应用常染色体STR预测近亲关系调查案件

目的通过两起案例讨论利用常染色体STR全不同基因座数预测血亲关系,从而快速、高效地侦破疑难案件。方法应用全不同基因座数预测血亲关系,包括预测叔侄、祖孙或半同胞关系;应用IBS评分预测全同胞关系;结合家系调查、侦查信息调查案件。结果这种侦查模式有助于预测目标的同胞、叔侄、祖孙等血亲关系人,可充分挖掘样本的亲缘遗传信息,指导案件侦查方向。结论应用常染色体STR全不同基因座计数法和共有等位基因计数法可帮助预测血亲关系,能为调查案件提供新思路,对侦查更具指导意义。     

判别分析法在胃癌组织身源鉴定中的应用

目的 评估基于共有基因座数或共有等位基因数的判别分析方法 在胃癌组织身源鉴定中的应用价值. 方法 采用Identifiler 试剂盒对22对新鲜的胃癌组织块及相应身源正常组织块进行STR分型,采用计数法获得胃癌组织中各基因座不同变异类型的变异率和胃癌-身源正常组织对中的全不同基因座数(A0)、半相同基因座数(A1)、全相同基因座数(A2)和共有等位基因数(IAn),将上述参数代入已知的Fisher判别函数,以误判率评价Fisher判别函数对胃癌组织身源认定的效果. 结果 22例胃癌组织中,STR基因型改变(STR genotypic alteration,STRGA)的发生率为3.03%(95%CI:1.46%-5.50%),至少有一个STR基因座出现STRGA者占31.38%(95%CI:13.86%～54.87%).采用基于共有基因座数或共有等位基因数的Fisher判别函数,本组胃癌组织均被认定与相应正常组织来自同一个体,误判率为0.00%. 结论 胃癌组织中STR基因型改变的发生率较高;基于共有基因座数或共有等位基因数的判别函数适用于胃癌组织的身源认定.     

应用常染色体STR基因座共有等位基因数判别全同胞关系

目的建立基于常染色体STR基因座共有等位基因数的全同胞关系判别标准。方法根据280对全同胞及2003对无关个体Identifiler系统15个STR基因座的分型结果,对15个STR基因座的共有等位基因数（S15）和全同胞指数（FSI）进行统计,应用SAS8.2软件包得出Fisher判别函数并与ITO法结果进行比较。结果全同胞对及无关个体对中共有等位基因数目均符合正态分布。采用Identifiler系统15个STR基因座共有等位基因数进行全同胞关系判别时,判别函数分别为：ZFS=3.26970S15-31.51174和ZUI=1.70058S15-8.52411。用上述判别函数进行全同胞/无关个体关系判别时的平均错判率为0.0298。15个STR基因座共有等位基因数法、CODIS13个STR基因座共有等位基因数法与ITO法判别结果差异无统计学意义。结论应用常染色体STR基因座的共有等位基因数判别全同胞关系简便、可信,易于掌握且不受STR基因座等位基因频率的影响。     

依据共有STR基因座数判别全同胞关系

目的建立并探讨基于共有STR基因座数的全同胞关系判别方法。方法根据280对全同胞（fullsibling,FS）及2 003对无关个体（unrelated individual,UI）Identifiler系统15个STR基因座的分型结果,采用计数法计算全不同基因座数（A0）、半相同基因座数（A1）和全相同基因座数（A2）,依据ITO法计算每对受试者的全同胞指数（FSI）,应用判别分析得出基于共有基因座数或FSI进行全同胞及无关个体关系判别的Fisher判别函数,并比较其判别效能。结果全同胞对中的A1、A2和无关个体对中的A0、A1均呈正态分布,全同胞对中的A0和无关个体对中的A2均呈偏态分布。A1在两组人群中的分布差异无统计学意义（P〉0.01）。同时采用A0和A2建立的全同胞及无关个体关系的判别函数分别为ZFS=0.99817A0＋4.24442A2-12.77970和ZUI=2.014 56 A0＋1.546 58 A2-7.280 76。采用上述判别函数进行全同胞及无关个体关系判别的平均错判率为0.049 0。上述判别函数的判别效能与基于FSI的判别函数的判别效能差异无统计学意义。结论可以采用Identifiler系统的共有基因座数进行全同胞及无关个体关系的判别,所建立的判别公式的判别效能与经典ITO法相近。     

常染色体STR遗传标记在同胞鉴定中的应用

目的 探讨常染色体STR遗传标记用于鉴定两个体同胞关系的可行性。方法 用Power Plex~(TM)16体系15个STR基因座检测150对同胞个体和150对无关个体,ITO法计算同胞关系指数(PI_(FS))与同胞关系概率(W_(FS)),并比较两组W_(FS)值及两个体间等位基因匹配情况的差异,对前者进行组间差异的x~2检验。结果 100对(66.67％)同胞个体的W_(FS)大于0.9995;无关个体W_(FS)均小于0.8,其中100对(66.67％)W_(FS)小于0.27。同胞个体两个体间等位基因全相同的基因座个数为1～10个不等,平均5.49个,无关个体0～5个不等,平均1.33个;等位基因全不同的基因座个数,同胞个体0～6个不等,平均1.66个,无关个体2～11个不等,平均6.57个;等位基因半相同的基因座个数,同胞个体3～13个不等,平均7.85个,而无关个体1～13个不等,平均7.11个。经x~2检验,同胞个体和无关个体间全相同和全不同的基因座数差异均有极显著意义(P<0.001),半相同的基因座数差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论 PowerPlex~(TM)16体系可用于鉴定同胞关系。当两个体全不同基因座个数大于或等于6个,或全相同基因座数为0时,提示为无关个体;当两个体全不同基因座个数小于或等于1个,或全相同基因座数大于或等于6个时,提示为同胞。     

同胞鉴定中风险与对策的思考

目的 考察同胞认亲案件鉴定中的风险.方法 在一例同胞关系鉴定中,采用常染色体STR检测系统及X染色体STR检测系统进行基因型分型,并用ITO法计算全同胞指数及统计共有等住基因数和全相同基因座数进行判定.结果 在该案例中,常染色体STR分型结果与X染色体STR分型结果均提示被检验同胞之间并非其声称的全同胞关系,在排除其中非全同胞个体后,对剩余全同胞进行基因型分析从而反推出其生父母基因型,并与被认个体进行基因型比对后得出排除结论,即被认个体与被检验同胞之间不存在生物学全同胞关系.结论 对于同胞认亲的案件,若无父亲和(或)母亲参与,鉴定人应尽可能地通过多种检测系统(常染色体STR、X-STR、Y-STR、mtDNA等)综合分析,从而对被检验同胞所声称的“全同胞”关系进行验证;也可用ITO法计算全同胞指数及统计共有等位基因数和全相同基因座数进行判定,这样可以互相印证鉴定结果,降低误判风险.     

利用Identifiler分型系统推断同胞关系

目的探讨自主开发的同胞关系鉴定自动分析软件（ASI）对Identifiler分型系统进行同胞关系鉴定的可行性。方法应用本课题组所开发的软件ASI,对151对同胞及31 224对人工模拟无关个体进行Identifiler系统的15个常染色体STR基因座分型进行分析,计算亲权指数（PI）、同胞关系概率（WFS）和等位基因匹配情况,所获数据进行统计分析,自动计算排序。结果当WFS大于99.999%时,同胞个体占39.07%,无关个体占0%,两组具有显著差异,可以推断两个体同胞关系。当WFS介于1%~99.999%范围内,同胞个体和无关个体有部分重叠,同胞个体占60.93%,无关个体占21.3%,两者具有一定差异,可以通过增加检测STR基因座,再结合案情加作Y-STR、m tDNA检测,以推断两个体是否具有同胞关系。当WFS小于1%时,同胞个体占0%,无关个体占78.7%,可以推断两个体不具有同胞关系。个体间等位基因匹配结果表明：在检测Identifiler体系15个STR基因座时,当两个体常染色体STR基因座的全相同数目≥5时,或全不同数目≤1时,提示为同胞关系;当两个体全不同数目≥6时,或全相同数目≤1时,提示为无关个体,以此作为预测有无同胞关系的界值。结论Identifiler系统及同胞关系鉴定自动分析软件ASI可用于推断同胞关系。     

共有等位基因数判别函数法在全同胞关系鉴定中的应用

目的建立共有等位基因数判别函数的全同胞鉴定方法,探讨检测基因座数目对鉴定的影响。方法根据344对全同胞和两两随机组合的3693对无关个体的19、21和39个常染色体STR分型结果,统计共有等位基因数,并利用SPSS软件中的Fisher判别分析法,分别建立全同胞-无关个体的判别函数及后验概率。结果同胞对和无关个体对共有等位基因数均符合正态分布,具有显著性差异,19、21和39个STR基因座同胞组判别函数分别为:L同胞=3.336×S19-40.484,L同胞=3.452×S21-46.289,L同胞=3.368×S39-84.891;无关个体组分别为:L无关=1.675×S19-10.725,L无关=1.758×S21-12.523,L无关=1.873×S39-26.738;平均错判率分别为2.060%、1.705%和0.570%。结论共有等位基因数判别函数法在全同胞-无关个体鉴定中具有应用价值,且检测基因座越多越有利于全同胞鉴定,降低错判风险。     

IBS评分法鉴定全同胞关系及其临界值查询表的构建CSCD

目的建立包含不同个数STR基因座检测体系在不同错判标准下的IBS临界值和检测效能查询表。方法收集267对全同胞和360对无关个体血样,采用Goldeneye^(TM) 20A体系进行19个常染色体STR基因座的分型,按照《生物学全同胞关系鉴定实施规范》采用IBS评分法判定全同胞关系。通过理论推算,计算包含不同个数STR基因座检测体系在不同错判标准下的IBS临界值和检测效能。结果按照规范的IBS评分标准对全同胞和无关个体的鉴别效能为0.764 0,错判率为0,理论推算和样本观察值相符。包含不同个数STR基因座检测体系的全同胞鉴定IBS评分临界值查询表构建成功。结论该规范的IBS评分法检测效力较高,错判率极低,判定结果相对保守。包含不同个数STR基因座检测体系的全同胞鉴定IBS评分临界值查询表为全同胞鉴定的结果评判提供了重要的参考数据,具有很好的应用价值。     

IBS评分法鉴定全同胞关系及其临界值查询表的构建

目的建立包含不同个数STR基因座检测体系在不同错判标准下的IBS临界值和检测效能查询表。方法收集267对全同胞和360对无关个体血样,采用Goldeneye~(TM) 20A体系进行19个常染色体STR基因座的分型,按照《生物学全同胞关系鉴定实施规范》采用IBS评分法判定全同胞关系。通过理论推算,计算包含不同个数STR基因座检测体系在不同错判标准下的IBS临界值和检测效能。结果按照规范的IBS评分标准对全同胞和无关个体的鉴别效能为0.764 0,错判率为0,理论推算和样本观察值相符。包含不同个数STR基因座检测体系的全同胞鉴定IBS评分临界值查询表构建成功。结论该规范的IBS评分法检测效力较高,错判率极低,判定结果相对保守。包含不同个数STR基因座检测体系的全同胞鉴定IBS评分临界值查询表为全同胞鉴定的结果评判提供了重要的参考数据,具有很好的应用价值。     

Empirical analysis of the STR profiles resulting from conceptual mixtures

Samples containing DNA from two or more individuals can be difficult to interpret. Even ascertaining the number of contributors can be challenging and associated uncertainties can have dramatic effects on the interpretation of testing results. Using an FBI genotypes dataset, containing complete genotype information from the 13 Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) loci for 959 individuals, all possible mixtures of three individuals were exhaustively and empirically computed. Allele sharing between pairs of individuals in the original dataset, a randomized dataset and datasets of generated cousins and siblings was evaluated as were the number of loci that were necessary to reliably deduce the number of contributors present in simulated mixtures of four or less contributors. The relatively small number of alleles detectable at most CODIS loci and the fact that some alleles are likely to be shared between individuals within a population can make the maximum number of different alleles observed at any tested loci an unreliable indicator of the maximum number of contributors to a mixed DNA sample. This analysis does not use other data available from the electropherograms (such as peak height or peak area) to estimate the number of contributors to each mixture. As a result, the study represents a worst case analysis of mixture characterization. Within this dataset, approximately 3% of three-person mixtures would be mischaracterized as two-person mixtures and more than 70% of four-person mixtures would be mischaracterized as two- or three-person mixtures using only the maximum number of alleles observed at any tested locus.     

Specificity of sibship determination using the ABI Identifiler multiplex system

Fifty known siblings and fifty unrelated pairs were genotyped using the ABI Identifiler STR system and sibship indices computed for each pair. Combined sibship indices (CSIs) for the known siblings ranged from less than 10 to greater than 1 billion. CSIs for the unrelated pairs ranged from 4.5 x 10(-8) to 0.12. In the known sibling group the percentage of loci where both alleles matched was approximately 40%, while the percentage of loci where neither matched was approximately 10%. In the non-sibling group, the percentage of loci where both alleles matched was approximately 6%, while the percentage of loci where neither matched was approximately 45%. Interestingly, the percentage of loci where a single allele matched was the same in both the known siblings and unrelated pairs, approximately 50%.     

Analysis of 16 Y STR loci in the Finnish population reveals a local reduction in the diversity of male lineages

We analysed samples of 400 Finnish males using nine Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci (minimal haplotype); for 200 of these subjects an additional seven Y-chromosomal STR loci were used. The geographical distribution of the observed haplotypes was determined from 200 individuals of known paternal origin within Finland. The observed number of alleles varied from 2 to 13 alleles per locus. A total of 146 minimal haplotypes were identified in our population sample. Interestingly, 90 (22.5%) individuals shared an identical haplotype. This haplotype was extremely frequent in the northern and eastern subpopulations of Savo, Pohjanmaa and Karjala (53, 42 and 37%, respectively). With the seven additional loci analysed in the sample of 200 individuals, 120 haplotypes were identified, and individuals sharing the most common haplotype decreased to 13.0%. However, in comparison to other European populations, the Finnish population showed decreased genetic diversity (GD) when the number of different minimal haplotypes in the population was divided by the sample size (36.5% in Finns versus 83.7% on average). Our results strongly support the earlier hypothesis of individual isolated Y-chromosomal lineages and population substructuring in Finland. For paternity testing, power of exclusion was 92% using minimal haplotype data, but including the seven additional loci this value increased to 97%.     

10个STR基因座荧光复合扩增体系的研制

目的建立10个STR基因座荧光标记复合扩增体系,并评价其法医学应用价值。方法在北京、山西、广东汉族,辽宁满族、西藏藏族群体中调查STR基因座遗传多态性,筛选出9个具有高度多态性和法医应用价值的STR基因座及性别基因座。构建四色荧光素标记复合扩增体系,制备等位基因分型标准物,编制分析软件,并对体系的种属特异性、灵敏度、稳定性、混合样本等检测能力进行考察。结果建立的复合扩增体系遗传稳定好,累积非父排除率可达0.999 96,累积个体识别率可达0.999 999 999 999 3;与CODIS系统均不存在连锁遗传;各基因座间布局合理、无杂峰、扩增结果清晰易辨,并可实现检测分析自动化。体系种属特异性较好,灵敏度为0.1ng,稳定性好,混合样本检出范围在2∶8～8∶2之间。实际案例检材检测结果好。结论本文建立的复合扩增体系在法医学实践中有较好的应用价值。     

Allele sharing in first-degree and unrelated pairs of individuals in the Ge F I AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus database

Eleven Italian forensic laboratories participated in a population study based on the AB Profiler Plus loci with proficiency testing. The validated database, including 1340 individuals, is available on-line. Tests for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, gametic unbalance, and heterogeneity of gene frequency were generally not significant. Gene frequencies at each locus were consistent with those of two previously published Italian studies, but different from a third. Individuals of each subsample were paired, and the total number of alleles shared across the nine loci was determined in each pair. The analysis was replicated over the total sample. In addition, two samples of mother-child pairs (N=315) and full-sib pairs (N=91) were subjected to allele sharing analysis. The resulting distributions were sufficiently distinct from the sample of unrelated pairs as to be of practical usefulness.     

6个Y-STR荧光复合扩增系统的建立及应用

目的建立6个Y-STR荧光复合扩增体系,评价其法医学应用价值。方法设计DYS444,GATA-A7.2,GATA-A10,DYS390,GATA-A7.1,DYS443荧光复合扩增引物,扩增总体积20μL,内含模板DNA0.5～10ng,PCR产物用3130遗传分析仪电泳,GenemapperID v 3.2分析结果,根据等位基因标准命名各等位基因,并评价该系统的特异性、准确性、均衡性、灵敏度及对混合血样的分析能力。结果当dNTP、Mg2+分别为200μmol/L、1.5mmol/L时扩增效果最佳,0.5～10ngDNA模板量均能获得较好的扩增效果,各基因座分型结果清晰,扩增均衡,特异性强,重现性好,基本满足实际应用的性能要求。对湖北汉族群体进行遗传学调查,结果GD值0.580 3～0.722 3,共检出158种单倍型,其多样性为0.995 8。结论本文6个Y-STR扩增系统分型可靠,配合常用Y-STR分型试剂盒,可进一步提高个体识别能力。     

中国汉族人群 8个 STR位点荧光标记同步检测及其频率分布

目的 对血液等微量生物学检材进行 8个 STR多态性位点及一个性别鉴定位点的复合检测 ,并调查了 350名中国汉族无关个体上述基因位点等位基因分布情况。方法 所选位点为 vWA、 TH01、 TPOX、 CSF1PO、 D5S818、 D13S317、 D7S820、 D16S539及性别鉴定位点 Amelogenin,应用荧光染料标记引物,利用 PE－ 377 DNA片段分析仪对扩增产物进行基因分型。结果 共检出 63个等位基因及两个性别决定基因 ,总鉴别机率（ TDP）值达 99.999 999 98％,对法医学常见极微量生物学检材的检测获得成功, DNA模板需要量为 0.5～ 1.0ng,通过家系调查,证明上述位点遗传稳定,符合孟德尔遗传规律。结论 上述 8个 STR多态性位点具备了个体认定能力 ,是对微量生物学检材进行个体识别鉴定的理想方法。     

Matching and partially-matching DNA profiles

The DNA profiles of two individuals can have 0, 1, or 2 pairs of alleles that are the same at each locus. These events may be called mismatches, partial matches or matches, respectively, and they have probabilities that depend on the population proportions of alleles as well as the population structure parameter theta. The observed and expected numbers of pairs of individuals with various numbers of matching or partially matching loci in FBI and Australian databases are found to be in good agreement provided theta is set equal to some small value greater than zero. The likelihood ratios for two individuals having a specified degree of relationship versus being unrelated also depend on the numbers of matching and partially matching loci, but even unrelated pairs of individuals can have likelihood ratios that support hypotheses of relatedness. Matching probabilities allow predictions to be made for the sizes of databases that are expected to contain a pair of individuals with high numbers of matching loci. It is very likely that two individuals with at least 9 matching loci among the 13 CODIS loci have already been typed.     

采用Identifiler系统判定消化系统肿瘤组织身源准则探讨

目的 探讨采用Identifiler系统进行消化系统肿瘤组织身源判定时共有等位基因数(IAn)和全相同基因座数(A2)的标准.方法 在对l05对消化系统肿瘤组织-身源正常组织对进行Identifiler系统分型的基础上,依据IAn和A2的有限分布原则,将IAn的16种取值代入已建立的相应判别函数,通过Fisher判别准...