cycle and Long Wave on armed conflict in the system, and on the timing of colonial expansion by major powers into the periphery. This "phase-pair" framework also allows assessment of the effect of each systemic process while controlling for the effect of the other. The results of our analysis suggest that the Long Wave and Leadership Cycle not only are associated with the most severe or systemic wars, but may affect conflict more broadly within the system. We also find strong identifiable effects of these processes on colonization. Finally, all results taken together indicate the Long Wave and Leadership Cycle should be treated as distinct, though interrelated processes.     

试论塞西尔·罗得斯与南部非洲政治格局的形成

塞西尔·罗得斯是19世纪中后期在南部非洲疯狂推行殖民扩张政策的英国殖民主义代表人物之一,其殖民行径在客观上对于南部非洲政治格局和政治版图的形成具有一定影响。在南非联邦的建立问题上,他提出通过加强与布尔人的经济关系和交通联系,以及向布尔人让渡部分权力的办法,换取布尔人的支持,用和平、渐进的新路径推动了两个白人民族和解和南非联邦的建立。另外,罗得斯及其领导下的英国南非公司的殖民行为还推动了津巴布韦和赞比亚两国政治地理版图的形成,并引进比较科学的行政管理模式,从而在客观上对当地无意识地起到了一些"建设性"的作用。但这全然不能掩饰殖民主义在人类文明史上的罪恶和破坏作用的本质。     

17世纪末法国与暹罗外交的斡旋者-塔查尔

大航海时代的开启让欧洲君主的视野由陆地面向海洋，而在整个扩张过程中，法国作为在西、葡、荷之后崛起的欧洲新势力，从17世纪逐步向亚洲渗透，并希望取而代之。法国抓住暹罗主动示好的机会首次向其派遣了使团，虽未取得预期的成功，但在塔查尔的推动下，路易十四决定继续坚持下去。塔氏怀着使整个暹罗改宗的理想，脱离了赴华传教团，一生5次往返于欧亚大陆之间以推动两国外交，最后他的事业却以失败而告终。虽然17世纪末法国在暹罗的种种活动已经体现出了它的殖民主义野心，但从塔查尔的主观来看，他所做的一切努力依然只是为了传播福音，拯救生灵。     

The portrayal of Africans in agricultural films of Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe): 1940s to 1950s

Abstract

One of the most effective cultural tools used by the colonial governments in Africa to make their rule acceptable to African indigenous populations was film. In Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe) the colonial government created the Central Film Unit whose major aim was to teach Africans new agricultural methods. The response by Africans to this colonial initiative was mixed. Some welcomed and enjoyed the films and made use of the skills that the films popularised, but others were cynical and viewed these films as a tool to consolidate British white settler rule in Rhodesia. This article analyses six colonial films produced in the 1940s and 1950s. The article argues that through the use of colonial films, the Rhodesia government was able to persuade African communal farmers to adopt modern methods of farming. The irony of this is that the use of modern farming methods made it possible for the same colonial authorities to later blame Africans for the ecological disaster in the communal areas.     

藤山一雄和他笔下的“满洲森林”

甲午战争、日俄战争后,伴随着日本军国主义穷兵黩武国策的急剧膨胀,大批日本移民进入中国东北。尤其是1931年日本军国主义悍然发动侵略中国东北的“九一八”事变后,更是加剧了日本移民的涌入。至1945年日本战败为止,不包括军政人员,全东北已经有150余万的日本移民定居。就中作家近百人,他们绝大多数人站在殖民主义的立场上,记录了殖民主义者眼中的“满洲”风光,描摹了他们作为统治阶级一员对“满洲”新大陆的“美好憧憬”。藤山一雄可谓最典型的一个。     

“东亚协同体论”与伪满“建国精神”

"七七"事变后,中国历史进入了全面抗战时期。日本帝国主义采取一系列军事行动的同时,加大了思想文化上的侵略力度。战争期流行的"东亚协同体论",就是为从思想文化上进行殖民扩张而制造的侵略理论。与伪满"建国精神"相比,这一文化渗透方式更加暧昧、更加隐蔽。从思想的内部关联看,可以发现它们具有同质性。     

Empire and modernity: dynastic centralization and official nationalism in late imperial Ethiopia

Conventional accounts of modern state-formation either underplay its contradictory and variegated character or neglect its international dimensions. Against these approaches, alternative theories of state-formation have emerged centred on the constitutive significance of intersocietal relations and differential temporalities. This article develops the latter approaches in relation to the Ethiopian state. Contrary to widespread assumptions of Ethiopia's political insularity, it suggests that at three crucial turning points geopolitical exigencies provided the critical impetus for the political and cultural reconstitution of the state. Late nineteenth century European colonial encroachment triggered a reaction in the form of an Ethiopian imperial expansion to rival them. And the political shock of Italian occupation 40 years later provoked a concurrent project of dynastic centralization and official nationalism in the post-restoration period. But precisely because divine monarchy and nationalism are antithetical orders by virtue of their opposed principles of sovereignty, the attempt to conjoin them generated deep social and cultural contradictions that erupted in two successive revolutions that were internationally overdetermined and resulted in a profound reconstitution of the Ethiopian state.     

In Pursuit of a Pacific Strategy:British Planning for the Defeat of Japan, 1943–45

This article seeks to explain why the British pushed for a role in Pacific operations during the Second World War when it faced other strategic priorities in Southeast Asia, as well as a powerful American military that maintained tight control over operational decision-making. Although several quarters in Whitehall, including the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, had doubts about the necessity of a Pacific strategy, there were sensible reasons behind pursuing such a course. It would illustrate to an “anti-imperialist” America that Britain was not only interested in recovering its colonial possessions but also prepared to fight the Japanese on their homeland. More importantly, taking part in the main operations would allow the British to claim a voice at the peace table while helping to encourage the Americans to cement their close working relationship with Britain in the postwar period.