《广雅疏证》所揭示的“二义同条”之词义关系分析

王念孙在<广雅疏证>中揭示了<广雅>沿用<尔雅>"二义同条"之例的种种具体现象.<广雅>"二义同条"的"二义"之间,有的有内在联系,解释字只代表一个词;有的没有内在联系,解释字代表两个词.<广雅>中还存在"三义同条"、有的被解释字与解释字都表示两种不同含义、解释字代表两个同音同形异义词等"二义同条"的特殊情况.     

论好意同乘的侵权责任承担

随着经济发展和人们生活水平的不断提高,汽车作为一种方便快捷的交通运输工具,正越来越多地走进寻常百姓家,也因此日常生活中的好意同乘现象和由此发生的交通事故越来越普遍。由于我国法律中并没有规定好意同乘,在处理有关案件时各地法院并没有一个统一的标准。所以,好意同乘发生交通事故后,如何划分侵权责任成为实践中亟需解决的问题。本文对好意同乘的概念、特征和性质以及好意同乘侵权行为进行分析,从而明确好意同乘侵权责任及其承担问题。     

好意同乘的法律性质浅析

好意同乘是搭乘人经非营运性机动车的保有人或驾驶人同意后无偿搭乘的行为。它具有非营运性、不同目的性、顺路性、无偿性、合意性的特点。好意同乘具有双重性质，它在本质上是一种事实行为，即情谊行为，但在特殊情况下，它又是一种准合同关系，可以类推适用客运合同之规定。     

“同票同权”带给我们多少期待

同票同权，曾是一个在两年前被热议、如今即将变为现实的制度。 关于“同票同权”的话题，让我们从一番话、一部法、一个人说起。     

《日本书纪》中特殊语言文字现象考察

日本森博达教授所著《日本书纪成立の真実》一书举出《日本书纪》几条例证并展开讨论,认为书中某些语言现象受朝鲜汉文影响,但是森博达教授所举的若干方面证据,并非朝鲜汉文所特有,而是早就存在于中国古代典籍,是汉语言文字传到朝鲜以后,对朝鲜语言文字的影响所致,其源头还是在中国。     

浅议中国同妻的法律保护

当同性恋群体逐步走进人们视野的时候,另外一个特殊的群体也得到了人们的关注.她们是隐藏在男性同性恋身后的一个庞大群体——同妻.她们渴望从婚姻中解脱出来,斩获新生.可是立法的空白不能满足她们最基本的需要.于是,对于同妻立法的重要性与迫切性不言而喻.现实生活中,人们也应该给予她们更多的宽容与帮助.尊重个体间的差异,真正的解救那些同妻.     

古典美学思想在英汉语言中的体现

一般认为,语言能描绘和创造美的人或美的事物是天经地义的事。却很少有人认为,“美”可以反过来影响和创造语言本身。本文根据“‘美’可以反过来影响和创造语言本身”这一命题,从英汉语言的语音、词汇和句法三个层面,去论证,在语言发展的长河中,“美”的的确确影响和创造了语言。     

好意同乘民事责任的归责原则及其法律适用

好意同乘本质上是一种事实行为,但在特殊情况下,它又会演变成为一种准合同关系.当发生侵权损害后果时,好意人承担的是一种补偿责任,并以过错责任原则为民事责任的归责原则,同时以公平责任原则为补充.在特定情形下对好意人的民事责任应当予以减轻、部分或者全部免除.     

浅谈好意同乘纠纷之归责原则

随着我国机动车数量的迅速增加,日常生活中的免费搭乘现象便不断出现。然而,一旦发生交通事故,如何划分好意人和搭乘人的责任却成了一个非常棘手的问题。究其根源就是我国现行法律对于好意同乘没有相关规定,各地法院在行使自由裁量权的过程中尺度不一,处理结果就难免会产生偏颇。文章就好意同乘纠纷的规则原则问题展开论述,以期为解决此问题提供参考。     

好意同乘中侵权者责任研究

好意同乘是个争议性比较走的问题,在好意同乘中,侵权者该如何担责以及其责任大小是一个十分值得研究的问题,政本文在此基础上,对好意同乘中侵权者(主要是驾驶员或乘车人)的责任问题进行了比较细致的研究,力书通过此次研究明了好意同乘中的责任分担.同时,好意同乘典型隶倒发生后,其伴随的争议也往往随之而来,有人为驾驶员鸣不平,有人为乘车人主持公道,本文因此也对此表明了自已的立场,力求弄清其中争议的焦点.     

视听资料的合法性审查与运用

视听资料是随着现代科学技术的发展而出现的一种新的诉讼证据。在整个证据体系中 ,视听资料具有十分重要的作用 ,并且随着科学技术的进一步发展 ,视听资料的运用将更加普遍。但是 ,在司法实践中 ,视听资料的收集往往受到很多限制。尤其是行政机关和司法机关的工作人员 ,常常曲解法律条文 ,限制当事人对视听资料的运用。为此本文着重阐明合法的视听资料的构成要件 ,以及收集视听资料的合法渠道和方式 ,以期扩大视听资料的适用范围 ,促进国家行政机关和司法机关依法行使职权     

医学影像资料法医学同一认定30例分析

目的探讨医学影像资料法医学同一认定的鉴定原则、思路及方法。方法总结华西法医学鉴定中心1992—2012年受理的30例医学影像资料同一认定案例,对影像资料数量、种类,鉴定利用的识别点及其类型、间隔进行回顾性统计分析。结果胸部X线片为最常见的鉴定资料类型。利用的识别点共有33处、6种类型,包括：自身惟一性特征、骨骼自身结构的变异或发育畸形、疾病或退行性变、创伤后病理变化、医疗后果和正常形态的多处一致。结论影像资料常规审查是案件受理前提之一,同一认定时结合资料类型、投照部位及案情特点选择相应识别点,自身惟一性识别点最佳,多种类型识别点联合使用,识别点多处表现一致得出肯定结论者可应用于鉴定实践。     

人体生物性物质来源鉴定及法医学应用研究进展

犯罪现场中人体生物性物质来源鉴定在重现犯罪过程方面发挥了重要作用,寻找特异性遗传标记鉴定人体不同生物性物质来源是近年来法医学工作者研究的重点和难点。本文就目前研究较多的用于人体生物性物质来源鉴定的遗传标记进行综述,包括DNA甲基化、mRNA、microRNA、微生物菌群、蛋白质等。通过比较不同种类遗传标记鉴定人体生物性物质来源的原理和方法,发现人体不同生物性物质来源的鉴定都有其最适合的遗传标记种类,并且可以采用单一遗传标记或联合多种遗传标记进行检验。尽管目前各法医学实验室无统一的标准和方法鉴定人体生物性物质来源,但研究开发一系列成熟可靠的方法区分人体不同生物性物质,进而发挥其法庭证据作用,将是未来的发展方向。     

New vaccine information materials for hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and varicella (chickenpox) vaccines, and revised vaccine information materials for measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services. Notice

Under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (42 U.S.C. 300aa-26), the CDC must develop vaccine information materials that all health care providers, whether public or private, are required to distribute to patients/parents prior to administration of each dose of specific vaccines. On September 3, 1998, CDC published a notice in the Federal Register (63 FR 47026) seeking public comment on proposed vaccine information materials for the newly covered vaccines hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and varicella vaccines, and also seeking comment on proposed revised vaccine information materials for measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccines. The 60 day comment period ended on November 2, 1998. Following review of the comments submitted and consultation as required under the law, CDC has finalized these vaccine information materials. The final materials are contained in this notice.     

Preliminary Validation of Handheld X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry: Distinguishing Osseous and Dental Tissue from Nonbone Material of Similar Chemical Composition

One of the tasks of a forensic anthropologist is to sort human bone fragments from other materials, which can be difficult when dealing with highly fragmented and taphonomically modified material. The purpose of this research is to develop a method using handheld X‐ray fluorescence (HHXRF) spectrometry to distinguish human and nonhuman bone/teeth from nonbone materials of similar chemical composition using multivariate statistical analyses. The sample materials were derived primarily from previous studies: human bone and teeth, nonhuman bone, nonbiological materials, nonbone biological materials, and taphonomically modified materials. The testing included two phases, testing both the reliability of the instrument and the accuracy of the technique. The results indicate that osseous and dental tissue can be distinguished from nonbone material of similar chemical composition with a high degree of accuracy (94%). While it was not possible to discriminate rock apatite and synthetic hydroxyapatite from bone/teeth, this technique successfully discriminated ivory and octocoral.     

Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA quantification of various forensic materials

Due to the different types and quality of forensic evidence materials, their DNA content can vary substantially, and particularly low quantities can impact the results in an identification analysis. In this study, the quantity of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA was determined in a variety of materials using a previously described real-time PCR method. DNA quantification in the roots and distal sections of plucked and shed head hairs revealed large variations in DNA content particularly between the root and the shaft of plucked hairs. Also large intra- and inter-individual variations were found among hairs. In addition, DNA content was estimated in samples collected from fingerprints and accessories. The quantification of DNA on various items also displayed large variations, with some materials containing large amounts of nuclear DNA while no detectable nuclear DNA and only limited amounts of mitochondrial DNA were seen in others. Using this sensitive real-time PCR quantification assay, a better understanding was obtained regarding DNA content and variation in commonly analysed forensic evidence materials and this may guide the forensic scientist as to the best molecular biology approach for analysing various forensic evidence materials.     

USGS42 and USGS43: human-hair stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic reference materials and analytical methods for forensic science and implications for published measurement results

Because there are no internationally distributed stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic reference materials of human hair, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has prepared two such materials, USGS42 and USGS43. These reference materials span values commonly encountered in human hair stable isotope analysis and are isotopically homogeneous at sample sizes larger than 0.2 mg. USGS42 and USGS43 human-hair isotopic reference materials are intended for calibration of δ(2)H and δ(18)O measurements of unknown human hair by quantifying (1) drift with time, (2) mass-dependent isotopic fractionation, and (3) isotope-ratio-scale contraction. While they are intended for measurements of the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, they also are suitable for measurements of the stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in human and mammalian hair. Preliminary isotopic compositions of the non-exchangeable fractions of these materials are USGS42(Tibetan hair)δ(2)H(VSMOW-SLAP) = -78.5 ± 2.3‰ (n = 62) and δ(18)O(VSMOW-SLAP) = +8.56 ± 0.10‰ (n = 18) USGS42(Indian hair)δ(2)H(VSMOW-SLAP) = -50.3 ± 2.8‰ (n = 64) and δ(18)O(VSMOW-SLAP) = +14.11 ± 0.10‰ (n = 18). Using recommended analytical protocols presented herein for δ(2)H(VSMOW-SLAP) and δ(18)O(VSMOW-SLAP) measurements, the least squares fit regression of 11 human hair reference materials is δ(2)H(VSMOW-SLAP) = 6.085δ(2)O(VSMOW-SLAP) - 136.0‰ with an R-square value of 0.95. The δ(2)H difference between the calibrated results of human hair in this investigation and a commonly accepted human-hair relationship is a remarkable 34‰. It is critical that readers pay attention to the δ(2)H(VSMOW-SLAP) and δ(18)O(VSMOW-SLAP) of isotopic reference materials in publications, and they need to adjust the δ(2)H(VSMOW-SLAP) and δ(18)O(VSMOW-SLAP) measurement results of human hair in previous publications, as needed, to ensure all results on are on the same scales.     

A survey of data sources for studies of family and population in Korean history

Compared to China and Japan, family and population studies of pre-modern Korea have not been widely available to scholars outside Korea. As a necessary step to increase scholarship in Korean historical demography, we introduce major historical materials currently available in Korea as useful for historical studies, summarizing demographic variables provided, the type of population covered, and the historical period referred in those historical materials. In particular, we focus on genealogies and household registers that provide demographic information of Korean population before the 20th century. We describe major features of those Korean materials as demographic sources, highlighting similarities and differences as compared to corresponding Chinese historical materials. Korean historical data showing their unique features, along with comparability with other East Asian data, have potential to expand the field of historical demography in East Asia.     

Biomedical patents and ethics: a Canadian solution

World Trade Organization member states are preparing for the upcoming renegotiation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. One of the important elements of that renegotiation is the ethical considerations regarding the patenting of higher life forms and their component parts (e.g. DNA and cell-lines). The interface between the genetic revolution, patentability, and ethical considerations is the subject of this article. The author identifies, explores, and critiques four possible positions Canada may adopt in respect of patentability of biomedical material. First, Canada could do nothing. This approach would mean keeping biomedical materials outside the patent system and outside the stream of commerce. Canada would simply wait for an international consensus to develop before adopting a position of its own. Second, Canada could go it alone. It could implement a policy that balances the incentive effects of patents with the need to incorporate ethical and social values into the decision-making process regarding the use of biomedical materials. In respect of this option, the author proposes a model whereby non-profit bodies would hold the exclusive rights to research, use, and exploit biomedical materials. Third, Canada could follow the United States, Europe, and Japan by providing for almost unrestricted patenting of biomedical materials. This would be the most industry-friendly alternative. The fourth and final option is to use the medicare system to promote discussion of ethical considerations involved in the use of biomedical materials. The power of provincial health agencies may be used as a lever to ensure the discussion of ethical considerations concerning the use of biomedical materials. The author concludes that the fourth and final option is the best alternative for Canada while waiting for an international consensus to emerge.     

Rapid presumptive "fingerprinting" of body fluids and materials by ATR FT-IR spectroscopy

Human body fluids and materials were evaluated using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Purified proteins, cosmetics, and foodstuffs were also assayed with the method. The results of this study show that the sampled fluids and materials vary in the fingerprint region and locations of the amide I peaks because of the secondary structure of the composite proteins although the C = O stretch is always present. The distinct 1016 cm(-1) peak serves as a signature for semen. The lipid-containing materials (e.g., fingerprints, earwax, tears, and skin) can also be easily separated from the aqueous materials because of the strong CH(3) asymmetric stretch of the former. Blood-saliva and blood-urine mixtures were also successfully differentiated using combinations of peaks. Crime scene investigators employing rapid, portable, or handheld infrared spectroscopic instruments may be able to reduce their need for invasive, destructive, and consumptive presumptive test reagents in evaluating trace evidence.