日本民族主义与"东亚共同体"设想的内在冲突

日本积极倡导"东亚共同体"建设,并自认为是理所当然的亚洲领袖.但极端的民族主义和狭隘的民族意识导致日本难以做到以平等的姿态与中国和亚洲各国携起手来共同创造和平与繁荣的东亚新秩序,这成为该设想难以变成现实的主要症结.近代日本成为帝国主义列强之后,极端的民族主义就日益凸显出来,这一方面表现为对内的专制,另一方面表现为对亚洲邻国的轻蔑和对欧美强国潜在的对抗意识.今天,日本极端的民族主义影响没有彻底清除,不能适应东亚经济政治区域化的历史要求.日本非科学的、缺乏民主和世界主义的民族主义,与其"东亚共同体"的设想存在着内在冲突,给日本的东亚政策造成深远的影响.     

试论"东亚共同体"

随着东亚区域合作的深化,"东亚共同体"提上议事日程.东亚新的分工模式的形成和贸易规模的扩大,多层次合作形式的挑战以及东亚国家对重大政治、安全问题的共识为"东亚共同体"建设打下了初步基础.对"东亚共同体"进行恰当定位、设计有效和前瞻性的组织架构将决定"东亚共同体"的成败.中国应在推动"东亚共同体"方面占先机、出先手,发挥应有的作用.     

"全球地域化"语境下东亚共同体如何"文学"?

在"全球化"、"地域化"大潮共同冲击下,东亚地域客观上必须思考共同的文化防卫及文化建设策略.东亚共同体不只是政治、外交、经济、军事层面的问题,还包括在文学领域我们应该如何开展平等对话,建立共同的话语空间以实行网络作业的迫切命题.只有在此基础之上,才能重新书写本地域文学史,建构地域的敞开的文学理论体系,丰富东亚文学形式与内涵,确立在世界文学中的主体地位.     

观念与实力:美国"修正主义"对日观的兴衰

本文从考察20世纪80年代末90年代初美国"修正主义"对日观的兴衰的背景及其对美国对日政策特别是美国对日贸易政策的影响入手,对观念因素在国际政治中的作用,以及观念因素与实力因素之间的关系进行了初步探讨.本文肯定观念因素在国际政治中的重要作用,但认为这种作用只有结合实力因素才能得到更好的理解,力量对比的变化通常构成观念因素发生作用的条件.实力因素和观念因素相结合,可以使我们对这一时期美日关系的变化有一个更深入、更全面的理解.     

俄罗斯"东转战略"的国内政治影响要素探析:战略文化、央地关系与政治结构

"东转战略"是俄罗斯自乌克兰危机发生之后加快实施的重要战略。其直接战略目标存在于两个层面:一是加强与亚太地区国家的政治、经济联系以缓解来自西方的战略挤压;二是通过推进远东发展来为俄罗斯经济发展打造新的"引擎"。文章以新古典现实主义理论为基础,通过国内政治的视角分析了战略文化、央地关系和政治结构三个要素对于"东转战略"内外政策实践的不同影响。在战略文化方面,西方主义、民族主义和欧亚主义三种思潮分别影响了"东转战略"的内外政策,其中对外政策的战略文化以保守现实主义为原则,其核心是民族主义和欧亚主义思想;而国内政治的战略文化则是以保守自由主义为原则,以民族主义和西方主义为主要思想。在央地关系方面,"强中央—弱地方"兼具地区排他性的央地关系模式一方面有利于俄罗斯的外交战略转向,另一方面则不利于远东开发中联邦主体能动性的激发。在政治结构方面,人格主义与机制主义的博弈决定了"东转战略"内外政策实践的不同,使得俄罗斯的远东开发战略面临阻碍。文章通过国内政治的视角来考察"东转战略"在内外政策实践上的不同,有利于进一步思考俄罗斯战略决策过程的发展与演变,从而为探究"东转战略"的未来走向奠定坚实的基础。     

从东京会议看日本与东盟关系的新发展

2003年12月11～12日,以日本-东盟东京特别首脑会议的召开为标志,双边关系取得了突破性进展:经济上确立了组建自由贸易区的目标,安全上日本加入了<东南亚友好合作条约>,政治上确认了东亚共同体的构想.本文分析了这一趋势的成因与前景.     

印度"东向"政策的发展及意义

印度"东向"政策始于冷战结束国际体系经历重大震荡的时期,经过十数年的实施,随着印度力量的发展,已然进入"第二阶段",即在与东南亚恢复和建立合作的平台上,跳出严重限制印度战略选择的次大陆政治局限,向亚太地区扩散,从而使"东向"政策具有更明显的地缘政治与战略选择的导向."东向"政策泛义化与印度追求的全球大国目标密切相关.这对包括中国在内的亚太地区大国显然有着重要的政策意义.     

东亚共同体:构想与进程

“东亚共同体”作为一种东亚地区整合的构想,它的雏形可以追溯到20世纪90年代的“马哈蒂尔倡议”。亚洲金融危机爆发后,东盟 3合作机制启动,东亚地区合作蓬勃兴起。《东亚展望小组报告》和《东亚研究小组最终报告》系统规划了“东亚共同体”建设的蓝图,日本也提出了自己的设想,马来西亚则是“东亚共同体”构想和进程的持续推动者。     

大高加索的危机与俄罗斯——"五日战争"之结果及影响

以俄罗斯与格鲁吉亚间的"五日战争"和阿布哈兹与南奥塞梯独立为标志,南高加索日益成为国际关系中倍受关注的热点地区之一.该地区三个前苏联加盟共和国的领土已经沦为.了主要大国地政治和地经济竞争的舞台,俄罗斯的"维稳方案"、美国的"大中东战略"以及欧盟的"欧洲化"政策在此相互博弈.大高加索地区正在彻底地"国际化".格鲁吉亚和南奥塞梯之间长期酝酿的冲突在2008年8月导致俄罗斯的深度卷入并升级为"五日战争",引发了俄罗斯从维持现状到公开支持分离政权的立场转变.这不仅从政治和法律上改变了独联体两个热点地区的面貌,改变了力量结构,还严重影响了整个欧亚地区民族一政治形势."五日战争"证明了共同规则、标准和准则已经失效,世界政治的主要行为体面临着设计世界秩序新模式的问题.梅德韦杰夫提出的新安全构想引发了不同观点和评论.促进有效合作,形成共同准则已经成为当务之急.     

"9·11"事件后的中国周边安全形势分析

"9·11"恐怖袭击的血腥和残暴改变了布什政府对安全威胁的认知,打击国际恐怖活动成为美国对外政策的重点."9·11"事件后,美国加强了其在亚太地区的军事、政治存在,影响力大大增强.本文认为,美国安全战略的变化与军事部署的调整一方面为中美关系的发展提供了机遇,另一方面对中国的周边安全带来了一些不利影响.     

Limited but Evolving: The Political Economy of Social Protections in Nepal

Nepal’s awakening to growing social protection needs occurred only lately with most policies introduced in the 1990s. While comparable by Asian and particularly South Asian standards, these protections are limited and inconsistent. This article takes stock of social protection policies in Nepal with particular emphasis on the extent of coverage relative to needs. It explores the political economy, demand and political contexts to explain why social protections have developed the way they have in Nepal’s modern history. The understanding of Nepal’s struggle with this globally contested issue also helps draw parallels to other low-income countries.     

"We Came to Tell the Truth": Reflections On The Tokyo Women's Tribunal

This article analyzes the development agenda Western donors have been operating on over the past decade, particularly the agenda's focus on good governance. After analyzing the academic background of this agenda, which is most evident in so-called new institutional economics, the article discusses the change in the discourse on development assistance toward selectivity, and its implementation in the policies of the International Development Association, the United States, and the Netherlands. The analysis of the policies of these three donors, and of recent empirical studies demonstrates that the donors are biased in favor of rewarding certain policies—in particular, pro-market and trade-oriented policies—on the part of aid-receiving countries. The donors have, thus, introduced clearly ideological and political elements about the socioeconomic order into a seemingly technocratic discussion about the prerequisites of governance. Because of the emphasis on market orientation and trade openness as central criteria for the judging of “good governance,” the current development assistance agenda is located explicitly in the domain of the post-Washington consensus, which links the promotion of pro-market policies to the implementation of an agenda of political reform. The article concludes by pointing out several ambiguities in the current focus on good governance. In particular, the author argues that donors tend to emphasize the instrumental value of governance and overlook the underlying structural causes of bad governance in developing countries.     

澳大利亚孟席斯政府卷入越南战争的原因分析

澳大利亚政府是在越南战争期间积极支持美国的军事行动的西方国家之一,对于其出兵越南的原因一直存在争论.本文认为,国内特殊的政治环境、基于前进防御战略的国家安全需要、相关信息的匮乏以及澳大利亚当时所处的特殊国际环境等一系列因素促使澳大利亚政府向越南派遣军事顾问以及最后部署大量军队协助美国在印支地区的作战.越南战争的失败促使澳大利亚重新反思其亚洲政策,并逐渐加强了其与亚洲在经济、政治和文化领域的交流.     

对战后初期美国转变对日政策原因的再审视

战后美日关系的变动,始终是影响东亚地区稳定的重要因素。战后初期美国对日政策的重心经历了从改造到扶持的转变过程。这一转变有着复杂的历史背景和原因,经历了曲折的转变过程,转变的直接结果奠定了之后的美日关系,且至今仍对东亚地区国际政治格局的变化存在着重要影响。战后初期影响美国转变对日政策的诸因素,并非先前中外学者所分析的平行并重,而是有先有后,有主有次,诸因素形成一个逻辑因果链,最终导致"旧金山体制"形成。在美国转变对日政策过程中,意识形态分歧和美苏大国间国家利益的博弈互为表里,时而契合,时而背离,但最终依归是各自的国家利益。所有这些对于预判目前东亚地区国际政治格局的走向和趋势、对于确立处理该地区国际事务的基调和对策是有重要的现实借鉴意义的。     

论文莱独特的君主政体

独立后的文莱,在政治上建立了君主立宪制,虽然在其形式上可以看到英国政治体制方方面面的痕迹,但它在本质上传承了文莱传统政治文化的精髓。换言之,文莱采用了英国君主立宪制的外衣,而传统的王朝体系才是这种体制的根本。苏丹通过马来化和穆斯林政策,强化君权统治,使得文莱成为当今世界上少数几个完全由王室掌权的国家之一。     

ASEAN in a Globalizing World

In the early 1990s, ASEAN emerged from the Cold War as a confident regional organization. With the accession of Cambodia, it seemed to be fulfilling the aspirations of its founding fathers to expand membership to include all ten Southeast Asian countries. Since the Asian financial crisis of 1997, however, ASEAN's self-confidence has been dealt a severe blow and it faces unprecedented challenges to its current status and future prospects. In the following article, former Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas, examines the various issues facing ASEAN today, including the impact of the Asian crisis; the ramifications of socioeconomic and political crises in the affected ASEAN countries; the implications of the rapid and fundamental changes in the international and regional economic, political and security environment; and the enlargement of ASEAN membership. Despite questions over ASEAN's future role, Alatas asserts his belief in the continuing relevance of this regional forum to contribute to regional stability.     

The Monetisation of Consent and its Limits: Explaining Political Dominance and Decline in Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Malaysia’s 14th General Election in 2018 toppled the Barisan Nasional government after six decades in power. Barisan Nasional’s longevity was due to its performance legitimacy and a capacity to manipulate electoral mechanisms. However, it was the use of money in eliciting consent that led to a political change. This article traces how sustaining the dominance of the Barisan Nasional under Najib Razak used a strategy which we term the monetisation of consent. However, when monetising consent loses its efficacy, political dominance is challenged. We discuss why and how manufacturing consent through the use of money has its limits when regime legitimacy is challenged. Intense political competition on the electoral terrain from 2008 and the multiplication of Malay-Muslim political parties induced Najib’s greater personal grip on state funds to gain political support. This resulted in the Najib regime’s kleptocratic turn. Beyond the disbursement of largesse to political power brokers and business elites, his government monetised consent as a populist strategy. The reduced efficacy of electoral manipulation made the monetisation of consent imperative for regime survival but the use of money and unpopular fiscal policies, which deprived citizens of disposable income, led to a legitimacy crisis and the Barisan Nasional’s defeat.     

Interpreting "Nationality" and "Language" in the 2001 Ukrainian Census

Ukraine conducted its first post-Soviet census in December 2001. The author examines the use of the categories "nationality" and "native language" in the census and relates them to fundamental precepts of Soviet nationality and census policies. The enumeration of national and linguistic identities is related to the expression of political preferences. Orientations toward language policies (particularly in Galicia and Crimea), regional autonomy (in Transcarpathia), and territorial belonging (among the younger generation) are analyzed in order to reveal the politics of the 2001 Ukrainian census.     

大国博弈、双层均势的亚洲时刻--俄罗斯智库对中美经贸摩擦的认知与政策立场

俄罗斯智库对中美经贸摩擦有着独特的认知和期待,并与克里姆林宫的官方立场互为表里。总体上,俄方智库的观点是,在经贸摩擦的背后,是中美两国对军事、政治、科技、地区和全球领导权的竞争;两国的国内议程和对外政策,将因此受到深远影响并产生溢出效应--在亚洲区域内形成两极结构。即使两国会因国内和国际政治因素,在经贸问题上达成妥协,但中方不会放弃获得世界科技领导者的雄心,美方也不会打消遏制中国发展动能的战略意图。俄罗斯应与中国继续保持经济与军事合作,避免与美国和西方关系的继续恶化,并在亚太地区推动"大欧亚伙伴关系"倡议。俄罗斯政策分析界基于自身利益的演绎,将中美经贸摩擦定性为大国博弈,相应的政策建议反映出俄罗斯以在全球和亚洲分别制衡美中为目标的双层均势策略。俄罗斯将在有亚洲其他国家参与的情景下扮演战略平衡手角色,借中美全面对抗之势,在中美俄三边关系之外扭转不利的外部发展环境。俄罗斯对亚太国际局势的盘活作用,将催生双边和三边竞合新模式的建立。     

‘Developmental’ policies and rent: comparing Russia and Sub-Saharan Africa

The article evaluates the concept of ‘developmental’ policies, comparing post-communist Russia and Sub-Saharan African (SSA) states. Asian ‘developmental state’ policies have been identified as developmental because of successful industrial policies and leaders’ ability to implement them. The comparison shows that while these features have been absent in SSA, notably due to the trapping effects of commodity dependence, Russia exhibits an original dualistic model where the negative impact of commodity dependence (such as the creation of rents) is compatible with developmental industrial policies. The evidence presented demonstrates the importance of constraints that stem from both economic and political structures, in turn explaining variations in developmental policy effectiveness.