欧俄能源合作中的大国博弈

At present,the European Union,the United States and Russia are engaged in some political jousting over energy resourcing between Europe and Russia based on their different interests and geostrategic orientation.The US and Europe share similar geopolitical interests,while Europe and Russia share economic interests in energy cooperation,and this dichotomy will have a major impact on the evolving trilateral relations among the EU,the US and Russia.Therefore,it is necessary to deepen our analysis of the major-power contention in EU-Russia energy cooperation and study its influence and future trend.     

Analysis of the Strategic Influence of the Ukraine Crisis

Because the Ukraine crisis involves far more than domestic conflict, the geopolitical competition between the West and Russia has heated up. This has not substantially changed power relations, but with Ukraine inclining to the West, the U.S. and Russia are strategic adversaries there. Since disagreements between Europe and Russia are moderated by energy needs, sanctions against Russia can only go so far. The sanctions, however, have meant stronger cooperation between China and Russia, putting the U.S. at a disadvantage even while it continues its Asia-Pacific "rebalancing" strategy.     

Abstract

01
The Historical Context of the Ukraine Crisis and Its Revelation, by Ding Yuanhong, Former Chinese Ambassador to EU and Former Director of Policy Research Department of the Foreign Ministry, PRC. The Ukraine crisis has quickly evolved into a fierce contention over Ukraine between Russia on the one side and the U.S. and Europe on the other side, and resulted in Crimea merging with Russia. This is a significant event in recent years that would further change the global political pattern and have ensuing effects on the future world. The outbreak of the Ukraine crisis has its profound historical roots and cultural background, which was coupled with internal political, economic and social dismays as well as the intervention of the West.     

The Practice and Impacts of Russian-style Hybrid Warfare

The term hybrid warfare was first coined by US military scholars and later widely adopted in the West to refer to Russian military operations in the Ukrainian and Syrian crises.In Russia,it is called "Gerasimovism".Russia adapted the idea of hybrid warfare for its military operations in Ukraine and Syria into a Russian-style hybrid warfare that has seen successful results so far.This model is likely to impact future military developments.     

Ⅱ. Pragmatic Interaction between Big Powers

Lu: It is very difficult to summarize the relationship among bigpowers in 2004. Looking east, there existed a "small cold war" named by some media between Europe and Russia and between the United States and Russia; with regard to the "orange revolution" in Ukraine at the end of the year, a rival show was displayed between America, Europe and Russia. Looking east, a fresh scent seems to fill the air: under the Six Party Talks, China, the United States, Russia and Japan jointly discuss the method to solve the Korean nuclear crisis; China and America's position on the Taiwan issue come closer. Powell regards Sino-U. S. relations as entering "the best period in history." How do we view the phenomenon? How will it develop in 2005?     

欧俄能源合作中的大国博弈（英文）

正At present,the European Union,the United States and Russia are engaged in some political jousting over energy resourcing between Europe and Russia based on their different interests and geostrategic orientation.The US and Europe share similar geopolitical interests,while Europe and Russia share economic interests in energy cooperation,and this     

EU Enlargement in the 21st Century： New Stage and Challenges

Internal reform and the external enlargement are two key areas being discussed in EU integration. Since the sudden changes in Eastern Europe after the Cold War more than 20 years ago, the EU has been making tireless efforts on its eastern expansion project. That said, the attempt to include Ukraine as a member state recently triggered chaos in Europe that has not been seen in decades, flaring up a serious struggle between Russia and Western countries. Currently, EU enlargement faces a more complicated situation and is in urgent need of new measures.     

On "Pivot to East" in Russian Diplomacy

Pressure from the US and Europe in the form of diplomatic isolation,military confrontation and economic sanctions caused Russia to seek this new path of national development.Called "Pivot to East" by scholars within and outside Russia,the systemic procedure covers political,economic and military spheres.Russia has significantly lifted the status of the Asia-Pacific in its whole diplomatic layout.Selling its oil and natural gas resources and attracting Asian investment to Russia's Far East are part of the economic plan,and cooperative military production of higher-tech weaponry with Asian countries is part of the military's planned direction.     

Retrospect of and Prospects for the European Situation in 2014

In 2014,Europe was embroiled in both internal and external crises.Economic growth was lower than expected and the democratic and welfare systems,considered"reducers of social pressure,"were overwhelmed.This gave rise to the continuous growth of ultra-right and ultra-left forces,which challenged the traditional rules of democracy and its functioning.Crisis broke out unexpectedly in Ukraine,and went from bad to worse,and external risks such as IS and the Ebola epidemic continued to ferment,adding further pressure on Europe.Economically,EU recovery remained fragile and weak.Although it has now emerged from the debt crisis,it is currently experiencing a"growth crisis."The EU and the Eurozone were expected to grow by just     

An Analysis of the Indian Modi Administration's Policy on the South China Sea Issue

Geographically,India is not a country in the region of the South China Sea,nor is it a country concerned in the issue on a geopolitical level or a US ally in the Asia-Pacific region.It has been very cautious to avoid taking sides in the South China Sea issue.However,since Modi took office in 2014,changes have taken place in the external environment that India faces,in maritime safety strategy,as well as in India's policies toward the US and China.India is becoming increasingly active in the issue of the South China Sea,voicing criticism and taking precautions against China.While India's policy on the South China Sea will not be completely the same as that of the United States and Japan,due to concerns for its own interests in the future,it is quite possible that India will take advantage of the issue of the South China Sea and will adopt more comprehensive ways to get involved in the issue.     

European Energy Security Challenges and Solutions

On January 7, 2009 just as Europe was in the midst of a very cold winter, Russia turned off the gas taps to Ukraine, a major transit corridor for Russian gas into Europe. Gas shortage has been reported in more than 20 countries,     

AMERICA''''S NEW EUROPEAN SECURITY STRATEGY

ⅠEarly this year,the US President Bill Clinton made his first visit to Europesince his inauguration as President.He attended the Nato summit held inBrussels,met with heads of state of the Czech Republic,the Slovak Re-public,Poland and Hungary in Prague,and concluded his trip with visits to Russi-a,Ukraine and Byelorussia.During his European tour,he put forward a newstrategy for European security,which consists of the following four basic points:1.To reaffirm that Europe remains the“core”of US security and“central”to US interests(President Clinton).During his European trip,President Clinton made this reaffirmation time andagain.Admittedly,part of the reason for this is to pacify the European allies,making them feel assured.But it is also true that it reflected his real thinking.     

Pragmatic Interaction between Big Powers

Lu: It is very difficult to summarize the relationship among bigpowers in 2004. Looking east, there existed a "small cold war" named by some media between Europe and Russia and between the United States and Russia; with regard to the "orange revolution" in Ukraine at the end of the year, a rival show was displayed between America, Eu- rope and Russia. Looking east, a fresh scent seems to fill the air: under the Six Party Talks, China, the United States, Russia and Japan joint- ly discus…     

ABSTRACTS

As a US--sold new geopolitical concept, the Indo--Pacific represents an ambitious attempt to sustain US leadership and maximize its interests in the Asia--Pacific and Indian Ocean region by emphasizing maritime security and exclusive al- liance/partnerships. India, Japan and Australia respond to the initiative on the basis of their respective interest calcula- tions and policy preferences and seek an important role. The strategic notion of the Indo--Pacific and its implementation will greatly influence the regional multilateral relationships as well as China＇ s policy options toward the changing security landscape.     

“主权欧洲”:欧盟向“硬实力”转型?

Profound changes unseen in a century,especially the transformation of the international order and global structure,have shattered the foundation of the European Union’s international leverage and reshaped its global status profoundly,forcing it to search for a new foreign strategy.Numerous challenges against multilateralism have undermined the institutional basis on which the EU has relied to exert global influence over time,and the intensification of geopolitical competition among major powers reveals the fragility of the European power structure.Frequent crises of the transatlantic alliance not only undermine the EU’s strategic reliance on it but also threaten its core interests directly.The accumulation of internal crises within the EU has seriously endangered its legitimacy while also critically threatening its power foundation.Consequently,reflecting upon the causes of the potential marginalization of its global status,the EU has reemphasized its“strategic autonomy”by proposing new concepts such as“European sovereignty,”a“sovereign Europe,”etc.     

Viewing Europe-Russia Ties from a New Perspective

The Ukrainian election crisis started on November 22 resulted not only from the struggle between pro-West and pro-Russia forces in Ukraine but also from the conflict of different values and strategic interests between the West and Russia. The European Union responded to the Ukrainian election crisis swiftly in step and also in relatively great strength. Therefore, the EU‘s move was strongly criticized by the Russians. So it was not only aggravated still further the two sides‘ mutual distrust, surely it will influence the future development of the bilateral relationship as well.     

Strategy of Rebalance to the Asia-Pacific in Obama＇s New Term and US Ideological Export

Since the beginning of his second term, Barack Obama has made some adjustment to US strategy of rebalance to the Asia-Pacific.The adjustment is aimed at adapting the US to the new features in the post-flnancial crisis era, the new developments in the Asia- Pacific situation and the new changes in the overall US strategy, and it also serves US strategic intentions to dominate the regional affairs, acquire and safeguard its own interests and counterbalance China and it also serves US strategic intentions to dominate the regional affairs, acquire and safeguard its own interests and counterbalance China and prevent it from playing a leading role in the region. It is worth noting that the adjusted rebalance strategy features the purposefulness of US ideological export. The impact of the changes in the contents and means of ideological export on the situation in the Asia-Pacific region deserves attention.     

The Effect of the Ukrainian Crisis on NATO's Transformation

NATO was a product of the Cold War, and the USSR/Warsaw Pact was its top priority. After the Cold War, Russia was still a rival of NATO,but it was no longer regarded as its only opponent. However, with the start of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014, relations between Russia and major Western countries have become tense, and NATO has stepped up efforts to confront Russia. Thus the country is once again attracting NATO＇s attention. Will this interrupt NATO＇s transformation？ What is its future path？ This article will attempt to make some preliminary assessments.     

Are China and Russia Axis or Partners?

After experiencing many ups and downs in their relationship, China and Russia have forged a strategic partnership since the advent of the 21stcentury.While Russia's relations with the United States and the European Union have hit a rough patch, its ties with China are on an upward trend.Meanwhile, the United States and Europe are closely watching the two big neighbors in case of the event of a creation of an anti-Western "axis."Grounded in an analysis of the unique advantages of China-Russia relations, this paper argues that the two countries have established a high level of political trust and will continue to work in concert on all fronts.It also looks back at how China entered into alliances throughout its history and the lessons it has learned from those experiences.It emphasizes that China does not deem the establishment of exclusive alliances or political blocs as a foreign policy option.     

Rising Russian-Western Tensions in the Global Security Context

Tensions between Russia and the West have grown increasingly apparent in recent years. This can be demonstrated in Moscow＇s ideological confrontations with the West, the intensifying rivalry over military strategic force, the fierce geopolitical confrontation, and grave contentions over energy resources between the two. The author concludes that in short, rising Russia-US tensions can hardly be remedied. It is a matter of political significance that merits careful consideration by the international community.