米糠多糖对环磷酰胺诱导免疫抑制鸡外周血T淋巴细胞增殖活性及疫苗免疫效果的影响

为探讨米糠多糖(RBS)对鸡免疫抑制状态的调节作用,将100只7日龄健康蛋用公雏鸡随机分为对照组、环磷酰胺(CTX)组和CTX RBS低、中、高3个剂量组。从7日龄起,肌肉注射CTX,1日1次,连注3 d,从10日龄起,CTX RBS组灌服RBS,1日1次,连续5 d。14日龄时各组鸡进行新城疫疫苗免疫。在10,21,28,35日龄,测定外周血T淋巴细胞增殖反应活性和ND HI抗体效价。结果显示,CTX组鸡的外周血T淋巴细胞增殖活性和ND HI抗体效价均显著低于对照组(P<0.01);CTX RBS中、高剂量组鸡外周血T淋巴细胞的增殖活性均显著高于CTX组(P<0.05或P<0.01),但低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);CTX RBS中、高剂量组鸡的血清ND抗体效价均显著高于CTX组(P<0.05或P<0.01),且与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。证实,肌肉注射CTX可使健康雏鸡外周血T淋巴细胞的增殖反应活性和NDHI抗体效价显著降低,导致受试鸡免疫抑制;雏鸡口服一定剂量的RBS对CTX引起的细胞免疫和体液免疫抑制具有一定的拮抗作用。     

参芪多糖口服液对鸡空肠黏膜免疫功能的保护作用

为研究参芪多糖口服液对注射环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CY)免疫抑制鸡空肠黏膜免疫功能的保护作用,选用180只0日龄白羽种蛋鸡公雏随机分为6组:空白组、CY模型组、3个多糖口服液组(CY+低剂量组、CY+中剂量组、CY+高剂量组)及阳性对照组(CY+左旋咪唑组)。从10日龄起,除空白组外,3个多糖口服液组、左旋咪唑组和环磷酰胺模型组均腹腔注射80 mg/(kg·d)环磷酰胺,连续3 d;然后3个多糖组给予不同质量浓度[75、150、300 mg/(kg·d)]的参芪多糖口服液,空白组和环磷酰胺模型组给予生理盐水,阳性对照组灌胃给予20 mg/(kg·d)的左旋咪唑,所有试验组用药时间为10~20日龄、25~35日龄,同时在14和28日龄给各试验组注射新-支-流三联疫苗。于21、42日龄从各组随机采样,计算脾指数和胸腺指数,观察空肠结构的变化和杯状细胞的数目,并检测空肠黏膜免疫细胞因子(s Ig A、IL-4、IFN-γ)的质量浓度。结果显示,对比CY组,多糖中剂量组都能显著地提高脾指数和胸腺指数(P0.05),多糖高剂量组都能显著地提高绒毛高度(P0.05),肠V/C值的大小(P0.05),肠肌层厚度(P0.05),肠杯状细胞数量(P0.05)和空肠黏膜免疫细胞因子(s Ig A、IL-4、IFN-γ)的质量浓度(P0.05)。结果表明,参芪多糖口服液可以拮抗环磷酰胺对鸡空肠黏膜结构和免疫功能的损害,促进空肠黏膜的发育,从而发挥提高鸡肠道黏膜免疫的药效。     

增免散对鸡脾T淋巴细胞CD4+和CD8+亚群的影响

将300只1日龄雏鸡随机分为中药增免散组、环磷酰胺组、环磷酰胺 左旋咪唑组、环磷酰胺 增免散组和正常对照组,6日龄时用鸡新城疫LaSota疫苗点眼滴鼻免疫,14、21、28、35日龄时测定鸡血液NDV抗体效价,脾器官指数,脾组织中CD4 、CD8 T淋巴细胞浓度和脾细胞凋亡率,观察脾的组织结构变化。结果显示,14、21日龄增免散组抗体水平高于其他各组(P<0.01);14、21、28日龄增免散组脾指数高于其他各组,增免散组脾CD4 细胞浓度、CD4 /CD8 比例高于其他各组,差异极显著(P<0.01);14、21、28日龄增免散组脾细胞凋亡率低于其他各组,差异极显著(P<0.01);14、21日龄时,增免散组脾白髓和红髓内网状细胞和中淋巴细胞较多,脾小体比对照组略有增加。表明,中药增免散不仅能促进鸡脾的发育,增高脾组织中CD4 /CD8 比例,而且对环磷酰胺的免疫抑制有一定拮抗作用。     

人工合成胸腺五肽对雏鸡免疫功能的影响

将160只7日龄肉雏鸡随机分为8组,除健康对照组和免疫抑制对照组的雏鸡外,其余健康雏鸡或以环磷酰胺复制免疫抑制的雏鸡分别按50、100、200μg/kg连续5 d肌肉注射人工合成胸腺五肽(TP-5),并于12、17、22日龄测定各免疫学指标.结果表明,TP-5对健康雏鸡及免疫抑制雏鸡有增强免疫功能的作用,200μg/kg剂量TP-5肌肉注射能显著提高雏鸡增重和免疫器官指数,提高胸腺指数、脾淋巴细胞增殖功能和脾淋巴细胞分泌IL-2的功能,并能有效拮抗由环磷酰胺引起的免疫抑制,但不能对抗由环磷酰胺所引起的腔上囊损伤.另80只7日龄肉雏鸡被随机分为4组,以研究200μg/kg剂量的TP-5对新城疫疫苗免疫雏鸡免疫功能的影响.证实,TP-5除能显著提高新城疫疫苗免疫雏鸡的各项免疫指标外,还能显著提高免疫抑制雏鸡血清的新城疫抗体效价.     

MDV-gB重组痘苗病毒诱导免疫的检测及保护性

用MDV gB重组痘苗病毒RVV gB、HVT冻干疫苗、痘苗病毒WR株分别按试验程序对细胞免疫及体液免疫检测试验中的 1日龄SPF鸡进行免疫接种 ,并于 15日龄时对试验各组鸡用GA株强毒攻击 ,经IFA抗体检测 ,及以PHA为有丝分裂原的淋巴细胞转化检测 ,结果表明 ,重组病毒和HVT冻干疫苗免疫鸡均获得了较高保护 ,体液免疫效果差异不显著 ;细胞免疫效果在攻毒前差异不显著 ,但攻毒后第 2d开始 ,RVV gB免疫组鸡的淋巴细胞转化率明显高于HVT冻干疫苗免疫组鸡。     

鸡传染性腔上囊病病毒三价活疫苗的安全性和免疫原性试验

用IBD Ⅰ型标准毒株(B87株)接种易感鸡胚,收获感染鸡胚,用IBD Ⅰ型亚型M-98株和Ⅰ型变异株MB株接种鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF),收获感染的细胞培养液,制备抗原液,加适宜保护剂,经冷冻真空干燥制备三价活疫苗3批.3批疫苗对9日龄无IBD母源抗体的雏鸡以10倍使用剂量点眼、滴鼻和口服,安全性良好;对9日龄易感雏鸡以1/5使用剂量疫苗点眼、滴鼻和口服,20 d后用IBDV强毒攻击,3批疫苗对雏鸡的保护率分别为100%、90%和90%.     

马立克病病毒1型LZ1309株的分离鉴定与生物特性分析

从免疫马立克病(MD)HVT和CVI988疫苗的甘肃某规模化鸡场采集MD阳性病鸡抗凝全血,分离淋巴细胞,接种于鸡胚成纤维细胞,分离出1株马立克病病毒(MDV)。病毒蚀斑纯化后经PCR和间接免疫荧光鉴定,该毒株为MDV1型毒株,命名为LZ1309株。PCR扩增并测序致瘤基因meq。核苷酸同源性分析结果显示,与国内分离株LS株的同源性最高(99.9%),与CVI988株的同源性最低(98.8%)。氨基酸序列分析显示,氨基酸突变位点符合国内强毒株的特征。为掌握LZ1309株的致病力,进行了LZ1309株攻毒试验。结果显示,LZ1309株攻毒组鸡的死亡率为13.3%,攻毒组鸡体重显著降低,肝、脾、腺胃乳头和心脏均出现肿瘤结节,胸腺和法氏囊严重萎缩。PCR检测攻毒鸡的器官组织,均能扩增到MDV1型强毒株meq基因的特异性条带。本研究成功分离鉴定出1株MDV强毒株,此结果为研究国内MDV毒力演化、致病机理和疫苗研发奠定了重要基础。     

鸡体内鹅源新城疫病毒抗原的免疫组织化学检测

为研究鹅新城疫(ND)的发病机理,用3株鹅新城疫病毒强毒株分别人工感染25日龄雏鸡,以单克隆抗体介导的免疫组化(IHC)法检测攻毒鸡体内NDV抗原的分布及定位,研究了鹅新城疫病毒(NDV)对鸡的组织嗜性.结果显示,在试验鸡多种组织器官中均能检测到NDV抗原,病毒抗原主要定位于淋巴细胞、网状细胞、巨噬细胞、肝细胞及各种上皮细胞的胞浆内.结果表明,鹅NDV强毒株对鸡是一种泛嗜性病毒.     

猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5基因对小鼠的DNA免疫

将表达完整猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)GP5和融合表达泛素与GP5成熟肽的真核重组表达质粒(pCI-GP5和pcDNA-U-GP5)分别肌肉注射免疫BALB/c小鼠,共免疫3次。采用间接ELISA法检测血清中抗GP5的抗体水平,MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞的增殖能力,LDH释放试验检测脾NK细胞的杀伤活性,并通过流式细胞术检测脾淋巴细胞亚群的比例。结果发现,2种DNA重组质粒免疫后均可诱导小鼠产生体液免疫和细胞免疫。三免后第5周,pCI-GP5质粒免疫组诱导产生的抗GP5抗体水平及NK活性明显高于pcDNA-U-GP5质粒免疫组;而pcDNA-U-GP5免疫组的淋巴细胞增殖指数及CD4-CD8 T细胞比例明显高于pCI-GP5组。表明,GP5基因可诱导产生较高的免疫反应,泛素与GP5的融合表达可增强PRRSV GP5诱导的细胞免疫反应。     

禽流感H9亚型油乳剂灭活疫苗的改进

用新引进的 6株禽流感病毒 (AIV )H9亚型和现制苗用的AIV H9毒株分别制备AIV H9、AIV H5、NDV二联三价油乳剂灭活疫苗 ,免疫 5日龄和 10日龄雏鸡 ,于免疫当日直至 80日龄鸡出栏期间定期采血 ,用HI法检测相应的AIV H9、AIV H5和NDV抗体。结果表明 ,10日龄免疫鸡的AIV H9抗体效价最高 ,5日龄和 10日龄免疫鸡的AIV H5抗体效价差别不明显 ;用引进的 3号AIV H9毒株制备的联苗对 10日龄雏鸡免疫后 2 0d产生AIV H9保护性抗体 ,一直持续到 80日龄以上 ,期间的抗体平均效价为 6 .72 (lb) ,而现制苗用的AIV H9毒株制备的联苗免疫力较差 ;现制苗用的AIV H5毒株制备的联苗免疫效力仍较好 ;分别接种 0 .2 5、0 .30mL/只联苗的雏鸡AIV H5抗体效价没有明显差别 ,而AIV H9抗体效价以接种 0 .30mL/只剂量的为高 ;不同日龄、不同免疫剂量的试验鸡NDV抗体效价没有明显差异。     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

U.S. and East Asian Integration

the U.S. is directly impacting on the future of the East Asian community. Therefore, finding ways to get along with the U.S. is crucial to the speed, direction, configuration and character of the East Asian community. In this paper, the author has analyzed the interests of the United States in East Asia and its stands towards the East Asian integration. The author concludes that it is to the interest of the United States to make more efforts to further join in the East Asian integration. And East Asia should accept and welcome the American participation.     

CAFIU Honorary Vice-President Wang Zhizhen Visited Turkey,Sudan and Attended the Third China-Africa People's Forum

正~~     

CAFIU Delegation Visited Sri Lanka and Attended the Third China-Africa People's Forum in Sudan

正At the invitation of Sri Lanka-China Friendship Association(SLCFA)and Sudan Network for National Non-Governmental Organizations,a 5-member delegation led by CAFIU Deputy Secretary-General Liu Kaiyang visited Sri Lanka and attended the Third China-Africa People’s Forum held in Sudan from May 7 to 14,2014.As a member of this delegation,I had the great honor     

South Asian NGO Delegation Visiting China

正At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 10-member NGO delegation composed of representatives from media,think tanks and NGOs from Bangladesh,India and Sri Lanka visited China from April 9 to 18.On the second day of arrival,the delegation visited Xicheng District Administrative Service Center.The center provides such services as     

Building A Platform for Understanding and Establishing Channels for Cooperation——Notes on the 2014 “Understanding & Cooperation” Dialogue

正From June 16 to 18,the 2014"UnderstandingCooperation"Dialogue and Forum on Rethinking Asia,co-hosted by CAFIU and FES and jointly organized with China Foundation for Peace and Development,was held in Tutzing,a beautiful and spacious manor located at 30km southwest of Munich.Nearly 60 delegates from more than 10Asian and European countries participated in the event,including China,Germany,Korea,Japan,     

The Second Sino-US Maritime Security Workshop Held in CIIS

正On September 25-26,2014,CIIS and Hoover Institution,Stanford University jointly held the Second Sino-US Maritime Security Workshop in Beijing.CIIS President Qu Xing and Abraham Sofall,senior research fellow with the Hoover Institution,codelivered the opening remarks.Representatives from China's Ministry of National Defense,     

俄白哈关税同盟的发展及其影响（英文）

In recent years, the Eurasian Economic Community has developed rapidly. Because of the special relationship between the SCO and the Customs Because Customs Union, the latter will inevitably exert some influence on the development of the former, but they are not fundamentally contradictory. Since the of the establishment of the Customs Union, the trade between China and the Customs Union members grows steadily.