区分扩张解释与类推适用的路径新探

如何区分扩张解释与类推解释,是贯彻罪刑法定原则的客观需要。本文主张以"刑法正文"———"体系化的文义",作为区分扩张解释与类推适用的标准。在刑法正文范围内揭示需要解释事项的体系化文义的,是解释;反之,是类推。与"字面含义"、"真实含义"、"通常含义"、"可能具有的含义"等概念不同的是,"刑法正文"是一个结构性概念,表现为从"点"到"面"再到法律体系之整"体",它首先着眼于某一个具体的刑法分则条文,并进一步地关注与这一分则条文具有密切联系的若干个分则条文,然后是刑法分则以至整部刑法,乃至于整个法律体系范围内,发现待解释事项的"体系化的文义"。     

Law and Violence in Richard Wright's ‘Native Son’

This paper seeks to intervene in the continuing debate around violence as a function of law and violence as a condition of justice. It examines a key literary work of the American civil rights movement as an instance of the establishment of an ethical community anchored by the literary text, and argues that, within such a community, the literary text is the counter-violence to which the law can yield. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

合同法上的默示条款制度研究

在英关法系国家，默示条款制度是填补合同漏洞的相应制度。根据添加默示条款的依据可以将其分为三类：事实上的默示条款、法律上的默示条款、习惯上的默示条款。其中，法律上的默示条款又可以分为判例法上的默示条款与成文法上的默示条款。通过考察事实上的默示条款、法律上的默示条款以及习惯上的默示条款，可以看出，主导着法院添加默示条款的实质性思维方式是法律经济学的。沿着法律经济学的进路，传统的规范性默示条款理论不仅被简化了，而且人们的思考也被节省了。从实证的角度考察，无可否认我国合同法律体系中存在着实质意义上的默示条款制度，但是欠缺体系化的研究与整饰。     

Auctioneers and Misdescription: Between Scylla and Charybdis

In Elidor Investments SA v Christie's, Manson Woods Ltd the court implied a term as to Wednesbury reasonableness into an auctioneer's agency contract which fettered its ‘sole and complete discretion’ to describe lots. It is contended that, in so doing, the court unjustifiably and unnecessarily extended the jurisdiction into areas where it was not required and, in granting an injunction to restrain the sale of the lots, failed properly to apply the appropriate criteria.     

试论文学意义的多层次存在

文学意义问题在西方现代文论中占有非常重要的地位。本文分析了作者意图、作品意图和读者意图等文本意义存在的三个层面,阐述了这三个层面之间的关系,指出文学意义的实现依赖于作者、作品和读者之间的综合作用,对任何一方的忽略或过分强调,都不可能对文学意义有完整的理解。     

The search engine's dilemma: implied licence to crawl and cache?

A German court rules that web publishers who choose not to usewidely available technical protection measures, such as therobot exclusion protocol (robot.txt), grant an implied licenceto search engines to crawl and cache for the purpose of indexingcontent on the internet.     

法检和谐--构建和谐社会的重要内容--浅论我国人民法院、检察院关系之冲突与协调

法检不和谐直接影响到司法机关司法职能的发挥,进而部分弱化了我国社会主义司法的功能,其危害不可低估.但目前,各级法检机关领导干部甚或党委、人大的领导同志,并未引起足够的重视,听之任之.针对我国一些地方存在的法院检察院两院关系不和谐现象,指出法检和谐是构建和谐社会的重要内容.法检关系的和谐,应当引起各级党委、人大、政法委、法院检察院领导同志的高度重视,从构建社会主义和谐社会的高度,深入调查研究,认真分析论证,采取切实有效措施加以解决.     

从能指到所指?——文学翻译个案研究

在文学文本的阐释中,语言的解码对于译者而言具有不同于读者的特殊性,译者往往专注于原语文本———目的语文本的深层解码———编码,而忽略目的语文本的表层编码,正是这后一个缺项,压缩了目的语读者应有的解码空间。因而,译者在面临以能指为特征的文本时,应尽量再现目的语文本能指的指涉空间,即还能指以能指。     

再论不确定法律概念之司法审查———立足于第103号行政审判指导案例的考察简

不确定法律概念往往成为行政诉讼争议的焦点.实践中,法院消极审查可能导致行政诉讼目的难以实现,积极审查又可能干涉行政权的行使.然而,国内学者的观点——不确定法律概念可分为经验概念和价值概念,对于经验概念,法院可以进行严格审查;对于价值概念,法院应给予高度的尊重——在司法权与行政权地位明显失衡的现状下以及在实现行政诉讼目的和司法最终裁决原则的要求下,已经明显“站不住脚”了.本文通过对第103号行政审判指导案例的分析,认为应确立对所有不确定法律概念都可进行司法审查的原则,在此前提下依据对不确定法律概念进行的重新分类再确定相应的司法审查程度和司法审查标准.     

Assessing the Effects of Court Date Notifications within Pretrial Case Processing

Jurisdictions at every level throughout the U.S. are paying an increasing amount of attention to pretrial case processing. The primary areas of attention appear to be on risk assessment development and classification, the effects of pretrial detention, and the effectiveness of various strategies that may impact a defendant’s failure to appear for their assigned court dates. The current study is a randomized experimental trial designed to test the effects of court notification strategies, using failure to appear (FTA) as the primary outcome of interest. Our findings do not reveal a palpable effect for court notification strategies (telephone calls, and text messaging, with other conditions layered in), but do indicate and reinforce the utility of an actuarial method of risk classification when predicting likelihood of FTA.     

Legal Causality and Criminal Intent in the Legal Discourse

In this article I analyse linguistic means employed to reconstruct causality in court. Identifying the causal relations that induced the occurrence in reality is particularly important when the mental element of the offence is considered proving criminal intent is showing existence of a causal relation between an intention and a legally prohibited act.I show that the legal significance of an action depends on the time of the action relative to other events. I will show that in the legal-criminal discourse simultaneity implies causality. In particular, if discussing a concrete occurrence, an event is proved to be simultaneous or almost simultaneous with an action – then causation between the action and the event is commonly implied if the event seems to the court as a reasonable motive for the particular action.I exemplify how the institutional speakers use time conjunctions indicating actions that happen simultaneously or almost simultaneously in order to prove existence of a causal relation, and how they present the simultaneity as incidental in order to deny existence of such a relation.     

完善译文的文学功能乃文学翻译的核心问题——兼论文学翻译的创作本质

文学翻译的过程同时也是创作文学作品的过程.文学翻译的性质决定了文学翻译的核心问题是努力做到全面实现译文的文学功能,即原文文学意境的传达,或者说原作文学效果的再现,译者应当把完善译文的文学功能作为自己的主要目标.因此,创作文学作品是文学翻译的根本任务,而译文则是作者和译者共同写作的结果.     

形式主义“创造/模仿观”对文学翻译实践的启示

形式主义的"创造/模仿观"重视文学作品中故事的构建方式,让读者关注叙事技巧、版面设计、文字游戏、特殊句式等形式特征,对文学翻译具有特殊的启示意义。它让文学译者摒弃传统"重意轻形"的翻译方法,关注原文的叙事技巧,努力传达原文的文字游戏、版面设计等形式特征,实现译文在形式与内容上与原文的对等。     

Training of legal professionals in DNA evidence

The South African Criminal Legal System is based on Roman Dutch law. Court proceedings are led by a single presiding officer of the court. Prosecutors and defence advocates present the court with evidence in an adversarial manner. This system has inherent advantages and disadvantages and therefore the training of legal professionals in handling DNA evidence in court is important. The prosecutors resort under the National Prosecuting Authority and the defence advocates act independently or e.g. under the auspices of Legal Aid South Africa.Education curricula of legal professional do not include forensic science evidence. Principles such as evidential value in the forensic context are not addressed. Training of legal professionals with our Essential DNA Evidence™ Course has been a multiplier of forensic science knowledge in the legal profession in South Africa. We present prosecution and defence perspectives in an unbiased manner, compensating for the possible subjective interpretations of evidence that may be presented in court. Forensic evidence is subsequently carefully evaluated prior to being court presentation thus improving court efficiency, and allowing for a more focussed approach to the presentation of evidence. Approaches to the customisation of course content that adds value has been identified via evaluation of training programmes.Experience has shown that legal professionals have the ability to incorporate relatively complex scientific concepts into their legal arguments if provided with the appropriate training opportunity. Appropriate training in DNA evidence has made the court process more effective, both in terms of time and costs, and ultimately serves justice.     

文本研究与文学史写作的新构想

文学研究有外部研究和内部研究之分,具体则又可分为文学史研究、思潮流派研究、文学文化研究、作家研究和文本研究等多种.上世纪80年代之前,中国现当代文学曾经历过作家研究和作品(文本)研究颇显狭隘和单一的辉煌期,但近年来,却是文学文化研究成为中心,文本研究日趋式微,受到冷落.如何评价这一现象,如何看待文本研究在中国现当代文学研究中的意义,贺仲明、李怡、张光芒、吴义勤等几个从事中国现当代文学教学和研究的中青年学者,分别从学科发展、中国现代文学特征、文学史写作和文学批评几个方面表达了看法.他们形成的基本共识是:文本是文学的基础,文学性是文学最基本的属性.虽然不能将文学研究僵化为单一的文本研究,应该在开放的前提上开展文本研究,但加强文本研究、深化文本研究,是当前中国现当代文学研究者应该关注的任务,只有这样,我们才能深化对文学本体、对中国现当代文学特征的认识,强化中国现当代文学学科的科学性和规范性,促进文学批评的现实针对性.     

20世纪中国文学建构中的新传统因素

清末民初是20世纪中国文学新传统形成的重要阶段,特别是在中国意识的影响下,中国文学的文学观念、制度建构和审美趋向等方面都出现了有别于古典文学和西方文学的新传统因素,诸如文学功能的历史化、文学建构的社会化和文学演进的尚武化等都较大地改变了文学书写的整体面貌。     

Sharing a Single Seat: The Poetics and Politics of Male Intimacy in the Vikramāṅkakāvya

In this essay, I trace the enabling conditions for the major statement of the subversive subtext in Bilhaṇa’s Vikramāṅkadevacarita (VDC) by unpacking the operation of the work’s patent, eulogistic text. In particular, I will explore the place given to the depiction of male intimacy as a poetic substitute or simulacrum for the political alliances central to Vikramāditya’s coming to the throne, as described in the mahākāvya’s fourth through sixth sargas. My intention in focusing on the intense friendships between men is to highlight a significant rhetorical strategy of Bilhaṇa’s, which allowed the poet both to introduce and to buffer the poem’s most explicit statement of his skepticism towards royal power. It is this charged affective theme—one that occupied only a tenuous position within the regnant critical discourse of literary emotion at the time—that sets up Bilhaṇa’s most powerful and explicit denunciation of kingship. The explicit theme of royal praise and the subtext of its denunciation can thus be seen as contrapuntally related, which goes some way towards explaining how the court poet was able to successfully carry off his potentially incendiary literary project.     

The role of power in shaming interactions: how social control is performed in a juvenile court

Shaming is a mechanism theorists have highlighted as an important means of social control. However, this concept and the ways in which officials use shame in the context of formal social control is not easily studied. Interviews with a Southern California juvenile court judge and observations of his interactions with youths on probation are used to illustrate the reflexive nature of social control interactions. This ethnographic study illustrates how the emotion of shame is used to manage delinquent and defiant young people in a justice setting. A nuanced analysis of the various strategies used by this juvenile court judge to evoke signs of remorse, accountability, and deference from young offenders is provided. Such an investigation informs theoretical perspectives on how social control is employed, highlights the important role of power in the interactions, and provides a better understanding of theoretical concepts, such as reintegration and stigmatization.     

国际民商事合同中的默示选法问题研究

在国际民商事合同的法律适用问题上,尊重当事人默示选法的意图,得到国内法与国际条约层面的广泛接受。但当事人默示选法在理论上还存在诸多争论。当事人的默示选法应当是对当事人业已存在的默示选法意图之认定,而不是对其选法意图的推定或假设,而且,当事人的默示选法在本质上是明示选法的一种特殊形式。在实践中,据以确定默示选法的因素包括仲裁(法院)选择条款、相关交易中的法律选择条款、在合同中"提及"或"并入"某国法律以及标准格式合同等。在认定当事人的默示选法时,应将上述指示因素以及合同和案件的整体情况综合起来一并考量。现有条约和国内法实践表明,对于默示选法的证明要求问题,各国尚未形成一致做法。我们应该在承认当事人默示选法的前提下,一方面要严格默示选法的证明要求,另一方面要进一步明确默示选法实施过程中应注意的相关难题。     

现代英国家事案件审判体制的变迁及其启示

英国家事案件审判体制的变革顺应了社会发展,反映了民众呼声,从最初由宗教法院审理离婚案件发展到20世纪末建立完整的三级家事案件审判体制,即家事程序法院——治安法院中由家庭问题专家开庭审理案件;郡法院;高等法院家事法庭。英国家事案件审判体制变迁的司法理念包括建立专门的家事法庭;设立专门的保护儿童权利的机构;重视和解和调解工作。对我国未来司法体系变革的启示是：建立专门的家事合议庭;建立配套的儿童保护机构;完善家事纠纷中的法院调解。