大鼠死后肌肉组织电阻抗幅值和相位角变化推断死后间隔时间的研究

目的研究大鼠死后皮下肌肉组织电阻抗幅值和相位角的变化规律，探讨生物电阻抗技术推断中晚期PMI的价值。方法利用四电极阻抗测量系统测量20只大鼠死后4种不同环境温度皮下肌肉组织电阻抗幅值和相位角，并用Excel及MATLAB对所得的离散阻抗数据进行处理。结果（1）所有死亡大鼠皮下肌肉组织的电阻抗幅值都呈现出相似的先升后降的变化趋势，且中、长期的下降部分有一定的线性变化趋势。电阻抗下降段斜率与温度的变化呈正相关关系，且在不同环境温度时，下降段斜率与PMI的相关性都较高，均大于0．97。因此，有可能利用这一线性关系推断中、晚期PMI。（2）所有死亡大鼠皮下肌肉组织的电阻抗相位角没有相似的变化规律，其变化杂乱无章。结论如果找出电阻抗幅值下降段起点、峰值、斜率这3者之间的确定关系，就可利用下降段的线性关系为推断中晚期PMI提供一定的判断依据。     

春季尸体腹腔腐败气压在法医学死亡时间推断中的应用研究

目的 研究尸体腹腔腐败气压在春季的发展变化规律及其用于推断死后经过时间的方法。方法用实验动物山羊57只,分陆地处死和水中溺死两大组,用自行研制的“腐败气压测定仪”,定时系统测量动物尸体腹腔内的腐败气压。结果 得出尸体腹腔内腐败气压的发展变化规律,并据此建立测量腹腔腐败气压推断死后经过时间的方法。研究了数种死亡方式、尸体所处环境和个体差异等的影响。结论 该研究成果填补了法医学中尸体腐败气压发展变化规律研究、检测腐败气压推算死后经过时间和腐败气压测定仪等的多项空白,丰富了该领域的法医学内容。     

大鼠死后心肌细胞DNA含量与死亡时间关系的进一步研究

目的研究机体的细胞核内DNA含量与死亡时间的关系。方法本实验通过计算机图像系统,选择核面积、积分光密度等7种参数,研究了15只大鼠心肌细胞在死后25～49h细胞核DNA含量的变化规律。结果心肌细胞DNA含量测定适合相对较长死亡时间的推断。结论应用计算机图像分析技术测量机体死后心肌细胞DNA含量将有可能成为推断死亡时间精确、客观的新方法。     

应用FTIR光谱技术推断死亡时间

目的 应用傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱技术分析大鼠死后组织、人体离体组织随死亡时间推移的化学降解过程,为死亡时间推断的研究提供新的途径与方法.方法 大鼠断颈处死后置于4℃、20℃、30℃环境,在不同死亡时间点提取大鼠不同组织;收集有同样死亡时间的人尸体组织,离体取材,并运用FFIR光谱仪测定不同化学基团随死后和离体后...     

大鼠死后脑、心肌和肾组织β-actin mRNA的降解与早期死亡时间的关系

目的研究SD大鼠脑、心肌和肾组织细胞内β-actin mRNA的降解与早期死亡时间的关系,为早期死亡时间的推断寻找新的指标。方法大鼠处死后置于20℃的环境中,分别于死后不同时间点提取脑、心肌、肾的总RNA,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测总RNA中β-actin mRNA的水平(Ct值),分析死后经过时间与Ct值的线性关系,并建立推断早期死亡时间的线性回归方程。结果随死亡时间的延长,3种组织内β-actin mRNA的水平均发生了显著的下降,心肌和肾组织中β-actin mRNA死后24h内的降解速率更显著,而脑组织中β-actin mRNA的降解速率变化不明显。各组织的Ct值变化与死亡时间之间存在一定的线性关系。结论大鼠死亡早期脑、心肌和肾组织内β-actin mRNA降解明显,可以通过其降解规律来推断早期死亡时间。     

大鼠死后组织细胞DNA含量变化与死亡时间的相关性研究

目的应用流式细胞术研究大鼠死后组织细胞DNA含量变化与死亡时间的相关性。方法SD大鼠断颈处死后于不同时间段取心、肝、脾、肾器官组织,经胰蛋白酶消化等处理后制成单细胞悬液,应用流式细胞术,在620nm波长处检测各组不同器官组织细胞DNA含量,观察其变化规律。结果大鼠各器官组织细胞DNA含量随死亡时间延长均呈下降趋势。其中以脾组织细胞DNA含量变化趋势与死亡时间最具相关性,肝、肾次之,而心最差;死后48h,各器官组织细胞仅存微量完整的细胞核DNA。结论机体死亡后,各器官组织细胞核DNA含量随死亡时间的延长逐渐减少,具有一定的变化规律,可应用组织细胞DNA含量变化来推断死亡时间。     

大鼠多器官能量物质变化与死亡时间的联系

目的检测大鼠死后不同器官能量物质的改变情况,探讨死后能量物质的变化规律。方法用高效液相色谱检测死亡发生24h内不同时间点大鼠腓肠肌、心肌、肝脏组织中ATP、ADP和AMP的含量。结果发现腓肠肌中ATP随死亡时间的延长迅速下降,到死后8h基本检测不到或微量检测出;心肌、肝脏中组织中ATP含量受死亡方式影响大。ADP在整个检测时间点均能检测到,AMP的含量变化无规律。结论通过高效液相对磷酸腺苷的检测,显示24h内大鼠腓肠肌、心肌和肝脏组织中的ATP含量变化与死亡时间的联系,可为法医学死亡时间推断提供一种新的、客观的参考依据。     

尸体肝细胞AgNOR不同时间形态改变与死亡时间的关系

采用显微图像分析方法，在动物实验的基础上，观察和分析人体死后不同时间肝细胞Ag－NOR的形态变化，探讨它与死亡时间两者间的关系。经图像分析灰度值测量，结果表明：AgNOR的死后变化与死亡时间有密切的关系，随着死后经过时间的延长，AgNOR颗粒形态越来越不清楚。灰度变化的量化指标提示，图像分析AgNOR的灰度改变，与形态改变一致，可以作为推断死亡时间的一个有参考价值的指标。     

大鼠多器官能量物质变化与死亡时间的联系

目的检测大鼠死后不同器官能量物质的改变情况,探讨死后能量物质的变化规律.方法用高效液相色谱检测死亡发生24h内不同时间点大鼠腓肠肌、心肌、肝脏组织中ATP、ADP和AMP的含量.结果发现腓肠肌中ATP随死亡时间的延长迅速下降,到死后8h基本检测不到或微量检测出;心肌、肝脏中组织中ATP含量受死亡方式影响大.ADP在整个检测时间点均能检测到,AMP的含量变化无规律.结论通过高效液相对磷酸腺苷的检测,显示24h内大鼠腓肠肌、心肌和肝脏组织中的ATP含量变化与死亡时间的联系,可为法医学死亡时间推断提供一种新的、客观的参考依据.     

根据mRNA稳定性推断死亡时间的研究

目的检测大鼠肺、胸肌β肌动蛋白(β-actin)mRNA在死后不同时间的表达,为死亡时间的推断寻找新的指标。方法大鼠断颈处死后于21℃温度控制系统模拟死后改变,在不同时间点抽提相应组织总RNA,利用RT-PCR技术检测β-actinmRNA的表达水平变化并对扩增产物进行半定量分析。结果大鼠肺β-actinmRNA于死后12d仍可检出,胸肌在死后8d的检测呈阴性。β-actinmRNA在肺脏和胸肌的稳定性呈现器官差异性和时间差异性。结论观察死后肺、胸肌β-actinmRNA的变化,可为死亡时间推断提供客观依据。     

Preliminary study of the effect of acute antemortem haemorrhage on postmortem abdominal impedance in rats

Studies over many years have revealed a consistent, inverse relationship between extracellular impedance of the rat abdomen and postmortem interval (PMI). Recent studies have shown that this relationship can be improved by correcting measured impedances to their theoretically predicted values at an arbitrarily chosen temperature of 40 degrees C, thus rendering them independent of the tissues' temperature at the time of impedance measurement. The present study, undertaken as a part of an ongoing effort to identify variables which might influence postmortem rate of change in abdominal impedance, was aimed at studying the possible effect of acute antemortem haemorrhage on abdominal impedance. Sudden loss of approximately 30% of the total blood volume, immediately prior to the death was without statistically significant effect on the pattern of postmortem change in abdominal impedance. Thus, in the control and experimental rats, respectively, impedance decreased progressively from 58.7 +/- 1.8 and 68.0 +/- 11.3 omega, 1 h postmortem, to 31.5 +/- 2.2 and 33.7 +/- 4.7 omega at a postmortem interval of 120 h (n = 6 in each group). In both groups, the relationship between impedance and postmortem interval was either linear or curvilinear. These findings are believed to mitigate in favour of continued effort to examine the potential usefulness of abdominal impedance, as an index of postmortem interval, under conditions encountered in routine forensic investigation.     

Temperature-correction of abdominal impedance: improved relationship between impedance and postmortem interval

The relationship between extracellular abdominal impedance and postmortem interval (PMI) reflects the combined effects, on impedance, of postmortem cooling of the tissues and of autolysis per se. This study was performed in order to eliminate temperature change as a major factor contributing to the time course of postmortem change in abdominal impedance. Dissociation of thermal and autolytic influences was achieved by recording deep abdominal temperature at the time of impedance measurement, followed by correction of all measured impedances to their theoretically predicted values at an arbitrarily chosen temperature of 40 degrees C. Uncorrected abdominal impedance increased from 82+/-12 Ohmz, 1 h after death, to 108+/-21 Ohmz after 12 h. Impedance then decreased to 96+/-23, 89+/-22, 75+/-19, 66+/-21 and 59+/-19 Ohmz at postmortem intervals of 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h, respectively. In contrast, corrected abdominal impedance decreased progressively from 63+/-7 Ohmz, 1 h after death, to 61+/-9, 56+/-11, 51+/-10, 46+/-10, 39+/-11 and 35+/-10 Ohmz at postmortem intervals of 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h, respectively. The improved relationship between (corrected) abdominal impedance and PMI is of potential value in estimating time since death.     

Estimation of postmortem interval using an electric impedance spectroscopy technique: A preliminary study

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid method for the estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) using electric impedance spectroscopy. Postmortem rat spleens were studied at 10 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C; The results obtained demonstrated that postmortem interval negatively correlated with the absolute value of Im Z^// (capacitive reactance component) in electrical impedance. This suggests that electric impedance spectroscopy may be a sensitive tool to determine the postmortem interval.     

Estimation of postmortem interval. Temperature-correction of extracellular abdominal impedance during the first 21 days of death

Extracellular impedance of the intact abdomen of rats increased from 79.0+/-7.4Omega, 1h postmortem (i.e. 0.04 day), to 130.5+/-14.4Omega at postmortem interval (PMI)=1 day. Impedance then decreased with time, reaching 64.2+/-9.9Omega at PMI=21 days. The time taken for mean abdominal impedance to decrease below the value at PMI=0.04 day averaged 16 days. It is therefore impossible, using extracellular abdominal impedance alone, to distinguish (in terms of interpolating PMI) between numerically equal impedances on the rising and falling phases of curves depicting impedance as a function of PMI.Correction of measured impedances to their theoretically-predicted values at an arbitrarily chosen temperature of 40 degrees C appreciably diminished the magnitude of the increase in impedance following death. Thus, temperature-corrected abdominal impedance increased from 56.2+/-4.8Omega at PMI=0.04 day to 59.5+/-6.2Omega at PMI=1 day. Impedance then decreased, reaching 29.2+/-4.1Omega at PMI=21 days. The time taken for mean, temperature-corrected abdominal impedance to decrease below the value at PMI=0.04 day averaged 3 days (as opposed to 16 days (see above) in the absence of temperature-correction).These findings are believed to improve the usefulness of extracellular abdominal impedance as a potential tool for estimation of postmortem interval.     

Transcellular and extracellular impedances of the intact abdomen in putrefying rat cadavers

Total (Zt) and extracellular (Ze) abdominal impedances of putrefying rat cadavers, stored at 18.0±0.7°C, were measured at 50 kHz and at 1 kHz, respectively, during the first 7 days of death. Transcellular impedance was calculated from the measured values of Zt and Ze. Total impedance and Ze increased during the first day, and then decreased with increasing postmortem interval, while Zi remained unchanged during the first 3 days before increasing more than 4-fold between 3 and 7 days postmortem. These changes are consistent with net gain of electrolyte by the extracellular fluids and with degeneration of cell membranes which occur postmortem. It is concluded that, during putrefaction, Ze is a potentially more useful index of postmortem interval than Zt or Zi, and that measurement of total abdominal impedance at 50 kHz, rather than at 10 kHz, markedly improves the precision and accuracy of impedance measurement.     

利用尸体软组织生物力学性状时序性变化推断死亡时间

目的探讨尸体软组织生物力学性状时序性变化规律及其推断死亡时间的可行性。方法将实验大鼠用颈椎脱臼法处死,放置25℃恒温培养箱内即刻、6、12、18、24、30、36、42、48、60、72、96、120、144、168、192h,定时、定位、定向、定形切取大鼠胸部正中皮肤、腹壁肌肉、胸主动脉、结肠和小肠的生物力学试件,用电子万能材料试验机检测各试件的极限载荷、应变、应力生物力学参数。结果除主动脉外,尸体皮肤、肌肉、小肠、结肠的各项软组织生物力学参数均呈明显的死后时序性下降趋势。各参数下降趋势具有显著性差异的＂窗口期＂分别为：极限载荷：死后18h内皮肤、小肠呈下降趋势;24h内肌肉、结肠呈下降趋势;96～168h肌肉呈下降趋势;72～192h结肠呈下降趋势。应变：各组织在24h内均呈下降趋势,其结肠72～192h缓慢下降趋势。应力：皮肤18h内呈下降趋势,肌肉、小肠24h内呈下降趋势,结肠36h内呈下降趋势。结论大鼠尸体软组织各生物力学性状在不同的＂窗口期＂存在时序性变化规律,综合各指标可用于推断相应＂窗口期＂内的死亡时间。     

不同环境条件下大鼠死后皮肤大体和组织学改变

目的研究观察大鼠在不同环境条件下死后不同时间其皮肤大体、组织学的改变,为推测较长的死后间隔时间建立实验动物依据。方法观察雌性SD大鼠在不同环境条件下的死后变化,并间隔一定死后时间取皮、染色和镜下观察。结果死后发生骨、软组织分离,A组约需35d,B组需13d。皮肤有形细胞成分和附属器完全分解破坏,A组约20d,B组7d。胶原纤维在A组死后40d（B组12d）仍有部分保留完整。结论环境温度差异是造成A、B两组发生死后改变时程不同的主要因素,利用皮肤大体、组织学改变可望较系统和准确的推测晚期死亡时间。     

The use of absolute refractory period in the estimation of early postmortem interval

The estimation of the time since death (postmortem interval) is one of the most difficult problems in forensic pathology. Most methods currently employed use temperature-based algorithms intended to model the cooling of the body after death and thus estimate the postmortem interval. These methods are subject to considerable inaccuracy but their reliability can be improved if a range of other observed criteria such as lividity and rigor are also taken into consideration. The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of using the absolute refractory period as an adjunct to the estimation of postmortem interval. The relationship between the `postmortem interval' and the `duration of absolute refractory period' was investigated using the rat sciatic nerve. A strong correlation between the duration of the absolute refractory period and the postmortem interval was observed. When both absolute refractory period and temperature were used in conjunction, the strength of this correlation was increased.     

脑组织与其相关分析推断死亡时间的研究进展

推断死后间隔时间(postmortem interval, PMI)一直是法医学鉴定中需要解决的重要问题之一。可用于推断PMI的尸体检材有很多种,脑组织因其独特的解剖学位置与生理功能,是推断PMI的重要检材之一。本文从三个方面将根据脑组织推断PMI的方法进行综述,包括了通过脑组织的温度、形态特点等尸体现象推断PMI;通过死后脑脊液、脑组织的成分,如简单元素、小分子物质、蛋白质、DNA、RNA变化规律等生化改变推断PMI;通过脑组织、硬脑膜的生物力学特征、电学特性等物理特征推断PMI。虽然根据脑组织推断PMI的研究取得了较好的成果,但是由于PMI受到多种因素的影响,应用时仍需结合现场环境、案情等运用多种指标综合判断。本文综述了根据脑组织推断PMI的方法,旨在为法医学PMI推断提供参考。