度冷丁慢性依赖和自然戒断大鼠脑神经细胞Bax蛋白的变化

目的探讨度冷丁药物依赖形成机制和法医学鉴定的诊断依据。方法 采用免疫组织化学SP染色法及图像分析技术,观察度冷丁慢性依赖和自然戒断大鼠大脑皮质(CC)、中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)和中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)神经细胞Bax的变化。结果 度冷丁慢性依赖时,大鼠表现为跳跃、竖尾等兴奋症状,自然戒断时出现高度激惹、异常姿势、叩齿、咬牙、腹泻等戒断症状和体征。对照组、慢性依赖组和自然戒断组在CC神经细胞Bax的染色灰度分别为146.0±5.92、118.6±6.77和106.0±7.49;在PAG分别为183.2±7.26、112.0±5.52和119.0±5.43;在VTA分别为171.2±9.65、113.6±4.34和93.2±6.06;BaX的表达在慢性依赖和自然戒断组比对照组明显(p<0.05);自然戒断组比慢性依赖组明显(p<0.05)。Bax阳性神经细胞数的变化趋势与Bax染色灰度结果相同。结论度冷丁药物滥用引起的神经细胞Bax明显增加可能与药物依赖的形成机制有关。Bax免疫组织化学变化可作为度冷丁吸毒法医学鉴定的形态学诊断辅助依据。     

吗啡戒断大鼠中脑腹侧背盖区GAP-43的表达变化

目的观察吗啡戒断大鼠中脑腹侧背盖区生长相关蛋白-43(growth associated protein-43,GAP-43)在不同时程中的表达,探讨GAP-43在吗啡戒断记忆中的作用。方法采用腹腔递增注射盐酸吗啡并自然戒断的方法建立吗啡依赖1周、2周和4周戒断模型,运用免疫组织化学染色观察中脑腹侧背盖区GAP-43的蛋白表达,并用Image-Pro Plus 5.1图像分析软件对结果进行分析。结果中脑腹侧背盖区GAP-43的蛋白表达随依赖时间的延长表现为先降低再升高(P0.01)。结论 GAP-43可能在中脑腹侧背盖区参与了吗啡戒断记忆。     

不同时程吗啡依赖对大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺神经细胞的影响

目的观察不同时程吗啡依赖对大鼠中脑黑质(Substantia nigra,SN)多巴胺能神经细胞的影响。方法按逐日递增原则背部皮下注射盐酸吗啡,建立吗啡依赖大鼠模型,取脑组织经10%福尔马林液固定后石蜡包埋,组织连续切片,免疫组织化学和免疫荧光染色,观察多巴胺能神经细胞特异性标记物酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)蛋白表达变化;Fluoro-Jade B染色观察吗啡依赖不同时程黑质多巴胺能神经细胞变性坏死情况。结果 TH免疫组化结果显示随着吗啡依赖时间的延长黑质阳性细胞逐渐减少,吗啡依赖6周组阳性细胞减少明显。Fluoro-Jade B染色结果证实多巴胺能神经细胞发生了变性坏死。结论较长时程吗啡依赖大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经细胞损伤明显。     

CCK受体拮抗剂对吗啡戒断大鼠海马神经元CaMKⅡα mRNA及蛋白表达的影响

目的研究胆囊收缩素(CCK)受体拮抗剂对吗啡戒断大鼠海马神经元CaMKⅡαmRNA及蛋白表达的影响,进一步探讨CCK受体拮抗剂抑制吗啡戒断症状的作用机制。方法应用剂量递增法皮下注射盐酸吗啡,建立大鼠吗啡躯体依赖模型,将模型鼠的海马组织制成细胞悬液,体外给予不同剂量CCK-A及CCK-B受体拮抗剂,采用RT-PCR和western blot技术分别检测海马神经元CaMKⅡα的mRNA及蛋白表达。结果①慢性吗啡成瘾大鼠海马神经元CaMKⅡα mRNA及蛋白表达与对照组相比均显著增高;②成瘾大鼠海马神经元细胞在给予纳洛酮催促戒断后,与对照组及吗啡组相比,CaMKⅡα mRNA及蛋白均显著降低;③纳洛酮催促戒断组加入不同剂量的CCK-A受体拮抗剂(CR-1409)、CCK-B受体拮抗剂(CR-2945),CaMKⅡα mRNA及蛋白表达与纳洛酮组相比显著升高,并随浓度的升高而升高,两种拮抗剂的作用以CR-2945起主要作用。结论CCK-A、CCK-B受体拮抗剂可以有效地抑制因纳洛酮催促戒断所引起的CaMKⅡα mRNA及蛋白表达降低,并具有剂量依赖性。     

海洛因戒断大鼠位置偏爱及海马神经元膜电性质的变化

目的 研究海洛因戒断期大鼠的位置偏爱性和海马CA1区神经元电生理特性,并探讨行为变化与神经元膜电性质变化之间的关系。方法 制作海洛因慢性给药戒断大鼠模型,对大鼠Y型迷宫位置偏爱行为及其海马CA1区神经元膜电特性,以及电镜下海马皮质突触结构的变化进行观察,并与对照组比较。结果 海洛因慢性给药戒断期,大鼠Y型迷宫位置偏爱显著增强(P<0.01),其海马CA1区神经元静息膜电性质,与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但动作电位(AP)半幅时程和10％-90％衰减时间缩短(P<0.01);兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP)幅值和曲线下面积增大(P<0.01)。电镜下见戒断组动物海马皮质神经突触间隙较对照组变窄,前膜和后膜内电子致密物聚集,密度增高。结论 海洛因慢性给药戒断模型,可引起大鼠明显的位置偏爱,且在不改变静息膜电特性的前提下,海马CA1区神经元AP和EPSP特性及突触结构产生了相应的改变。     

20例海洛因滥用相关死亡案例的法医学分析

目的对20例海洛因滥用相关死亡案例进行回顾性分析,为相关案例的法医学鉴定提供参考依据。方法对20例海洛因相关死亡案例死者的一般情况、毒品使用方式、死亡原因、法医学检验情况进行统计分析,总结案例的死亡原因及法医病理学改变。结果本组案例死者多为青壮年,男性多于女性。组织病理学检验为非特异性改变。死亡原因包括海洛因使用(或泄露)后急性中毒死亡(13例,占65%)、滥用海洛因后继发性疾病(3例,占15%)、吸食海洛因致吸入性窒息(2例,占10%)及戒断综合征导致死亡(2例,占10%)四种。结论海洛因滥用相关死亡者的法医学鉴定,需在全面系统的尸体检验基础上,结合实验室对死者体内海洛因及代谢产物的定性、定量分析,综合案情资料、现场勘验情况进行分析。     

急性心功能障碍大鼠心肌中BNP的表达

目的研究大鼠急性心功能障碍时心肌组织中脑钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)的表达变化,探讨BNP在急性心功能障碍的法医学诊断中的应用价值。方法建立大鼠急性心功能障碍模型,运用免疫组织化学、Western印迹法、实时RT-PCR等技术检测心功能障碍过程中心肌组织BNP蛋白和BNP mRNA的表达变化。结果随心功能障碍持续时间增加,免疫阳性着色不断增强。1～2h主要表现为弱阳性,4～6h心肌细胞主要表现为阳性,10～12h大鼠心肌细胞表现为强阳性。Western印迹法和实时RT-PCR结果均显示,随心功能障碍持续时间增加,BNP明显升高,而且心功能障碍1h即能观察到BNP mRNA显著升高。结论检测心肌组织中BNP蛋白及BNP mRNA的表达能为法医病理学工作者客观评价心功能状态提供一种新的途径。     

不同时程吗啡依赖大鼠依赖相关脑区光镜和电镜观察

目的探讨吗啡依赖中枢神经系统毒理病理不同时程的变化。方法背部皮下递增注射吗啡建立吗啡依赖大鼠模型,光镜和透射电镜下观察不同时程大鼠吗啡依赖相关脑区,即蓝斑核、中脑导水管周围灰质、黑质、豆状核、杏仁核、海马的病理组织学变化,并对突触进行计数,比较与空白对照组的差异。结果吗啡依赖大鼠6个依赖相关脑区均出现神经细胞固缩或肿胀,神经纤维肿胀,线粒体肿胀、畸形,内质网扩张,多聚核糖体解聚,突触数量增多;胶质细胞、脑膜下淋巴细胞增多,随依赖时间的延长而更加显著,并可见胶质结节形成。吗啡依赖8周组、4周组, 大鼠突触数量较空白对照组增多,其差异具有非常显著性意义(P<0．01);吗啡依赖8周组大鼠突触数量的增多,与吗啡依赖1周组、2周组大鼠比较,其差异具有非常显著性意义(P<0．01)。结论吗啡依赖大鼠依赖相关脑区神经细胞呈缺血缺氧性及退行性改变,突触数量增多,并随吗啡依赖时限的延长而明显。     

海洛因对大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4的影响

目的检测不同时程海洛因依赖大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质discs大同源物4(discs large homolog 4,DLG4)的蛋白表达,探讨海洛因依赖对突触后致密结构的影响。方法采用腹腔内递增注射海洛因的方法,建立海洛因依赖的大鼠模型,用免疫组织化学法检测海洛因依赖9、18和36 d大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4蛋白的表达,并与对照组进行比较。结果随海洛因依赖时间的延长,海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4蛋白的表达逐渐降低。结论海洛因依赖可影响海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质突触后致密结构,并随依赖时间的延长,影响更加明显。     

Spry1和MAPK蛋白在病毒性心肌炎心肌组织中的表达

目的通过探讨Spry1和MAPK蛋白在病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis,VMC)心肌组织中的表达,揭示其发病及猝死机制,并为法医学心源性猝死的鉴定提供指导。方法 30只Balb/c雄性小鼠随机分为VMC组和对照组,分别腹腔注射柯萨奇B3病毒和Eagel’s培养液,处死小鼠取心脏,进行常规病理检查,并通过免疫组织化学、Western印迹法及real-time PCR方法检测心肌组织中Spry1蛋白及mRNA、MAPK蛋白表达变化。结果 VMC组在光镜下可见心肌间质水肿,广泛炎症细胞浸润,心肌细胞坏死,心肌纤维形成多处灶性、大片状坏死,心肌组织中Spry1蛋白表达水平低于对照组(P0.05),Spry1 mRNA水平略降低(P0.05);而MAPK蛋白表达水平在VMC组高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 Spry1参与的MAPK/ERK通路在病毒性心肌炎心肌纤维化过程中起着促进胶原表达的作用,从而导致心律失常、心功能减退甚至心源性猝死。     

吸毒案件中的尿吗啡检测

目的　研究吸毒人员停止使用毒品海洛因后 ,尿吗啡含量自然递减的一般规律。方法　对确证的 1 82名吸毒 (海洛因 )人员在停止使用毒品后连续 9天采集尿样 ,用放射免疫分析法检测尿吗啡含量。结果　 1 82名吸毒 (海洛因 )人员在停止吸毒后第 8天 ,尿吗啡平均含量降至 30ng/ml。 结论　在办案中 ,吸毒 (海洛因 )人员的尿样检测 ,建议最好在末次使用海洛因 8天之内     

Heroin Overdose Deaths and Heroin Purity Between 1990 and 2000 in Istanbul,Turkey*

Abstract: Turkey has continuously experienced problems with abuse of, and addiction to, opium derivatives. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between heroin overdose deaths and the characteristics of seized opium derivatives. Data were gathered from the Council of Forensic Medicine of the Ministry of Justice in Istanbul from 1990 to 2000. There were 636 heroin‐related deaths during this period, 595 of which were classified as heroin overdose deaths. Mean crude and weighted heroin purities remained relatively constant and were calculated to be 46% (57–34%) and 51% (39–59%), respectively. The weight of heroin and the number of heroin seizures, but not the heroin purity, were significantly associated with the number of heroin‐related deaths. Prevention strategies are needed to reduce the number of deaths caused by overdoses in countries situated on drug trafficking routes. These strategies should focus on drug trafficking, by providing increased levels of, and support for, law enforcement, stopping the supply of precursor chemicals, and combating corruption among border officials.     

An epidemic of intravenous narcoticism deaths associated with the resurgence of black tar heroin

In the latter part of 1985, a dramatic rise in the number of illicit narcotic (heroin) related deaths in the State of New Mexico became apparent, and this increase persisted through the majority of the following year. A careful inspection of samples of narcotics found at the scenes of death, coupled with changes in the illicit drug traffic detected by local and state law enforcement agencies, revealed that the rising death rate corresponded with the distinctively increased availability of a form of heroin that is produced in Mexico, commonly termed "black tar" heroin. An analysis of heroin deaths, comparing characteristics of cumulative deaths in the six years before the increase with those deaths associated with the apparent epidemic, revealed several significant observations. These factors, along with the distinctive physical features of black tar heroin, suggest that the rise in the narcotic abuse death rate may be related to both unfamiliarity with this type of heroin on the part of the user and the inherent difficulty of diluting nonpowdered forms of the drug to sublethal levels.     

海洛因成瘾大鼠心电图及心肌超微结构改变的研究

目的探讨海洛因成瘾大鼠心电图及心肌超微结构的改变,为海洛因对心脏的损害机制提供研究基础。方法建立大鼠海洛因成瘾模型,观察心电图、HE染色及心肌超微结构改变。结果大鼠海洛因成瘾组心电图改变明显,主要表现在心率减慢、P波及T波压低、时间延长,S-T段压低、时间延长,QT间期延长,上述差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示心肌损伤、心肌缺血及心室功能下降。电镜改变主要表现在核浓缩,核变小,核膜皱缩,染色质凝集成块,线粒体嵴排列紊乱、消失及空泡变等,提示海洛因可造成心肌细胞超微结构的病理改变。结论海洛因对心肌可造成损害,并且心肌超微结构改变提示心肌凋亡可能是海洛因造成心肌损伤的机制之一。     

Drug Abuse and Partner Violence among Women in Methadone Treatment

This study aims to (1) describe rates of lifetime and current partner abuse among women on methadone; (2) examine the relationship between partner violence and demographics, substance abuse, and drug risk behaviors; and (3) explore the association between a victim's current use of crack/cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and drug risk behavior after controlling for demographics, household composition, history of victimization and sex trading. Approximately three-fourths of the women ever experienced physical, sexual, or life-threatening abuse and slightly less than one-third experienced at least one type of abuse during the previous year. A history of childhood victimization was reported by more than half of the women and one-third witnessed her mother being abused. Risk of partner violence was associated with victim's current drug and alcohol use, visiting shooting galleries, and living with someone with drug or alcohol problems. The study discusses the implications of the findings for research and intervention.     

The problem of interviewing drug addicts in custody: A study of interrogative suggestibility and compliance

Abstract

The interrogation of drug addicts in custody presents a problem. The reliability of confessions made either under the influence of drugs or during drug withdrawal may be adversely affected. This study explores the effect of drug use and drug withdrawal on interrogative suggestibility and compliance. These two psychological factors are relevant to erroneous testimony. The interrogative suggestibility and compliance of heroin addicts on an inpatient drug unit were measured on opiates, whilst withdrawing from opiates and drug free. The interrogative suggestibility and compliance of the group of subjects as a whole did not differ significantly in these three conditions. However the results did suggest that a subgroup of vulnerable individuals may have been more suggestible when under the influence of opiates. Further work is needed to clarify these results and to aid professionals assessing fitness for interview and cases of retracted confessions.     

Study on the changes of electrocardiogram and ultrastructural in heroin dependence in rats

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of electrocardiograms (ECG) and myocardial ultrastructure in heroin dependence in rats, in order to reveal the mechanisms of the myocardial injury by heroin. METHODS: Establish heroin addict model in SD mice, investigate the changes in electrocardiograms, HE staining and myocardial ultrastructure. RESULTS: The electrocardiograms of the addict group had prominently changes, main expressions: heart rate decreased, P wave and T wave amplitude reduced and duration increased, S-T reduced and duration increased, QT interval prolongation, these changes indicated that myocardium had been injured, myocardial ischemia, ventricle function declined. These difference was significant (P<0.05) between before inject heroin and after inject heroin. Transformations in the ultrastructure: nuclear concentrate, reduce, nuclear membrane shrink, chromatin agglutinate, mitochondria cristal had disorder formation, disappeared or hollowed, these indicated that heroin could cause pathological changes in myocardial ultrastructure. CONCLUSION: Above-mentioned changes indicated that heroin can injure myocardium, and the changes of myocardial ultrastructure suggested that myocardial apoptosis may be one of the mechanisms of the myocardial injury by heroin.