轿车与自行车碰撞事故仿真研究及骑车者致伤特点分析

目的研究计算机仿真技术重建自行车骑行状态下交通事故发生过程,并探讨此技术在分析真实事故中骑车者人体致伤方式、特点及损伤程度上的可行性。方法通过对事故人、车痕迹鉴定和模型建立,构建相关碰撞环境并利用高性能计算机及PC-Crash软件对事故进行再现研究。结果计算机仿真技术建立的人、车模型在模拟碰撞过程中,骑车者发生的运动过程、损伤分布及损伤动力学响应结果与法医学尸表检验人体损伤部位、程度基本吻合。结论利用计算机仿真技术重建自行车骑行状态下的事故碰撞过程、分析骑车者致伤方式及提供损伤部位动力学响应参数等,对于交通伤法医学鉴定及深化交通伤机制研究具有参考价值。     

计算机模拟再现道路交通事故特点分析

目的将计算机仿真技术应用于道路交通事故鉴定领域，实现道路交通事故发生过程及当事人致伤方式的重建。方法基于对事故现场痕迹、车辆损坏和人体损伤等检验鉴定，利用事故再现软件及高性能计算机计算分析，对40起真实事故的碰撞过程及致伤方式进行重建分析，并以2起典型案例进行说明。结果事故再现效果与现场痕迹、车辆痕迹、人体损伤痕迹有关；40起事故再现中．28起符合性好，9起较好，3起欠理想；碰撞过程的准确再现有助于对致伤方式进行分析。结论计算机仿真模拟重建道路交通事故的发生过程及当事人的致伤方式在辅助道路交通事故鉴定中具有应用价值。     

再现技术在道路交通事故鉴定中的应用

事故再现是近年来交通安全领域研究的热点和难点,利用再现技术重建事故发生的碰撞瞬间及人体运动过程,对于法医分析交通伤致伤方式、损伤特点等具有重要价值。本文从我国道路交通事故鉴定的现状入手,通过对再现技术相关碰撞试验、假人模型和碰撞模型等的介绍,探讨事故再现技术在道路交通事故鉴定中的应用前景,进一步为事故责任认定服务。     

车外人员与汽车碰撞事故现场痕迹特点分析

道路交通事故的发生是人、车、道路等因素综合作用的结果，碰撞过程中。三者之间在极短的时间内发生了强烈的相互作用，如制动、碰撞、损伤产生等。事故发生后。根据国家GA41—2005《道路交通事故痕迹物证勘验》标准规定。交通事故现场痕迹包括路面痕迹、车体痕迹、人体痕迹、其它痕迹等勘验是确定交通事故责任和成因的主要依据。本文研究中通过对200起车外无防御能力的道路使用者（行人、自行车、三轮车、摩托车）与汽车碰撞事故现场痕迹。如人一车一道路位置。车辆的制动印痕、行驶速度、碰撞痕迹，人体致伤特点等各种客观的信息参数．寻找易于提取、利于计算分析、有助于事故重建的现场痕迹参数特点。以此建立起基于现场痕迹信息综合处理的事故再现参数体系。为后续重建交通事故碰撞过程研究提供参考依据。     

关于电动车相撞致人重伤逃逸的定性

近年来,骑电动自行车被其他机动车辆肇事致死致伤的人数逐年增加,市、县（区）检察机关审查起诉的电动自行车交通肇事案件每年以2%-4%的幅度递增。驾驶电动自行车违反交通规则,引发交通事故,危害公共安全,已经成为除机动车外,另一大安全隐患。驾驶电动自行车引发的交通事故,除了电动自行车和汽车等发生碰撞造成伤亡外,现在电动自行车之间、电动自行车和自行车之间、电动自行车和行人之间的事故也越来越多。     

骑跨伤在机动车碰撞自行车事故中的特征及生物力学分析

目的以真实案例为基础,研究自行车与机动车碰撞交通事故中,不同机动车型、交通方式等因子造成自行车骑车人下肢内侧骑跨伤的特征,分析其生物力学机制。方法选取上海地区发生的自行车与机动车碰撞交通事故案例140例,全面收集现场、自行车、机动车、人体、交通方向等信息,运用回顾性研究方法分析,同时,选取其中典型案例,通过计算机仿真技术模拟事故发生过程,提取人体各受伤部位的动力学响应数值,如加速度、力和力矩等,与案例研究结果对比。结果全部事故中出现骑跨伤与无骑跨伤案例频数相等;侧面撞击与前后方向撞击骑跨伤的发生情况无显著性差别;大型车辆撞击事故中出现骑跨伤频率较低;骑跨伤的发生频率随车速加大而增高;就骑跨伤的分布来说,撞击侧下肢骑跨伤位置低(链条、脚蹬管等损伤),而对侧骑跨伤位置高(鞍座损伤),在小型车辆撞击时该特点更明显。结论分析自行车骑车人的骑跨伤特征和生物力学机制有望对道路交通行为方式鉴定提供新依据。     

致伤方式推断在道路交通事故再现研究及责任认定中的作用

本文从法医学的角度,论述了道路交通事故致伤方式推断的方法、特点以及与涉案人员交通行为方式鉴定、死因分析的相关性,强调了致伤方式推断在事故重建及涉案人员责任认定中的重要性。并以3起真实的道路交通事故为例,阐述了致伤方式推断分析的过程,进一步结合碰撞软件对事故进行计算机仿真研究,再现过程表明致伤方式推断的正确性,初步验证了从致伤方式推断入手分析涉案人员交通行为方式、死亡原因的可行性;同时指出对于致伤方式不明确的道路交通事故,可通过事故遗留的制动轨迹、速度等进行计算机模拟研究,对于致伤方式推断具有一定的参考价值。     

利用三维激光扫描技术还原事故过程及驾乘关系分析

目的探讨三维激光扫描仪和计算机技术在还原事故现场、事故过程重建及驾乘关系鉴定中的应用。方法运用三维激光扫描仪对一起交通事故现场、事故车辆及与事故车辆同型号车进行扫描,计算机技术对事故现场、痕迹及事故车辆进行整合,还原事故现场,结合人体损伤,重建并分析事故过程。结果经三维激光扫描仪还原事故现场及重建事故过程,明确事发时吴某位于驾驶位。结论利用三维激光扫描技术还原事故现场、事故过程重建、分析车内人员运动轨迹更客观、科学,有助于提高道路交通事故司法鉴定的精度。     

汽车碰撞中乘员损伤成因分析与计算机仿真研究

目的运用计算机仿真技术模拟汽车碰撞过程,为法医学鉴定及交通事故处理提供参考依据。方法通过对汽车碰撞中乘员损伤成因分析及车辆痕迹检验,建立有效的人体、车辆仿真模型,利用动量冲量法与多刚体动力学结合仿真求解乘员运动模式,客观再现乘员交通伤特点。结果计算机仿真汽车碰撞过程中,人体模型上碰撞部位的分布符合法医学检验所得结果。结论计算机仿真求解乘员交通伤的方法在法医学鉴定和事故责任认定中具有参考价值。     

基于痕迹检验的交通事故再现鉴定案例分析

交通事故再现是确定交通事故责任和事故成因的方法之一。在利用事故再现仿真软件进行交通事故再现过程中,应以交通事故现场痕迹的客观事实为依据。结合一起汽车与两轮车碰撞的交通事故案例,通过交通事故现场痕迹检验,分析交通事故形态,确定相关仿真再现参数。利用PC-crash软件,建立汽车、两轮车和人体模型,进行事故重建,并利用路面痕迹、车体痕迹、人体痕迹等对再现结果进行了验证。在鉴定中将事故过程再现与现场痕迹鉴定结合起来,提高了交通事故鉴定的客观性和科学性。     

机动车外后视镜对人体损伤的研究

目的探讨机动车外后视镜对人体损伤的特点。方法对10例于1990-2005年间在华西医科大学法医学院鉴定的案例进行回顾性的调查,所有研究对象均为机动车外后视镜损伤患者。结果在车内驾驶员为左眼损伤,前排乘客为右眼损伤,均被同则外后视镜碎片所致,而在车外分为两类,一类为骑自行车的中学生,被外后视镜撞伤,以颅脑损伤居多,另一类为行走老年人,被后视镜撞伤,表现为四肢骨折。结论根据其受伤特征,提出相应的预防措施。     

Fatal pedestrian-bicycle collisions

Although, fatal collisions between pedestrians and bicycles are relatively rare, they are still of forensic relevance because of the need to explore the circumstances of the accident. Based on three reconstructed cases, situation and injury patterns are presented that might prove useful in future cases: usually the person causing the accident is the cyclist while the pedestrian generally suffers more severe injuries; the situation at the site of accident is important for its reconstruction: end location of the persons involved in the accident, injuries and traces on pedestrians and cyclists, traces at the site of accident and on the bicycle; because of the lack of pre-crash traces and any eyewitness accounts, the pedestrian's injuries are the best starting point for the reconstruction of the accident; a characteristic wound on the lower leg of the pedestrian that reveals the initial impact between the front wheel and the leg is crucial not because of its seriousness, but because of its external morphology; the injuries that can be expected by the following impact between body and handlebar are unspecific and only minor; the most severe injuries to the pedestrian as a result of the accident are caused secondarily by falling and hitting the head on the road; the fall of the cyclist, however, corresponds to a throw-off followed by a sliding phase with less impact load when the head hits the ground [maximum abbreviated injury scale 1 (MAIS 1)]; the cyclists involved are mainly younger persons on fashionable bicycles (here: mountain bikes); in the great majority of cases, the injured pedestrians are frail, elderly people with a lower tolerance of trauma.     

道路交通事故速度重建技术现状

事故车辆行驶速度是道路交通事故调查的重要内容,也是公安交通管理部门进行事故认定,法院进行司法审判的关键技术依据。目前事故车辆行驶速度调查的主要途径是办案单位委托具有专业技术能力的司法鉴定机构进行速度重建,使用的方法主要有基于事故形态的速度重建、基于模拟软件的速度重建、基于车载记录数据的速度重建和基于视频图像的速度重建。通过从速度重建的技术发展、执业类别和能力验证等方面介绍了我国道路交通事故速度重建技术的发展现状。     

A Holistic Multi-Scale Approach to Using 3D Scanning Technology in Accident Reconstruction

Three-dimensional scanning and documentation methods are becoming increasingly employed by law enforcement personnel for crime scene and accident scene recording. Three-dimensional documentation of the victim's body in such cases is also increasingly used as the field of forensic radiology and imaging is expanding rapidly. These scanning technologies enable a more complete and detailed documentation than standard autopsy. This was used to examine a fatal pedestrian-vehicle collision where the pedestrian was killed by a van while crossing the road. Two competing scenarios were considered for the vehicle speed calculation: the pedestrian being projected forward by the impact or the pedestrian being carried on the vehicle's bonnet. In order to assist with this, the impact area of the accident vehicle was scanned using laser surface scanning, the victim was scanned using postmortem CT and micro-CT and the data sets were combined to virtually match features of the vehicle to injuries on the victim. Micro-CT revealed additional injuries not previously detected, lending support to the pedestrian-carry theory.     

Application of 3D documentation and geometric reconstruction methods in traffic accident analysis: with high resolution surface scanning, radiological MSCT/MRI scanning and real data based animation

The examination of traffic accidents is daily routine in forensic medicine. An important question in the analysis of the victims of traffic accidents, for example in collisions between motor vehicles and pedestrians or cyclists, is the situation of the impact. Apart from forensic medical examinations (external examination and autopsy), three-dimensional technologies and methods are gaining importance in forensic investigations. Besides the post-mortem multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the documentation and analysis of internal findings, highly precise 3D surface scanning is employed for the documentation of the external body findings and of injury-inflicting instruments. The correlation of injuries of the body to the injury-inflicting object and the accident mechanism are of great importance. The applied methods include documentation of the external and internal body and the involved vehicles and inflicting tools as well as the analysis of the acquired data. The body surface and the accident vehicles with their damages were digitized by 3D surface scanning. For the internal findings of the body, post-mortem MSCT and MRI were used. The analysis included the processing of the obtained data to 3D models, determination of the driving direction of the vehicle, correlation of injuries to the vehicle damages, geometric determination of the impact situation and evaluation of further findings of the accident. In the following article, the benefits of the 3D documentation and computer-assisted, drawn-to-scale 3D comparisons of the relevant injuries with the damages to the vehicle in the analysis of the course of accidents, especially with regard to the impact situation, are shown on two examined cases.     

An innovative method for human height estimation combining video images and 3D laser scanning

Digitalization has increased the number of video surveillance systems that sometimes capture crime images. Traditional methods of human height estimation use projective geometry. However, sometimes they cannot be used because the video camera surveillance system is not available or has been moved and there are no reference lines on the frame. Scientific studies have developed a new method for human height estimation using 3D laser scanning. This model necessarily requires a series of approximations, which increase the final measurement error. To overcome this problem, in the present study, images of a subject are projected directly on the 3D model, estimating the height of the subject. This article describes the methodological approach adopted through the analysis of a real case study in a controlled environment executed by Carabinieri Forensic Investigation Department (Italy). The aim is to obtain a human anthropometric measure derived from frames extracted from the videos associated with the digital survey of the framed area obtained with 3D laser scanning and point cloud analysis. The result is the height estimation of five subjects filmed by a camera obtained through the combination of 2D images extracted by a DVR/surveillance systems with 3D laser scanning. Results show that most estimated measurements are less than the real measurement of the subject; it also depends on the posture of the subject while walking. Furthermore, results shows the differences between the real height and the estimated height with a statistical approach.     

多层螺旋CT与三维重建技术在法医损伤学中的应用

影像学技术发展迅速．已经成为临床诊断、治疗不可或缺的有效工具。利用MSCT与三维重建技术进行虚拟解剖,因为具有非破坏性、可显示特殊部位损伤形态、分析快速且便捷、便于证据保存和出示等特点在法医学尸体解剖中日益凸显优势．在法医损伤学研究及实践鉴定过程中具有较高的应用价值。文章综述了利用MSCT与三维重建技术在锐器伤、钝器伤、高坠伤、交通伤等实践领域的研究成果,并通过实践检案中遇到的典型案例,探讨多层螺旋CT与三维重建技术在法医学损伤鉴定中的应用价值。     

Cervical airway injuries as a result of impact with steering wheel rim

Motor vehicle occupants may suffer severe cervical airway injuries as the result of impaction with the steering wheel, dashboard, windshield, backseat, and seat belt. Although the steering column is well recognized as a general site of injury infliction, less attention has been directed to components which may be the actual focal point of contact, such as the steering wheel rim. Two cases of cervical airway injury as a result of impact with the steering wheel rim are presented, including one instance of complete laryngotracheal transection. Correlation of injury with crash and postcrash sequences as well as the damaged vehicle will often provide excellent crash injury reconstruction.