受虐待儿童眼底病理变化研究进展

受虐待儿童眼底病理变化研究进展刘鑫，胡红（北京市高级人民法院；北京１０００３９）ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＯＦＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＯＮＦＵＮＤＵＳＰＡＴＨＯＬＯＧＩＣＣＨＡＮＧＥＳＩＮＣＨＩＬＤＡＢＵＳＥ（ＲＥＶＩＥＷ）￥ＬｉｕＸｉｎ；ＨｕＨｏｎｇ（Ｄｐｅａ...     

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同一现场不同死亡方式３例分析李树山（黑龙江省七台河市公安局，七台河１５４６００）ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＴＭＡＮＮＥＲＳＯＦＤＥＡＴＨＡＴＴＨＥＳＡＭＥＳＣＥＮＥ：ＲＥＰＯＲＴＯＦ３ＣＡＳＥＳ￥ＬｉＳｈｕｓｈａｎ（ＰｕｂｌｉｃＳｅｃｕｒｉ...     

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颅后凹硬膜下血肿疝入枕骨大孔死亡１例刘敏，易旭夫，吴家　（成都华西医科大学法医学系病理教研室；成都６１００４１）ＳＵＢＤＵＲＡＬＨＥＭＡＴＯＭＡＯＦＣＲＡＮＩＡＬＰＯＳＴＥＲＩＯＲＦＯＳＳＡＤＥＳＣＥＮＤＩＮＧＩＮＴＯＴＨＥＦＯＲＡＭＥＮＭＡＧＮＵＭ...     

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枕骨骨折伴嗅觉障碍1例

枕骨骨折伴嗅觉障碍１例甘建一（长沙市公安局；长沙４１０００２）ＬＯＳＳＯＦＳＭＥＬＬＤＵＥＴＯＦＲＡＣＴＵＲＥＯＦＯＣＣＩＰＩＴＡＬＢＯＮＥ：ＡＣＡＳＥＲＥＰＯＲＴ￥ＧａｎＪｉａｎｙｉ（ＰｕｂｌｉｃＳｅｃｕｒｉｔｙＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＣｈａｎｇｓｈａ；Ｃ...     

阴茎夜间勃起功能检测和评价

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外伤与肺部感染5例尸检分析

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十九世纪临床法医学的主要成就（一）

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134例眼损伤法医学鉴定统计分析

眼损伤在活体法医学鉴定中比较常见,居第4位鉴于国内眼损伤法医学鉴定文献较少,现将我室几年来所鉴定的134例眼损伤的统计资料报告如下:材料和方法本文所报告的134例眼损伤,为1984年11月至1988年10月我室受理的眼损伤鉴定案例.全部材料均根据伤后病志和鉴定时的检查所见及鉴定结论列表,进行统计分析.     

TV tip-over morbidity and mortality in children

Twenty-eight non-fatal cases of TV related injuries were noted in San Diego in the 2 years prior to September 2008. We reviewed the scene, witness reports, past history, and autopsy findings from three fatal cases and distinguished them from abusive head trauma. The recent literature was also reviewed. Our fatal cases resulted from TVs falling on small children and causing severe head injury. The literature review showed increasing injuries and deaths relating to TV tip-over, TV stands and dressers. Most of the fatalities were head injuries in small children. The reporting methods may not be complete or accurate. Some authors in the literature review suggested preventive measures so as to decrease these injuries. Forensic scientists should become familiar with these injuries and measures so that they may communicate effectively with their communities.     

道路交通事故颅脑损伤的法医学鉴定

目的　研究道路交通事故中颅脑损伤的类型、特点、主要并发症及其受伤人员的伤残评定。方法　 862例道路交通事故颅脑损伤的案例资料 ,按伤者受伤的不同部位、有无并发症、并发症的类型及伤残程度进行统计分析。结果　复合性颅脑损伤 2 76例 ,脑挫伤 192例 ,颅骨骨折 79例 ,颅内出血 91例 ,头皮外伤 2 2 4例 ;主要并发症为脑积水 ( 19例 ,2 2 0 % )、癫痫 ( 16例 ,1 86% )、偏瘫 ( 14例 ,1 62 % )、植物人状态 ( 12例 ,1 3 9% )。结论　道路交通事故中颅脑损伤 ,以头部复合性损伤最多见 ,严重的脑挫伤为最常见的损伤类型 ,并发症的诊断应掌握诊断标准 ,并注意与相关疾病鉴别。     

不同部位颅脑摔跌伤的特征分析68例

目的探讨不同受力部位颅脑摔跌伤后损伤程度和特征差异。方法收集摔跌所致颅脑损伤68例,根据案情、受伤过程、临床体征、CT影像资料将受伤部位分为颅前部、颅侧部、颅后部;损伤类型分为颅骨骨折、硬脑膜外血肿、硬脑膜下血肿和脑挫裂伤;损伤数量分为单一和多发伤;颅骨骨折分为受力点骨折和非受力点骨折;脑挫裂伤分为冲击伤、对冲伤等。运用非参数统计χ2检验比较其频数分布。结果不同摔跌部位颅骨骨折和颅脑损伤程度存在明显差异(P0.05),颅后部摔跌颅骨骨折远离受力点多见,多发伤为主,而颅前部、颅侧部受力点骨折多见,单处损伤多见;颅后部、颅侧部摔跌后脑挫裂伤发生率高,以对冲部位多见,颅前部摔跌后脑挫裂伤发生率低,冲击伤亦多见。结论摔跌部位不同颅脑损伤程度和特征存在差异,CT检查资料有助于损伤机制推断。     

480例活体损伤的法医学鉴定分析

目的分析活体损伤的特征,探讨其损伤类型与损伤程度的关系,以及法医学鉴定的有关问题。方法随机抽取1998-2001年间活体损伤的鉴定资料,对伤者的损伤及其法医学鉴定进行回顾性分析。结果男性伤者居多;多发伤高于任何单一部位损伤;致伤方式以钝器致伤为主;重伤以颅内血肿和腹腔脏器破裂最多,轻伤以四肢骨折居首。结论损伤程度与损伤部位及类型有一定的关系。     

Fatal and non-fatal injuries caused by crossbows

Today in modern times, traumatic injuries caused by crossbows are a rarity. The largest collection of cases so far is presented in this study, consisting of four fatalities (two homicides and two suicides) and two non-fatal injuries (grievous bodily harm and an accident). All the victims were male having an age between 31 and 54. The weapons, which were used, were mainly high-performance precision crossbows with telescopic sights and hunting bolts. The parts of the body involved were the facial/head area in three of the cases and the thorax in three of them. There were either deep or total penetration injuries to the cranium and thorax with the bolt remaining in the wound in four out of six cases. The persons with non-fatal crossbow injuries exhibited comparatively few symptoms, despite the sometimes extensive involvement of the interior of the cranium (cerebrocranial penetration, in one instance). The two cases of suicide favoured the body areas often found with gun-users. The aetiological classification of crossbow injuries may be difficult after the removal of the bolt. The external morphology is strongly dependent on the type of tip used. Multiple-bladed hunting broadheads produce radiating incised wounds, whereas conical field tips produce circular to slitlike defects. Correspondingly, the external injuries can be reminiscent of the effects of a violent attack by sharp force or of a gunshot wound. The possibility, supported by clinical data, that the victim might have the ability to act or even to survive for a period of time, even with penetration of the brain, should be taken into account when the cause of death is being investigated.     

256例儿童和少年道路交通事故伤残评定回顾性研究

目的 探讨儿童和少年道路交通事故活体损伤的流行病学、损伤及伤残评定特点。方法 对256例儿童和少年道路交通事故伤残评定资料进行回顾性研究。结果 男性多于女性,多见于6～18岁儿童,交通事故每天10～12时和16～18时最多,车辆类型以小汽车和货车多见,肇事方式多见于机动车与行人相撞,伤者的交通方式以步行多见,损伤部位以头部和四肢多见,损伤类型以骨折、挫伤、创多见,但内脏损伤相对较轻,下肢骨折远多于上肢。损伤程度多评定为轻伤,伤残程度以Ⅸ、Ⅹ级轻度伤残为主(33.2％)。结论 儿童和少年道路交通事故伤残评定应适当放宽标准,伤残评定标准应增加儿童和少年的有关条款。     

两轮摩托车道路交通事故驾驶员损伤特征分析

目的找出两轮摩托车交通事故中多发于驾驶员而乘员较少发生的损伤特征,为查明案件提供线索。方法统计分析了有驾乘人员死亡的136例及有驾乘人员受伤的32例,以体表擦挫伤、挫裂伤或骨折作为统计对象,分别统计驾乘人员各部位发生损伤数并计算其出现的比例。结果驾驶员出现膝部损伤的比例（34．9％）高于乘员比例（i0．3％）,而驾驶员膝部损伤大多数发生在膝部前侧。结论膝部前侧损伤的当事人应高度怀疑其为真实驾驶员。     

Cattle‐Caused Fatalities in a Province of Western Turkey: 1996–2010 Autopsy Results

Cattle‐caused injuries and deaths are much more than predicted. The aim of this research is to determine the prevalence of cattle‐caused fatalities and the factors affecting it in a province of western Turkey. The court files on cattle‐caused fatalities during a 15‐year period between 1996 and 2010 were explored. The proportion of forensic‐qualified deaths from the total of 3753 was 0.9% (35/3753). Most of the cases were between the ages of 18 and 65 (60%). Most deaths occurred in the spring and summer months compared with autumn and winter months (9 and 22 vs. 3 and 1, respectively). The mortality rate was much higher in men compared with women (94.3% and 5.7%, respectively). The majority of deaths were caused by injuries on the chest (71.4%). The reason for most deaths was due to hemopneumothorax and lung injury (71.4%). Predicting the behavior of cattle may not always be possible, as such, it is advisable that one wears protective equipment when dealing with cattle.     

Modification of the Marmarou and Foda model of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) improves percentage survival of rats at 24 h and increases the amount of DAI identified

More than two decades ago, Marmarou published a valid model for producing diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in rats. Since then, both mild and severe injuries have been obtained by researchers using the original method and a weight of 450 g. However, the diffuse brain injuries produced in rats were only similar to those seen in humans when the rats sustained severe brain injuries. In these cases, rat mortality in the original article was around 50%, and the cause of death was prolonged apnea post-impact. Rat survival after impact is critical for studying the progression of DAI. In order to explain the cause of death in human victims with cranial trauma who do not show gross brain injury, testing for the presence of DAI is essential. Thus, in order to minimize local and cervical injuries to increase rat survival, attention should be paid to the following aspects: a wider head protector disc should be used, the head of the rat should be elevated at the time of impact, and the foam bed should be soft enough to allow the movement caused by acceleration. With our modified method, rat survival increased by 30% compared to the original model (80% versus 50%). Moreover, 85.7% of rats demonstrated DAI after 24 h of survival. With these modifications, injuries appear in the same locations as in humans; thus, the method is suitable for the study of traumatic DAI in humans.