论停租条款

几乎所有的期租合同都订人停租条款（off－hireclause），该条款规定在一些特定的情况下承租人可以中止履行其支付租金的义务。在期租合同履行期间，出租人与承租人对某个事件是否是停租事件时常发生争端；同时，根据租船合同，如果承租人不支付到期的租金，出租人就有权撤船。     

期租合同下涉及RIGHTSHIP检查的法律问题分析

简要介绍RIGHTSHIP检查的产生及发展的过程,结合对英国商业法庭审理的最新案例的分析,着重探讨期租合同下船东是否有默示义务去提供并且维持RIGHTSHIP批准以及租家是否有权利解除合同或者停付租金,并进一步分析航运实践中存在的RIGHTSHIP条款,借鉴涉及大石油商批准的相关判例,对RIGHTSHIP条款的性质以及租家是否有权解除合同进行论述.     

期租合同下涉及RIGHTSHIP检查的法律问题分析

简要介绍RIGHTSHIP检查的产生及发展的过程,结合对英国商业法庭审理的最新案例的分析,着重探讨期租合同下船东是否有默示义务去提供并且维持RIGHTSHIP批准以及租家是否有权利解除合同或者停付租金,并进一步分析航运实践中存在的RIGHTSHIP条款,借鉴涉及大石油商批准的相关判例,对RIGHTSHIP条款的性质以及租家是否有权解除合同进行论述。     

停租条款在实践中的运用

在定期租船合同中,租金是租船人在租用船舶期间,按租用的时间和约定的租金费率支付给船东的报酬。除承租双方约定在停租期间可以停付租金以外,如果没有其它约定,租船人在整个租船期内有义务不间断地向船东支付租金。这种允许停付租金的约定,就是我们通常在定期租船合同中所使用的停租条款。     

定期租船合同中有关停租的法律问题研究

在定期租船合同中,承租人支付租金是首要义务,没有正当理由不得停付租金或少付租金。但是根据停租条款,在符合合同约定的停租事由发生后,可以停付租金。停租条款是定期租船合同的重要条款,对承租人来讲意义重大。本文主要结合有关格式合同以及几个国家海商法的规定,探讨了停租的法律依据,停租事由,停租时间依据停租与过失的关系。     

海盗劫持期间停租的法律问题研究

海盗行为近年来产生了新变化,其通过武力或武力威胁的方式劫持船舶后羁押,以索取高额赎金。劫持期间少则数日,多则数月,造成航运业重大的时间损失。在期租合同中,时间损失由租方承担,若遭遇海盗劫持,租方的救济措施之一就是援引期租合同中的停租条款,以减轻损失。本文通过研究典型判例及发展趋势,探讨海盗劫持期间可否构成停租,为当事方订立合同时预先规避海盗风险提供建议。     

定期租船合同项下的租金支付与撤船

一承租人没有按照定期租船合同中的约定支付租金,出租人是否有权将船撤回、解除合同、索赔损失,这是在船舶期租活动中人们可能遇到的一个比较棘手的问题。我国《海商法》第一百四十条规定,“承租人应当按照合同的约定支付租金。承租人未按照合同约定支付租金的,出租人有权解除合同,并有权要求赔偿因此遭受的损失。”     

租赁合同在审判实践中的问题研究

一、出租人的担保责任出租人的担保责任指出租人在履行租赁合同过程中应承当的两项法定义务,即出租人的权利瑕疵担保义务和租赁物的瑕疵担保义务。在审判实践中,出租人对于该两项义务的违反往往导致要承担被解除合同或赔偿损失的法律后果。出租人的权利瑕疵担保是指出租人应担保不因第三人就租赁物主张权利而致使承租人不能依约为使用、收益。合同法第228条规定,因第三人主张权利,致使承租人不能对租赁物使用、收益的,承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付租金;第三人主张权利的,承租人应当及时通知出租人。从该条规定来看,出租人的权利瑕疵担…     

试论船舶租用合同中留置权条款的有关问题——兼谈对我国《海商法》第141条的看法

航运实践中，当承运人不及时支付租金时，出租人是可以通过撤船来保护其利益的。另外一种保护的办法，就是行使留置权。因此不论是标准的定期租船合同，还是标准的光船租赁合同，大都订有留置权条款。我国《海商法》第141条也有如此规定。但根据海商法第127条的规定：“本章关于出租人和承租人之间权利、义务的规定，仅在船舶租用合同没有约定或没有不同约定时适用。”这样，如果当事人选择订有留置权条款的标准租约，则只能根据合同条款作出诠释。实践中，出租人错误留置货物的情况时有发生，对转租收入实行留置权，又存在法律上及操作上的…     

论CIF合同下卖方单据义务的性质——基于英国法的考察

英国判例把卖方在CIF合同下的交单义务定性为合同法上的"条件"。然而英国合同法关于"条件"、"担保"和"中间条款"等合同条款的分类和定义却并不支持将CIF合同下卖方的单据义务认定为"条件"的结论,实际上将CIF合同下卖方的单据义务定性为"中间条款"更为合适。在认定CIF合同下卖方单据义务的性质时不能仅依据"因循先例主义"原则参照先例决定,而是应当参照违约行为造成的实际损害的性质确定。     

The security of access to accounts under the PSD2

The revised Payment Services Directive (‘PSD2’) has been adopted to stimulate the development of an integrated internal market for payment services. In particular, it facilitates payment initiation services and account information services by granting the providers of these services access to the accounts of the payment service users. At the same time, the recitals state that the PSD2 guarantees a high level of consumer protection, security of payment transactions and protection against fraud.This paper answers the following question: To what extent does the access to accounts of the payment initiation service providers and account information service providers balance the development of the market for payment services with the security of the payment account and the privacy of the user? An analysis of the PSD2 shows that the development of the market for payment services has a higher priority. Security and privacy are ultimately subordinate.First, the PSD2 does not adequately protect the personal data of the users. The definition of ‘account information service’ is broad and covers a wide range of services. This allows the payment service providers to circumvent the limitations of the access to accounts.Next, the payment service providers have a ‘fall back option’ that allows ‘screen scraping’ if the dedicated interface is not functioning properly. Although this access is constrained by several safeguards, the fall back option gives the payment services provider unlimited access to the account of the user.Finally, the payment service providers have considerable freedom to arrange their authentication process as they see fit. The banks seem to be required to trust this process. The PSD2 and regulatory technical standards do not demand that a bank is able to verify the authentication or the integrity of the payment order.     

海盗羁押不构成停租——评2010年the“Cosco Bulk Carrier v．Team—Up Owning”案

简要介绍the“Cosco Bulk Carrierv．Team—Up Owning”案的案情。按照争点审理的顺序，分别分析法庭对纽约租约停租条款中“海损事故”“不履行职责”“其他原因”等词的解释，提出可能的与判决相反的解释，论证法院判决的合理性。最后得出结论，出于公平分担船方和租方所负担的风险的目的，法院判决海盗羁押不构成停租。     

承租人不付租金时船东的对策

针对当前租船市场的行情急转直下,直接导致船东与承租人之间的纠纷和争议纷纷涌现,特别是在长期期租合同下,部分遇到资金困难的承租人会以各种借口提早还船,更有甚者则会拒付到期租金的情况,对承租人不付租金这一问题进行讨论,并着重分析和论述船东所能行使的对策。     

论诉讼时效期间的起算——以未定期限债权为客体的分析路径

现行民法以“权利被侵害时”为诉讼时效期间的起算点 ,在适用于未定期限债权时 ,其效果与诉讼时效制度限制权利的功能不甚契合 ,在法技术上亦欠完善和周延。比较而言 ,以“请求权可以行使时”代替“权利被侵害时”可以较好地解决现行法的问题 ,是更好的立法选择 ,但必须同时对未定期限之债的清偿期规则进行修改 ,将债权可以行使的基础定位于客观标准而非债权人意志之上 ,才能从根本上贯彻“行使论” ,避免重蹈现行法的覆辙。在上述分析的基础上 ,本文就未来民法典提出两点建议 :第一 ,诉讼时效期间起算点规则应规定为 :“诉讼时效期间从请求权可以行使时起开始计算” ;第二 ,未定期限之债的清偿期规则应规定为 :“履行期限不明确的 ,债权人可以随时请求债务人履行 ,债务人也可以随时履行。但是 ,根据债的性质或诚实信用原则不宜立即要求债务人履行的 ,债权人应于必要期间经过后请求”。     

英国法下裁决书时效与执行的新发展

针对英国法下裁决书的时效问题,通过对近期GoodChal-lenger案例的详细探讨,得出目前在英国法下可以通过一些方法使裁决书时效不断延长的最新结论;针对裁决书的执行问题,通过对近期两个贵族院案例的分析,得出英国法院无权命令伦敦银行的海外账户将款项支付给裁决的胜诉方的结论。     

欧盟利息税指令及其对我国的借鉴

利息税是影响资本流动的一个重要因素,欧盟长期以来致力于协调成员国间的利息税制度。欧盟利息税指令的出台历经坎坷。利息支付情况的信息交换制度是该指令的核心,同时指令还在过渡期内规定了可选择的预提税制度,从而有效地协调了支付地国、税收居民国和受益人之间的利益。指令在对利息支付的定义、预提税的计算以及祖父条款的适用方面存在一定的问题,还需进一步完善。指令对我国利息税制度的健全完善尤其是利息税协调制度的建立有着重要的借鉴意义。     

How much does it cost to be a scientist?

We examine the academe–industry wage gap. Once self-selection and different personal characteristics of academic and industrial scientists have been taken into account the wage gap narrows from 28 to 13 %. The counterfactual wage faced by an academic scientist increases with time spent on development and decreases with time spent on research. This finding challenges the idea of a solely negative relationship between science and wages. We further find that preferences for science augment the relationship between research orientation and wages. Overall, the results have implications for policy makers that aim to increase development oriented research activities at universities, individual scientists thinking about whether to pursue a career in industry or academe, and managers trying to hire academic scientists.     

Medicare program; changes to the hospital outpatient prospective payment system and calendar year 2003 payment rates; and changes to payment suspension for unfiled cost reports. Final rule with comment period

This final rule with comment period revises the Medicare hospital outpatient prospective payment system to implement applicable statutory requirements and changes arising from our continuing experience with this system. In addition, it describes changes to the amounts and factors used to determine the payment rates for Medicare hospital outpatient services paid under the prospective payment system. These changes are applicable to services furnished on or after January 1, 2003. This rule also allows the Secretary to suspend Medicare payments "in whole or in part" if a provider fails to file a timely and acceptable cost report. In addition, this rule responds to public comments received on the November 2, 2001 interim final rule with comment period (66 FR 55850) that set forth the criteria the Secretary will use to establish new categories of medical devices eligible for transitional pass-through payment under the Medicare's hospital outpatient prospective payment system. Finally, this rule responds to public comments received on the August 9, 2002 proposed rule for revisions to the hospital outpatient prospective payment system and payment rates (67 FR 52092). CMS finds good cause to waive proposed rulemaking for the assignment of new codes to Ambulatory Payment Classifications and for the payment of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines under reasonable cost; justification for the waiver will follow in a subsequent Federal Register notice.     

Medicare program; fee schedule for payment of ambulance services and revisions to the physician certification requirements for coverage of nonemergency ambulance services. Final rule with comment period

This final rule establishes a fee schedule for the payment of ambulance services under the Medicare program, implementing section 1834(l) of the Social Security Act. As required by that section, the proposed rule on which this final fee schedule for ambulance services is based was the product of a negotiated rulemaking process that was carried out consistent with the Federal Advisory Committee Act and the Negotiated Rulemaking Act of 1990. The fee schedule described in this final rule will replace the current retrospective reasonable cost payment system for providers and the reasonable charge system for suppliers of ambulance services. In addition, this final rule requires that ambulance suppliers accept Medicare assignment; codifies the establishment of new Health Care Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes to be reported on claims for ambulance services; establishes increased payment under the fee schedule for ambulance services furnished in rural areas based on the location of the beneficiary at the time the beneficiary is placed on board the ambulance; and revises the certification requirements for coverage of nonemergency ambulance services.     

论视为作者原则--以中美两起著作权纠纷案为视角

1986年在美国发生的"美国的第三世界"版权纠纷案和1995年发生在我国的十世班禅大师灵塔案的涉案作品,均为雕塑作品,均是在委托关系下创作完成的,美国初审法院和中国二审法院均将委托关系认定为雇佣关系,并且均适用了视为作者原则。但中美两案的最终结局却大相径庭。1989年美国最高法院在此案终审中申明,委托关系不是雇佣关系,委托作品不是雇佣作品,不适用视为作者原则,遂做出维持二审判决的终审判决,在美国持续了百年之久的委托作品与雇佣作品之争,从此尘埃落定。此终审判决对于移植视为作者原则后深受法人作品与职务作品(雇佣作品)之争困扰的我国法院和正在进行中的著作权法的修订,均有重要的示范意义和参考价值。