法医毒物动力学

本文作者针对法医毒理学的任务、发展趋势和面临的挑战，提出将法医毒物动力学列为法医毒理学新的分支学科，并阐述了法医毒物动力学的概念、研究目的和任务、研究对象、研究内容、研究方法、研究方向及亟待解决的问题。内容涉及毒物动力学、死后分布、动态分布、死后再分布、死后弥散、毒物分解动力学、毒物死后产生情况等。法医毒物动力学研究将解决中毒法医学鉴定中的许多问题，如尸体或活体中毒当时机体内毒物浓度的推断、死后腐败产生毒物与生前服毒的区别、生前服毒与死后染毒的鉴别、毒物进入机体时间、途径和方式的确定。     

法医毒物分析新进展

近十多年,法医毒物分析技术有着飞速的进展。本文依据近年来的文献资料,对法医毒物分析中生物检材的选择、样品前处理、分析仪器、分析方法、分析物、质量保证与质量控制、结果解释等方面的最新进展进行综述,并提出目前我国毒物分析中存在的问题及展望,供有关研究人员参考。     

抗凝血类杀鼠剂检测技术研究进展

随着溴敌隆等抗凝血类杀鼠剂的广泛应用,其检测技术成为近年来法医毒物分析领域研究的热点之一。本文对国内外抗凝血类杀鼠剂检测技术的研究进展及趋势,包括样品前处理及提取方法、仪器分析方法等进行综述,希望能为法医毒物分析及相关领域中的研究和应用提供参考。     

代谢组学在法医毒理学的应用进展

代谢组学是继基因组学、转录组学和蛋白质组学之后迅速兴起的系统生物学的一个重要分支。它通过组群指标分析,进行高通量检测和数据处理,对生物体内的小分子代谢物进行动态的定性定量分析,可灵敏地发现由毒物作用引起的异常代谢变化,获得毒物毒性效应、作用机制和生物标记物的信息。本文从代谢组学在滥用药物、农药和有毒动植物毒理学研究的应用等方面进行综述,阐述这一法医毒理学研究的新方向。     

动物试验在基层法医检案中的运用

动物试验在法医学领域,主要应用于法医毒理学及法医毒物分析的科学研究,通过对动物的研究解决一些毒物的毒理作用,本文所叙述的是在基层法医检案中,如何充分运用动物学试验为侦察服务,为刑事案件的初步定性。对于怀疑毒物中毒的刑事案件,在检材容许的情况下,先做动物学试验,通过动物的毒理学反应,初步确定是否有毒,及时为侦察提供线索。也为下一步送检提供了检验方向。动物试验在基层法医学检案中可以发挥重要的作用,尤其适用偏远山区。2002年某县发生一起14人中毒6人死亡的特大投毒杀人案件,当地人曾以为是瘟疫流行,搞得人心惶惶,技术人员…     

法医昆虫毒理学在药(毒)物检测中的应用与发展

作为重要的毒物检测新途径,法医昆虫毒理学在推断高度腐败或白骨化尸体生前染毒状况方面已愈发显示出其独特优势.本文概括了法医昆虫毒理学在药(毒)物检测领域的发展历程,整理了检测所涉及各药(毒)物、相应阳性昆虫枪材,阐述了通过昆虫样本进行毒理学检测的优势,并对尸-虫间药物浓度相关性进行了分析总结.     

苯环利定类新型致幻剂的分析方法研究进展

苯环利定是一种人工合成的新精神活性物质，具有强烈的致幻作用，吸食后暴力倾向增加，该物质在受到管制后大量结构类似物被合成，严重威胁公众健康和社会安定。苯环利定类新型致幻剂滥用引起了国际社会的广泛关注，对其药理毒理及分析方法的研究成为法医毒物分析领域的热点。结合近几年的研究，本文综述了苯环利定类新型致幻剂的理化性质、药理毒理作用、体内过程及检测方法，以期为苯环利定类新型致幻剂的监测管控提供依据。     

体外细胞培养技术在法医毒理学中的应用

本文介绍了细胞培养技术的基本条件及应用范围,可望为法医毒物鉴定增加一种新的检测方法,为法医毒理研究提供一项新的研究手段.     

法医毒理学教学改革的实践与探索

法医毒理学是研究以自杀、他杀为目的或意外灾害事故引起中毒的一门学科。它着重研究化学物质作为暴力手段对人体造成的危害，为侦破和审理中毒案例提供线索和依据，同时亦给临床提供诊断和治疗的依据。法医毒理学还涉及毒物瘾癖和处理毒物违章造成公害等问题。作为法医学的组成部分，其教学质量如何，对培养合格的高等法医人才具有重要意义。为进一步探索教学改革方法，提高教学质量，笔者对本系《法医毒理学》14年来的教学进行回顾性研究。l加强法医毒理学的课程建设法医毒理学作为法医学的一门独立的分支学科，在临案实践中，须解决的基…     

法医 STR 的快速检验方法

以 STR 复合扩增检测为代表的法医 DNA 分型技术以其灵敏度高、核心序列小、可复合扩增、方法易于标准化等优势,已经成为当前法庭科学 DNA 检验的主要手段,在各国刑事案件侦破和民事案件解决中发挥了重要的作用。本研究在国内外实验室法医 STR快速检验方法[1]的基础上,从生物物证 DNA 免提取扩增检验、生物物证 DNA 快速提取检验、生物物证 DNA快速扩增、利用新型检测设备快速检测及使用 Gen-eMapper ID－X 软件快速分析5个方面进行归纳。     

Computer-assisted systems for forensic pathology and forensic toxicology

A computer software, R?ttsBASE (RB), was developed for all forensic pathology units in Sweden and introduced in 1992. Simultaneously, a corresponding software, ToxBASE (TB), was developed for the Department of Forensic Toxicology, where all forensic toxicology in Sweden is managed. Both of the databases were created using dBASE IV, and the programming was carried out according to specifications from the staff at the forensic toxicology and forensic pathology units. since the development or RB and TB was coordinated, the systems can run together smoothly. The purpose of both systems was to automate the offices and to enable compilation of detailed statistics. Installation of Novell Netware and ISDN-connections (Integrated Service Digital Network) has enabled rapid communication between the units and easy compilation of nationwide statistics of forensic pathology and forensic toxicology. the systems offer a wide spectrum of reports and include a simple module for evaluation of the importance of the forensic efforts for th whole death investigation. The configuration of the softwares has also enabled processing of a large amount of related toxicological and autopsy data that in turn has yielded a base for compilation of toxicology interpretation lists. This article includes a summary of the features of the software and a discussion of its benefits and limitations.     

Postmortem forensic toxicology of trazodone

Trazodone is a popular antidepressant medication that has been available for approximately 30 years. It has a reputation as a safe drug with relatively few reported fatalities attributed solely to it. We review the pharmacology and forensic toxicology of trazodone and report toxicology and cause and manner of death in a series of 37 deaths in which trazodone was detected. Although the normal upper therapeutic blood concentration for trazodone is about 2 mg/L, fatalities are rarely attributed solely to it at blood concentrations below 9 mg/L. Considering the pharmacology of the drug, potential interactions between other drugs with serotonin reuptake properties need to be considered, as does the increased susceptibility to the toxic effects in patients with pre-existing heart disease. In the cases reviewed, none were attributed solely to trazodone, although trazodone was frequently present together with other serotonergic drugs, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors like fluoxetine and sertraline. Ten cases had blood trazodone concentrations above 2 mg/L. Of these cases, trazodone played a primary role in the death of three subjects, with blood concentrations all greater than 9 mg/L. We confirm the conclusions of others that trazodone is a relatively safe drug except in massive overdose, although its toxicity may be influenced by the presence of other drugs and underlying pathophysiology.     

代谢组学及其在法医毒理学中的应用

代谢组学是上世纪90年代中期发展起来的研究细胞和生物体的所有代谢中间体和终产物的一门新兴学科。其研究对象一般为分子量在1 000Da以下的小分子。代谢组学通过对生物体系中的小分子化合物进行定性定量分析,解析生物体系的代谢途径并揭示内源性小分子化合物与毒性、疾病、生命活动规律等的相互关系。本文综述代谢组学的概况及其在法医毒理学中的应用现状,为相关研究和应用提供参考。     

Importance of information in forensic toxicology.

Information in forensic toxicology plays a very important role. The forensic pathologist usually seeks toxicologic analyses on basis of the information available at the time of the medicolegal autopsy. Such information may be obtained from different sources: hospitals, authorities, relatives, friends, or neighbors of the deceased and, obviously, macroscopic findings at the time of the autopsy. In order to evaluate the relative importance of these different sources of information, the authors have studied, retrospectively, results of 580 postmortem examinations performed at the Institute of Legal Medicine of Lisbon, wherein toxicologic analyses had been requested. These cases pertain to the years 1987 and 1988, but do not include alcohol determination in the blood in cases of traffic accidents. In 274 (47.4%) of the 580 cases, there were positive findings while in the remaining 306 (52.6%) findings were negative. In cases with positive findings, circumstances and factors, which may have influenced the pathologist's decision to request toxicologic analysis, are discussed. In more than half the cases, hospital information was the decisive factor, while in approximately 25% of the cases, autopsy findings were the justification. In contrast, it is worth mentioning that in approximately 45% of the cases with analytical negative results, requests were made, in cases of blank autopsies, for toxicologic analyses in order to exclude the possibility of poisoning. It is interesting to note that in the same proportion requests were justified on grounds of hospital information. Some of the factors that may explain this apparent discrepancy are discussed. Finally, the relevance of background information is emphasized at the level of the interpretation of analytical results, whether positive or negative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Fly larvae and their relevance in forensic toxicology

Toxicological analyses on a putrefied cadaver are sometimes difficult to perform because of the absence of blood and urine. In this study, fly larvae, being living material, are proposed as a new medium of investigation in forensic toxicology. Bromazepam and levomepromazine were identified and assayed in the remains of cerebral tissue, in the clavicle of a putrefied cadaver, and in the fly larvae found on and in the corpse.     

Computer-assisted interpretation in forensic toxicology: morphine-involved deaths

Case data from 200 morphine-involved deaths (Spiehler, V. and Brown, R., Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 4, July 1987, pp. 906-916) were analyzed for patterns and relationships using artificial intelligence (AI) computer software. Case parameters were blood unconjugated morphine, blood, brain, and liver total morphine, sex, age, frequency of use, time of death after injection, cause of death, and presence of other drugs. The programs used were Expert 4 (Biosoft-Cambridge), BEAGLE (Warm Boot, Ltd.), and KnowledgeMaker (Knowledge Garden Inc.). Interpretation was defined as estimating the dose, response, and time after drug dosing. The AI programs were used to advise on time and response outcomes for cases, to calculate the probability of the estimate being true, to develop rules for interpretation of morphine-involved cases, and to diagram a decision tree. On known cases the AI programs were successful 70 to 90% of the time in classifying the cases as to response and time. No data on dose were available in this database. The success rate in individual cases was proportional to the program-estimated probability. All three programs found the case parameters of most value in predicting response to be blood unconjugated morphine, blood total morphine, and liver total morphine. The case data most useful in estimating time of death since drug injection were blood unconjugated morphine, percent unconjugated morphine in blood, and brain total morphine. The rule induction programs found that morphine overdoses were characterized by blood unconjugated morphine greater than 0.24 micrograms/mL, liver morphine greater than 0.50 to 0.75 micrograms/g, brain morphine greater than 0.08 micrograms/g or greater than blood unconjugated morphine, and percent blood unconjugated morphine greater than 37%. Rapid deaths were characterized by percent unconjugated morphine greater than 44 to 50%; blood unconjugated morphine, as a function of other drugs present, greater than 0.09 to 0.21 micrograms/mL; and brain total morphine greater than 0.16 to 0.22 micrograms/g. This work demonstrates that inexpensive AI programs commercially available for personal computers can be useful in interpretation in forensic toxicology.