依法治国中的公共政策

公共政策乃是承载公共权力的各种组织为处理公私事务、实现公共利益而制定并实施的除法律以外的活动策略和行动准则。法治社会中,公共政策和法律既相互联系又充斥着紧张,对二者在行政执法和司法中的关系必须谨慎对待并积极理顺。     

英美法系国家量刑指南制度的比较研究

量刑指南是指导法官裁量刑罚的准则.为了防止量刑偏差和量刑失衡问题,限制法官的自由裁量权,英美法系国家普遍制定了明确的量刑指南.其中,美国量刑指南制度是中国刑法理论研究较多的一个问题.实际上,在英美法系领域,产生了三种不同模式的量刑指南制度:美国数量化量刑指南、英国论理式量刑指南和澳大利亚信息化量刑指南.相比较而言,英国量刑指南制度对我国量刑制度的改革更具参考和借鉴意义.     

国际公法在WTO争端解决中的作用与应用

WTO法是在国际公法的大背景中创制的,WTO协定不是存在于一个不受一般国际法影响的制度中。WTO法从来就不是一个封闭的、自给自足的法律制度,WTO规则是更广泛的国际公法内容的一部分,它在国际公法的框架内运作,并不是脱离国际公法的法律子系统。至少在解释的层面,它们总是会有某种程度的互动。国际公法可为WTO规则提供规范背景,有助于WTO无具体规定的某些方面的运作或提供解释性指导。在解释WTO协定的必要范围内,专家组和上诉机构有权使用或考虑其他条约、习惯和一般法律原则。但是,它们并非作为法律适用。在WTO争端解决中,其他国际法规则的作用是有限的、辅助的。     

Meaning, Time and the Law: Ex Post and Ex Ante Perspectives

This paper considers the tension between timelessness and timeboundedness in legal interpretation, examining parallels between sacred texts and secular law. It is argued that familiar dualities such as those between statute and judge-made law, law and equity, written and spoken discourse, dictionary meaning versus intended or contextual meaning, can be examined using this timeless/timebounded framework. Two landmark English cases, DPP v Shaw (1961) and R v R (1991) are analyzed as illustrating contrasting aspects of the socio-legal politics of “reasoning backwards”. The related temporal distinction between ex ante and ex post points of view is examined both within legal theory and as a key issue for linguistic and semiotic systems. The argument is made that this distinction is the key to a wide range of methodological and theoretical problems in relating linguistics and semiotics to law.

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论我国立法和司法对法定外在标准的过度依赖——以我国医疗损害责任鉴定与诉讼实践为例

我国法中存在着在侵权法问题的判定上过度依赖"法律法规"、"行业标准"和"诊疗规范"的倾向。这些"外在"标准替代了法官对法律"内在"规则的审视和适用。行业标准替代了法律标准。比如,在医疗过失判定标准上,法官过度依赖"诊疗规范",忽视了基本法律标准——注意义务违反说和"合理医生"标准——的探寻和适用。我国法应纠正此种现象,注意对法律规则,比如医疗过失和因果关系判定规则的细心构建,以给法官具体指导。"法律法规"、"行业标准"和"诊疗规范"在侵权法中是判定过失的重要标准,但不是终局性和根本性标准。     

Molecular cloning and immunohistochemical localization of rat dipeptidyl peptidase III

Dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP III) was purified to homogeneity from rat liver cytosol. The calculated molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 82845.6 according to TOF-MS, and 82000 on non-denatured PAGE and 82000 on SDS-PAGE in the absence or presence of beta-ME. These findings suggest that the enzyme assumes a monomeric form in rat liver cytosol. The enzyme rapidly hydrolyzed the substrate Arg-Arg-MCA and moderately hydrolyzed Ala-Arg-MCA in a pH range of 7. 5 to 9.5. The K(in), K(cat) and K(cat)/K(m) values of DPP III at optimal pH (pH 8.5) were 290 microM, 18.0 s(-1) and 6.21x10(4) s(-1)M(-1) for Arg-Arg-MCA and 125 microM, 4.53 s(-1) and 3.62x10(4) s(-1)M(-1) for Ala-Arg-MCA, respectively. DPP III was potently inhibited by EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline, DFP, PCMBS, NEM, beta-ME and iodoacetamide. Furthermore, we screened a rat liver cDNA library using affinity-purified anti-rat DPP III rabbit IgG, and we determined the cDNA structure and deduced the amino acid sequence. The cDNA designated as lambdaRDIII-11 is composed of 2640 bp of nucleotides in length and encodes 738 amino acids in the coding region. Although the enzyme has a novel zinc-binding motif, HEXXXH in structure, DPP III is thought to belong to family 1 in clan MA in the metalloprotease kingdom. These findings suggest that DPP III is a metalloprotease that is probably regulated by SH modification. The DPP III antigen was extensively detected in the cytosol of various rat tissues by the immunohistochemical examination of the protein.     

A Review of Evidence-Based Biopsychosocial Laws Governing the Treatment of Pain and Injury

The impact of scientific findings on medical, psychological, and legal concepts has led to the adoption of laws and regulations that do not easily fit into the established legal categories of medical law or mental health law. Instead, this convergence of forces has resulted in laws and regulations mandating biopsychosocial treatment guidelines, where both medical and psychological cares are integrated within the framework of a single paradigm. Laws and regulations of this type have been adopted by a number of US states and Canadian provinces, and could be considered to represent a new category, for which we offer the term “biopsychosocial law.” Biopsychosocial laws currently pertain to medical treatment guidelines for workers’ compensation, a medical treatment system noted for high costs, high levels of litigation, and psychological involvement. There are a number of examples of biopsychosocial laws, but the most noteworthy are based on guidelines developed by the Colorado Division of Workers’ Compensation, the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, the Work Loss Data Institute, and The Reed Group. These guidelines differ significantly with regard to features, conditions covered, and strength of evidence basis. However, all of these guideline systems were developed with the intent of providing good care while controlling costs, are evidence based, integrate the practice of medicine and psychology, and are legally mandated in certain jurisdictions. Taken together, these guidelines represent a growing convergence of scientific evidence, professional society positions, payor policies, and legal regulations. These forces are propelling a broad societal shift away from Cartesian assumptions that the body and mind are separate, and toward a biopsychosocial paradigm for the treatment of injury and illness.     

后立法时代的中国公司法可诉性

如何实现从文本主义公司法向实践主义公司法的历史性转变,是后立法时代中国公司法发展所面临的主要任务。如何实现公司法的可诉性则是实现这一转变的关键之所在。现有公司法无论是在实体法层面还是在程序设计层面均表现出不同程度的可诉性劣态。这种状况的改善有必要从宏观视域和微观途径两个方面入手加以解决。宏观视域主要立足于对公司可诉性应然价值的重塑和辨析,从而为完善公司可诉性的路径设计指明前进的方向;微观途径则倾向于对公司可诉性实然价值的把握,其基本做法是对公司可诉性的制度设计提出一些初步的构想。其最终目标是确立实体法、司法介入和主体参与三位一体的公司法可诉性逻辑架构并明确其各自的功能定位。     

论电子商务法的基本原则——以全球电子商务立法为视角

电子商务法的国际协调性和趋同性并未完全统一当前关于电子商务法基本原则的不同立法主张或理论观点。目前主张的原则大多属于与电子商务法的基本原则有关的立法指导思想、立法技术、具体原则及传统商法的基本原则的范畴,其中技术中立原则和媒介中立原则才属于电子商务法的基本原则。融合了公平原则、过错责任原则和技术局限免责理念的技术风险合理分配原则作为电子商务法的基本原则在立法中已有反映但未能在理论上得到重视。     

Transformation: the Progression of Immigration Petitions for Transgender Spouses

U.S. citizens who marry foreign nationals may petition for their spouses so that the couple can reside permanently together in the United States. The guidelines set forth in the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Adjudicator's Field Manual provide guidance to immigration officials for determining whether to grant or deny spousal petitions. Previously, the Adjudicator's Field Manual imposed a requirement that transgender individuals undergo costly and dangerous sex reassignment surgery in order to qualify as married for the purposes of a spousal petition. However, revisions to the Adjudicator's Field Manual issued in April 2012 provide transgender binational couples the opportunity to remain together in the United States without forcing one partner to undergo sex reassignment surgery. Given the history of discrimination against transgender individuals under U.S. immigration law, these revisions are a significant step in equality for transgender couples. Although these revisions provide many transgender binational couples with a means to remain together in the United States, this Note proposes that, to continue on the path toward equality for transgender couples, special guidelines should not be applied to marriages involving transgender partners if their marriage is deemed a valid heterosexual marriage in the state where solemnized. The goals of U.S. immigration law and compliance with the federal definition of marriage can be achieved without implementing individualized guidelines for transgender binational couples.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
• Transgender spouses of a binational couple should not be subjected to additional guidelines when submitting spousal petitions that, if granted, would afford the couple the opportunity to reside together in the United States
• Transgender individuals should not be subjected to disparate treatment solely because the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services seeks to enforce discriminatory provisions of the Defense of Marriage Act
• A marriage should be recognized by immigration law if it is a valid marriage under the law of the state where the marriage was celebrated
• In order to achieve U.S. immigration law's mission of family unification, nontraditional couples should be afforded the same opportunity to remain together in the United States without additional scrutiny

     

论违反让与禁止的法律后果——兼论《房地产管理法》第38条与《担保法》第37条的规范性质

公法上的让与禁止属《合同法》第52条第5项规定的"法律、行政法规的强制性规定",因而须在区分管理性强制性规定和效力性强制性规定的基础上判断违反让与禁止的法律后果。私法上的让与禁止旨在保护特定主体的利益而限制权利人的处分权,故属相对的让与禁止而非绝对的让与禁止。违反相对的让与禁止与违反国家机关发布的让与禁令一样,其后果都是行为相对于所保护的特定主体无效,但受让人可获善意取得制度的保护。违反约定的让与禁止应区分物权和债权而异其效力。《房地产管理法》第38条和《担保法》第37条既不属"法律、行政法规的强制性规定",也不能理解为关于让与禁止或处分禁止的规定,它们在性质上都属警示性规范,因而仅仅是行为规范,不能作为裁判的依据。     

Managing a New ‘Partnership’

Defence allegations about the malpractice of intermediaries in the Lubanga Case have revealed the ICC’s dependence upon intermediaries. Yet, surprisingly, the role of intermediaries has received relatively little attention in the academic literature. Since 2009, the Registry has been developing a court-wide set of guidelines to manage the Court’s relationship with intermediaries, which, if adopted, will substitute a large measure of standardisation over the disparate policies and practices currently in place across the various ICC organs and units. The Victims Rights Working Group and the Open Society Justice Initiative in conjunction with the International Refugee Rights Initiative are prominent amongst civil society actors that are playing a key role in advocating for the protection of, and support for, intermediaries through guidelines. This article examines the emerging position of intermediaries in international criminal law. It argues that adopting guidelines will inculcate a semi-institutionalised status for intermediaries, which both reflects, and contributes to, ‘professionalization’ in international criminal law. However, ‘professionalization’ is problematic to the extent to which it creates obstacles for the involvement of counter-hegemonic voices in international criminal law. Moreover, whatever gains guidelines may bestow on the Court and intermediaries, it is unclear how they can or will mesh with the emerging judicial response to intermediaries at the ICC. Ultimately, the increased regulation of intermediaries is likely to have a profound impact on relations between the different ICC organs; and it is set to be a touchstone for civil society–ICC relations more generally.     

知识产权强制许可中的反垄断法

如何正确处理知识产权与反垄断法的关系,已经成为各国反垄断立法和执法的热点问题。2004年德国联邦法院关于Spundfass一案的判决,确立了知识产权权利人因违反反垄断法而被强制许可的两个前提条件:一是知识产权许可已经成为其他企业进入市场必不可少的条件;二是权利人的拒绝许可没有重大的合理性。知识产权的行使应当受到反垄断法的制约;解决知识产权与反垄断法冲突的方式是衡量知识产权给权利人带的经济利益和限制竞争对社会的影响。中国应尽快出台反垄断法,并尽快制定与知识产权相关的反垄断指南。     

承诺方式的效力考

《中华人民共和国合同法》对承诺方式的效力的规定,过于原则,易出现法律适用上的不一致。本文从法理学的角度对《合同法》第22条进行剖析,以解决实践中出现的承诺方式和要约指定方式的不一致、以行为方式作出的承诺、行为承诺效力的发生标准等法律适用上的问题。     

关于中国民事诉讼法学研究对象和方法的研究回顾与展望

民事诉讼法学的研究对象和方法是民事诉讼法学研究的基本问题,也是民事诉讼法学科的基本理论,本文拟从回顾和展望民事诉讼法学的研究对象、研究范围、体系和内容、指导思想和方法等方面的历史角度来看待中国民事诉讼法学的发展进程,以期推动民事诉讼法学研究的深化。     

Regulatory Science and the Data Quality Act

The importance of data quality was highlighted in an amendment attached to a 2000 law enacted by the 106th U.S. Congress. The law known as the “Data Quality Act” or the “Information Quality Act,” mandated that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issue guidance to federal agencies for “ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utilility, and integrity of information (including statistical information) disseminated by federal agencies.” In turn, OMB required more than 90 federal agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to implement data quality guidelines. These guidelines have created a rigorous, if not rancorous, debate within the regulated community. This paper will provide a brief synopsis of the evolution of the Act, discuss how the Act and scientific uncertainty interrelate, and review the status of the Act's petition process for correcting government disseminated information.     

The legal basis for ethical withholding and withdrawing of life-sustaining medical treatment in children

Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatment are common in paediatric practice, especially in intensive care units. However, not all clinicians apparently adhere to principles in ethical guidelines or to the principles which are to be found in judgments from common law cases arising when doctors and parents dispute treatment. This article examines selected ethical guidelines and compares them to judgments in leading cases. The rationale to forgo treatment is usually the child's "best interests" in both clinical practice guidelines and legal cases but in the former "best interests" may remain ill defined. Although "best interests" must essentially pertain to the individual child, the interests of others are not irrelevant. In legal cases "best interests" of the child are defined in terms such as "burden versus benefit", "futility", "indignity", "intolerability", "prolonging death rather than saving life" and "quality of life". These or like terms should form the basis of ethical decisions in discussions with parents when contemplating withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment.     

The Changing Face of Corporate Liability – New Hard Law and the Increasing Influence of Soft Law

The first frameworks defining standards of human rights protection specifically for business enterprises were non-binding “soft law” like the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. In recent times, a “hardening” of corporate human rights law has taken place. Several acts of “hard law” have been implemented at a national and EU level. This article provides an overview of the most important ones. The “hard law” provisions differ in their scope: some obligate companies to report on human rights, others stipulate concrete obligations to conduct human rights due diligence. Another way of tackling the issue of human rights compliance has been demonstrated by the prosecution of companies in the United States. While procedural guidelines abstractly stipulate an effective compliance system to be a mitigating factor, the US Department of Justice regularly defines concrete compliance obligations in deferred or non-prosecution agreements. This development could lead to comprehensive liability for negligence due to organisational and monitoring deficiencies. But who defines the standards? This article examines how the changing practice of human rights compliance may have “feedback effects” on hard law, particularly by changing the scale of negligence. Regarding the lack of effectiveness of some due diligence measures, especially in the “certification industry”, it is then asked how legislation may proactively exert influence by defining effective CSR instruments necessary to prevent civil and criminal liability. Using the example of German law, a proposal is made to implement an obligation of human rights due diligence in “hard law” and, simultaneously, set up an independent expert commission that drafts guidelines specifying the necessary measures for different kinds of companies.     

Structured Sentencing in Florida: Is the Experiment Over?

This article considers the history of structured sentencing in Florida, beginning with initial efforts to establish sentencing guidelines in 1977 and culminating in legislative action that abolishes the guidelines effective 1 October 1998 and establishes the Florida Criminal Punishment Code effective the same date. The conclusion of the article is that structured sentencing has never been widely accepted in Florida and that the Florida Criminal Punishment Code will probably be received in the same manner. Sentencing guidelines have been perceived by prosecutors and law enforcement officials as too lenient and by judges as too restrictive on their discretion. Outside factors such as prison population growth and political concerns have had a tremendous effect on sentencing policy. It is unlikely that the process of constant ferment and change in the Florida sentencing system will end any time soon since the Florida Criminal Punishment Code embodies essentially the same structure and principles as the guidelines it replaces.     

法理考量：区域经济发展的法治起点

区域经济发展是当下中国重要的理论和实践课题,法学上对之关注较少。从法理学角度为区域经济发展提供理论指引,以法理考量作为区域经济发展的法治起点,分析区域经济发展应当重视的基础性问题,有助于引导区域经济发展法律规制,促进区域经济发展法治化,使区域经济发展成果得以共享。