法医骨组织学研究

在实际检案中 ,当现场发现的骨骼残片体积较小时 ,用解剖学观察无法进行骨骼残片的法医鉴定 ,需使用骨组织学的方法进行骨骼残片的个体识别。目前 ,这是法医人类学中一门较活跃的领域 ,即法医骨组织学。法医骨组织学的内容主要包括两个方面 :(1)骨骼残片是否属于人类骨骼 ,或属于何种动物骨骼。这方面的研究包括人类骨骼的组织学特征研究及不同动物的组织学特征研究。 (2 )人类骨骼个体识别的组织学研究。这方面的研究主要包括 ,人类骨骼的组织学特征的年龄判断 ,例如股骨、胫骨、肱骨、锁骨等 ,以及使用骨组织学方法 ,进行人类骨骼的年龄评价的准确性研究。本文对上述内容进行了综述。     

儿童骨骼特征的组织学研究

目的研究儿童骨骼的组织学特征,为儿童骨骼残片的法医学鉴定提供科学依据。方法提取儿童四肢长骨骨片,制作骨骼的组织切片,在显微镜下观察内、外环骨板,骨单位,骨细胞的组织学结构,比较儿童骨骼与动物及成人骨骼的组织学区别。结果儿童骨骼的骨单位形态与成人相似,骨单位间存在大量的内层骨板,与动物的骨组织特征相似。结论根据骨组织学特征,可以确定儿童的骨骼残片。     

骨骼种属鉴定的组织学研究

目的 探求骨骼残渣的种属鉴定的组织学方法。方法 对人体不同部位骨骼,及常见动物骨骼的 77张骨组织学切片,在光镜下进行了骨组织学形态学研究。结果 不同动物骨组织学的形态学特征存在明显差异,其主要差别有：内、外环骨板的形态和相对厚度;哈氏系统之间的骨板的形态和哈氏系统的大小;哈氏环层骨板的数量及骨陷窝的数量等。结论 骨组织学的特征,不仅可以区分人与动物骨骼的残渣,也可以对不同动物的骨骼残渣进行区分。     

丛状骨和骨单位带的种属特征及法医学应用价值

目的 探讨丛状骨和骨单位带的种属特征及其法医学应用价值。方法 人及猪、牛、羊、狗长骨中段横切磨片35张，在光学显微镜下观察骨组织中丛状骨和骨单位带的形态学特征。结果 丛状骨和骨单位带在猪、牛、羊、狗的密质骨中广泛存在，人骨组织中几乎不见；同种动物不同个体之间骨组织学结构也存在差异。结论 观察丛状骨和骨单位带是根据人骨鉴别种属的重要排除指标。     

人与狗、猪、牛、羊长骨哈氏系统图像分析的比较

目的探讨人与狗、猪、牛、羊长骨的哈氏系统的形态特点、图像分析特点及其鉴别要点。方法制作人与狗、猪、牛、羊长骨中段横切磨片35张,光镜下观察比较哈氏系统,并在研究型显微镜下进行图像分析。结果人骨无丛状骨和骨单位带;人与狗、猪、牛、羊骨的哈氏系统在形状、大小、分布位置、均匀程度等方面存在明显差异;人骨哈佛骨板层数最多,哈氏系统直径最大;中央管直径和面积百分比的图像分析结果显示人与动物骨的差异均有显著意义。结论(1)丛状骨、骨单位带在种属鉴定中可作为人骨的排除指标;(2)人骨与狗、猪、牛、羊骨在哈氏系统结构方面有明显区别;(3)利用图像分析进行种属鉴定,中央管面积百分比是区别人骨与动物骨的重要参考指标。     

人和猪、羊、牛肌组织形态的比较及法医学意义

目的观察不同种属肌组织形态的特征指标,建立种属鉴别的判别方程,尝试建立一种种属鉴别新方法。方法分别提取20名成年死者三个部位(肱三头肌、股二头肌和竖脊肌)的肌组织和达到出栏年龄的猪、羊、牛各20头三个部位(臂三头肌、股二头肌和背最长肌)的肌组织,制成石蜡切片。测量人及猪、羊、牛肌组织的11项观察指标,并应用统计学方法进行分析,建立种属判别方程。结果筛选出4项观察指标建立人与猪、羊、牛之间种属鉴别的判别方程,对人肌组织的判别准确率可达90%,对猪、羊、牛肌组织的判别准确率分别可达80%、100%和80%。结论形态学方法为人与猪、羊、牛之间肌组织的种属鉴别提供了一种新的方法,可为动物种属鉴别提供参考依据。     

根据股骨组织形态学变化进行骨骼种属鉴别

目的通过对成年人、成体黄牛、马、家猪、山羊、绵羊、狗、猫、长毛兔、鹅、鸭、鸡共12个种属动物股骨组织形态学结构特征的研究,建立一个有效的各类动物间种属鉴别的方法。方法在征得家属同意后,在尸检中取成人(20岁以上)右股骨中段约4cm,同时,收集黄牛、马、家猪、山羊、绵羊、狗、猫、长毛兔、鹅、鸭、鸡共11种常见动物右腿股骨,取中段约4cm,脱钙后制作成骨组织切片,在光学显微镜下观察,将显微镜下的图像录入电脑,选取24个指标进行分析。结果人与其他动物、以及各被检动物之间在骨单位数量等13个指标上具有显著差异,用这些指标建立种属判别数学模型,结果这些动物之间的判别率也可达89.4%。结论股骨中段骨密质的组织学结构具有明显的种属特征,且骨单位形态和数量呈现明显的生物进化趋势。根据这些特征可以有效地进行种属鉴别。     

扩增Amelogenin基因用于生物检材种属鉴定

目的扩增Amelogenin基因测定血痕或组织的种属,以确定在法医学检验中的应用价值。方法收集猪、羊、马等10几种常见动物的血痕或肌肉组织,应用PCR扩增Amelogenin基因,PAGE电泳,银染后观察结果。结果哺乳动物猪、牛、狗、羊、马、驴动物血痕扩增产物为1条带,片段长度102bp。猕猴检见106bp和112bp两条带,与人血痕没有区别。兔、猫、鼠血痕未检出特异性片段。其它常见物种鳝鱼、青蛙、鸭、鹅、鸽、鹌鹑、麻雀等均未见扩增产物。结论扩增Amelogenin基因进行种属鉴定,方法简单,灵敏度高,可应用于法医检案。     

基于股骨组织形态学变化进行种属鉴别CSCD

目的研究成年人,成年黄牛、马、家猪、山羊、绵羊、狗、猫、长毛兔、鹅、鸭、鸡共11种动物股骨组织形态学结构,建立有效的种属鉴别方法。方法取进行尸体检验的成人(20周岁以上)右股骨中段约4 cm,同时取11种常见动物右腿股骨中段约4 cm,脱钙后制作成骨组织切片,在光学显微镜下观察,选取25个指标按人与哺乳动物、人与家禽、人与11种动物进行逐步判别分析。结果股骨中段骨密质的组织学结构具有明显的种属特征,且骨单位形态和数量呈现明显的生物进化趋势。选出11项指标建立人与11种动物的种属判别方程,人与哺乳动物的正确判别率可达96.3%,人与家禽的正确判别率可达100%,人与11种动物的正确判别率可达89.4%。结论本研究建立的人与其他种属动物的判别方程具有较高的正确判别率,可以用于实际检案中的种属鉴别。     

PCR扩增SON基因3’非编码区进行种属鉴定

根据人 DNA的 SON基因碱基序列选择性设计一对特异性引物 ,并对人和猕猴、阿拉伯狒狒、猪、牛、羊、马、驴、骡、狗、猫、兔、大白鼠、小白鼠、豚鼠等 14种哺乳类动物染色体 DNA的 SON基因 3’非编码区中的种属特异性区域进行 PCR扩增 ,扩增产物经 SSCP分离银染色技术检测 ,观察到人和 14种哺乳类动物的 SSCP图谱有明显不同。本方法可以对人和上述 14种哺乳类动物进行种属鉴定 ,适合于法医学种属鉴定的应用     

A homicide in the Ukraine: DNA-based identification of a boiled, skeletonized, and varnished human skull, and of bone fragments found in a fireplace.

In an apartment, bone fragments were found in a fireplace. Furthermore, a varnished skull was found elsewhere in the same apartment. The tenant confessed to a murder and stated that the head of a victim, a girl, was boiled for 12 hours. He stated that the soft tissue was then removed and the skull was varnished. Other parts of the body were burned to ashes in an open field. Comparison of loci D19S252, CD4, CYAR04, TII01, F13A01, F13B, and D6S366 from the skull and the bone remains to loci of the mother of a missing girl showed that the skull came from that missing child. Biological maternity was calculated as 99.99%. The bone pieces were DNA typed as male and did not share alleles with the mother in several systems. Therefore, they belonged to a different (human) victim.     

Craniometric diagnosis of skeletal and somatotype mass

The paper presents diagnostic models for evaluation of ash mass (bone fragments, bone ashes), sex, length and mass of the burned body. Individual data by M. Warren and W. Maples (1997) on 85 adult Americans were used. On the basis of a canonical discriminant analysis and multiple linear regression equations the authors have developed models for diagnosis of ash residue mass as well as the burned body's sex, body length and mass. The above models can be used directly on the place of the criminal body cremation. They do not require determination of anatomic appurtenance of bone fragments and their osteometric examination.     

Restoration of the fragmented skull in expert human identification

Restoration of fragmented skull in expert personality identification is attained by assembly of bone fragments, modeling of bone defects by means of special plastic, and mathematical prediction of the lacking craniometric parameters. The authors suggest 111 equations of multiple linear regression which can be used in restoration of fragmented cerebral and facial parts of the skull. Prediction of craniometric parameters is useful for control and correction of plastic restoration of the skull. Regression equations are the most efficient in cases when the mandible is absent or in defects of symmetrical right- and left-side fragments of the skull. All stages of restoration are illustrated with examples from expert practice.     

Healed Depressed Parasagittal Skull Fractures—A Feature of Archaic Australian Aboriginal Remains

The skeletal remains of eight Australian Aboriginals with healed depressed skull fractures were examined. Male:female ratio 5:3; age range 20‐60 yrs. Burial dates by ¹⁴C dating in three cases were 500 years BP (n = 2) and 1300 BP. There were 13 healed depressed skull fractures manifested by shallow indentations of cortical bone and thinning of diploe, with no significant disturbance of the inner skull tables. Nine (69%) were located within 35 mm of the sagittal suture/midline. These lesions represent another acquired feature that might be helpful in suggesting that a skull is from a tribal Aboriginal individual and may be particularly useful if the remains are represented by only fragments of calvarium. While obviously not a finding specific to this population, these healed injuries would be consistent with the possible results of certain types of conflict behavior reported in traditional Aboriginal groups that involved formalized inflicted blunt head trauma.     

Forensic medical expertise on burned bone remains

The series of 1138 cadaveric humerus and femurs of people of both sexes who died at the age of 17-91 years and 468 animal bones (cow, pig, sheep) was studied. Bones were burned (experimentally) at various temperature values and in different conditions. Investigations were carried out using osteometric, microscopic, microroentgenographic and mathematical methods. Species identification as well as sex and age determination using burned bone remains are possible regardless of the level of their burning. Regression equations to calculate victim's stature according to fragments of burned bones were received.     

Role of preoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction in depressed skull fractures treated with craniectomy: a case report of forensic interest

Patients affected by cranial trauma with depressed skull fractures and increased intracranial pressure generally undergo neurosurgical intervention. Because craniotomy and craniectomy remove skull fragments and generate new fracture lines, they complicate forensic examination and sometimes prevent a clear identification of skull fracture etiology. A 3-dimensional reconstruction based on preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans, giving a picture of the injuries before surgical intervention, can help the forensic examiner in identifying skull fracture origin and the means of production.We report the case of a 41-year-old-man presenting at the emergency department with a depressed skull fracture at the vertex and bilateral subdural hemorrhage. The patient underwent 2 neurosurgical interventions (craniotomy and craniectomy) but died after 40 days of hospitalization in an intensive care unit. At autopsy, the absence of various bone fragments did not allow us to establish if the skull had been stricken by a blunt object or had hit the ground with high kinetic energy. To analyze bone injuries before craniectomy, a 3-dimensional CT reconstruction based on preoperative scans was performed. A comparative analysis between autoptic and radiological data allowed us to differentiate surgical from traumatic injuries. Moreover, based on the shape and size of the depressed skull fracture (measured from the CT reformations), we inferred that the man had been stricken by a cylindric blunt object with a diameter of about 3 cm.     

Bones, blood, pellets, glass, and no body.

A man was found guilty of killing his wife, although her body was never found. The case centered on her car, which contained fragments of bone, glass, shotgun pellets, and dried blood. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprinting techniques were used to establish the decedent's identity. Examination of the bone fragments revealed that they were from the skull. These two pieces of information, added to other evidence, proved that the defendant's wife had received a fatal injury in her car, and a guilty verdict was rendered.     

Forensic-medical significance of the characteristics of gunshot perforating fractures of the skull bones

The study was made of gunshot perforating fractures of calvarial bones in cases of lethal perforating head wounds in long distance shots from a 9-mm Makarov gun. Morphological characteristics of inlet and outlet perforating fractures and bone fragments were found to differ. Gunshot fractures in calvarial bones inflicted by bullets from a 9-mm Makarov gun were studied in experiments with different kinetic energy. In low kinetic energy, bullets make oval holes on the outer table of the skull and round holes on the inner table with radial prominences on the walls of bullet channels, large bone fragments; in moderate kinetic energy--make round holes in the outer table and oval on the inner table with skew prominences on the walls of the outlet part of the channels, large and middle-sized flat bone fragments; in high kinetic energy injuries on both tables were round, prominences were cross, bone fragments were flat, small and middle-sized.     

多层螺旋CT诊断颅底骨折及其法医学应用价值

目的 比较多层螺旋CT三种重建方法在显示颅底骨折方面的差异,探讨其在法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法 对40例颅脑外伤后怀疑颅底骨折的伤者进行多层螺旋CT扫描,然后将容积数据输入工作站进行横断面重建、多平面重建(MPR)和三维重建,三维重建采用表面显示法(SSD)。结果 24例颅前窝骨折,其中横断面显示骨折9例,MPR显示骨折24例,SSD显示9例;3组比较有显著性差异(P<0.001)。24例颅中窝骨折,横断面显示骨折15例,MPR显示骨折24例,SSD显示骨折4例;3组比较有显著性差异(P<0.001)。横断面重建和MPR均显示颅后窝骨折3例,两者无明显差异,SSD有1例显示。结论 SSD成像直观立体地显示了骨折的形态、走行、空间位置等情况,但对细小骨折显示不佳;多层螺旋CT检查可用于颅底骨折的法医学鉴定。