从TTP看亚太兼容性合作与中国的战略选择

在美国发起"跨太平洋伙伴关系协定"(TPP)谈判以后,亚太地区掀起了一股以高水平、高标准为特征的地区合作潮流。毋庸置疑,TPP是美国亚太经济合作战略的集中体现,它的出现导致了亚太经济合作机制的分化。但是,分化并不必然导致对抗,TPP与"10+N"机制之间还是具有诸多良性互动的条件。中国应寻找一条实现亚太兼容性合作的战略路径,推动本国和地区的共同发展。     

权力博弈、制度设计与规范建构——日本加入TPP后中国应对的策略思考

2013年7月,日本正式作为第12个成员国加入TPP谈判。日本的加入,不仅使TPP的经济规模进一步得到提升,同时也给中国带来了严峻的挑战。为了避免在未来的亚太贸易体系中被美日所边缘化,中国应采取三种策略。首先,中国需要积极寻找和构建利益同盟,提升实力,通过与美国进行权力博弈来减少TPP对中国的负面影响。其次,中国还可借鉴制度的理性设计理论,通过直接或间接的方式参与TPP规则的制定,使TPP能够"为我所用",为中国参与未来的亚太贸易创造有利条件。最后,中国也要思考如何在亚太区域内构建自贸区建设的规范和共识来影响TPP未来的制度建设,使其更加多元化、更富包容性,真正成为能够有利于亚太经济融合和区域各国共同繁荣的国际贸易协定。     

TPP机制与中美“新型大国关系”的兼容性分析

中美"新型大国关系"是外交战略与经济利益并重的复合型大国关系。在外交战略层面,TPP对中美"新型大国关系"的影响具有两面性,但二者并不必然相互抵触,这主要取决于四重因素:统一的亚太区域合作制度平台;中国在亚太地区的多重FTA体系;RCEP与TPP的关系;中美经贸关系的现实条件。在贸易与投资层面,对比中国和日、加、墨等TPP谈判方的对美贸易与投资情况,TPP对中美贸易与投资关系的负面影响十分有限。在亚太区域统一多边合作机制,中国与亚太各经济体之间的多重FTA体系,中美双边合作机制的三重保障下,TPP与中美"新型大国关系"将呈现较大的兼容性。     

美日TPP战略与中国的应对

TPP因美国参与而备受瞩目，并增加了未来东亚区域经济一体化走向的不确定性。作为横跨太平洋两岸的三大经济体，中国、美国和日本对TPP的立场和态度有所不同。美国积极参与TPP谈判，试图主导这一制定新一轮贸易游戏规则的新平台，借此构建亚太地区新的竞争性区域经济合作机制。日本将TPP视为进一步开拓亚太市场，提升FTA战略实施水平，强化美日同盟关系并提升亚太地缘政治的战略需要。中国必须正确认识美国在东亚地区的经济战略转变以及TPP扩张带来的潜在影响，对TPP谈判持开放心态，做好相关政策调整。     

RCEP知易行难:兼论TPP与中国的策略选择

刚刚启动的RCEP和中日韩自贸区谈判正在成为改变地区发展前景,实现东亚/亚太区域经济一体化的重要议程。鉴于中国和部分东盟国家的开放现状以及日本、澳大利亚和新西兰等TPP发达成员在规则与标准制定方面的诉求,RCEP很难在2015年以前顺利建成。单纯的经济融合还不足以使东亚/亚太区域合作实现所谓的"纳什均衡"或"帕累托最优"。面对TPP的挑战,要想把RCEP作为实现亚太区域一体化的主要路径,还需要中日韩三国共同推动和支持东盟协调与推进。由于中国在东亚地区已经具备了"制度选择"能力,未来东亚或亚太区域经济一体化的走向从根本上将取决于中国自身实力的增长和政策选择。     

国际贸易投资规则发展趋势与中国的应对

当前,亚太区域合作正进入一个新的"框架重构"阶段。由TPP所引发的东亚地区秩序或亚太区域合作格局的变化势必会对中国的东亚一体化战略和东盟为中心的渐进性一体化原则形成新的挑战。同时,以TTIP和TISA为代表的欧美新贸易投资协定正在成为影响中国未来发展的新的重大外部因素。因此,着眼于国际规则和全球治理的最新发展趋势,中国有必要在深化国内改革的基础上,加快完成更高标准的自贸区战略布局;在世界经济规则的重构中提出新的战略议程,以增强中国在国际经济治理中的话语权。     

亚太区域合作的新变化与中日韩合作

始于2007年的国际金融危机,使西方经济模式受到种种质疑和挑战,新兴经济体在全球经济中的地位不断上升,世界经济重心正在加速向亚太地区转移。中国作为正在崛起的新兴经济大国将为世界带来种种机遇。在此背景下,美日两国围绕"跨太平洋战略经济伙伴协定"(TPP)纷纷调整其亚太政策。美国希望调整该地区合作"制度"规范亚太合作进程,日本希望通过呼应美国TPP战略来干预亚太一体化进程。东盟国家希望通过启动"区域全面经济伙伴关系"(RCEP)强化在亚太一体化进程中的主导地位。中日韩FTA谈判不仅有利于三国的经济利益,也将对亚太区域合作进程发挥重要作用。中国在积极参与区域合作的同时,还必须加速本国的经济结构、发展模式的调整。     

中日韩经济合作:TPP既是挑战也是动力

近年来东亚区域经济合作呈现多种倡议、进程、机制并存的局面,中日韩经贸领域合作取得深入进展,三国都在争取于己有利的对外合作架构。TPP是涵盖领域广泛的高水平FTA,具有综合性、高标准、一体化特征。美国力推TPP,试图以此重振国内经济和出口,争夺亚太经济合作主导权,制定新的国际贸易规则。面对TPP在东亚的介入,中日韩应进一步加强经济合作。     

TPP和RCEP博弈背景下的亚太自贸区前景

当前亚太地区区域经济一体化出现了许多新特征.比如多框架、多层次、高标准、广覆盖,突出战略利益等非传统收益.但是,实施区域贸易协议(RTA)战略的潜在风险也开始暴露.过多的RTA相互交错重叠,形成“意大利面条碗效应”,增加经营成本等负面作用.这些因素导致亚太区域经济一体化的形成趋势,出现TPP和RCEP竞争,亚太地区面临制度性分裂和碎片化的局面.如何恢复APEC活力,在APEC框架下推动亚太自贸区进程是一个巨大挑战.     

RCEP与中国的亚太FTA战略

RCEP强调“东盟方式”以及东盟在亚太区域合作中的核心地位,承诺对较不发达成员实行特殊与区别对待的政策,奉行“开放性地区主义”,是本地区既有区域合作的延续和发展.鉴于内部整合和处理与TPP等其他区域合作机制关系上的难度,中国应积极推进RCEP谈判,同时又清醒地认识到谈判的艰巨性.当务之急是选择优先开放领域,凝聚RCEP参与国的共识和信心,实现RCEP谈判与中日韩自贸区谈判之间的相互促进,并且摒弃RCEP与TPP对立冲突的思维.     

Inter-Korean relations and the roles of the US and of the EU

The North Korean nuclear standoff has escalated since North Korea let slip that it was developing nuclear weapons while James Kelly, U.S. Assistant Secretary of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, was visiting Pyongyang in October 2002. The Bush administration has acknowledged that the United States will not discount a preemptive military strike on the suspected nuclear development facilities, and North Korea has stood firm against any pressure to halt its nuclear development from the international community. Dialogue and meetings for international cooperation among the major countries concerned, including Korea, the U.S., Japan and China, have been activated to resolve the nuclear crisis in the Korean Peninsula, especially after the U.S. pronounced an end to its war against Iraq in early May of this year. In the middle of the rapidly changing situation on the Korean peninsula, the inter-Korean reconciliation and cooperation initiated by the Sunshine Policy of the Kim Dae Jung administration and followed by the Roh Moo-hyun administrations Policy of Peace and Prosperity are not separable from the nuclear situation. This paper follows recent developments of inter-Korean relations, illustrates South Koreas stance on the issue and suggests the EUs role on the nuclear issue. This is a revised version of the paper presented at the Asia-EU Journalists Seminar organized by the Asia Europe Foundation and the Korea Press Foundation (KPF), held in Brussels, Belgium, May 22 2003. Financial support from the KPF is gratefully acknowledged.     

海陆复合型地缘政治大国的战略选择与崛起成败

国际体系是一个复杂的利益交互系统,在系统中存在着众多战略层面的施动—反馈模式。地缘政治大国的安全战略选择决定了它与体系其他主要成员间的互动方式,互动方式决定了其可能面临的结构性压力,并最终影响到大国崛起的兴衰成败。通过本项研究可以发现:海陆复合型崛起大国的战略模式可以分为"区域陆权"战略、"全球海权"战略和"区域/全球海陆并举"战略。如果崛起大国尚未形成稳固的陆基周边环境,那么追求"区域陆权"战略是最优选择;如果拥有稳固陆基周边环境,那么追求"全球海权"战略是最优选择。而"海陆并举"战略因"同色竞争"原理,既可能同周边国家陷入"区域陆权"优势的安全困境,也可能同"全球海权"国家陷入争霸战争。因此,"海陆并举"战略往往容易造就一个反对自身崛起的海陆权力联姻。此外,追求单一的"差色互补"原理容易实现海陆功能分异背景下的战略结盟,进而影响大国崛起战略的操作实施。     

The EU and Libya and the Art of the Possible

In spite of geographic proximity and a number of shared interests, the European Union and Libya have a history of strained relations. The war of 2011 provided an opportunity for a fresh start, but so far neither side has been able to reap benefits from an entirely new political situation. Instead, Libya’s difficult internal situation has not only slowed down the process of rapprochement, but also increased EU concern. At a time when cooperation becomes a necessity rather than a choice, Libya is now down-spiralling into implosion at the levels of security, bureaucracy and economy, to the point where it cannot absorb the offers being made.     

从斯大林功过看苏联兴亡——评《苏联兴亡史论》

一　对斯大林功过的评价要与时俱进要考察苏联兴亡的历史进程、总结苏联兴亡的历史经验 ,首先就要探究从列宁到戈尔巴乔夫苏联历届党政首脑的理论、路线、体制和实践的演变问题 ,尤其是涉及对斯大林功过的评价问题。因为斯大林执政时间最长 ,而且苏联的社会主义制度主要是在斯大林执政的 3 0年间( 1 92 3～ 1 95 3年 )建成并且得到巩固的 ,随后 3 0多年苏联斯大林模式没有发生什么大变化。如果我们肯定斯大林是“功大于过”,那么就要肯定苏联的社会主义模式基本上是成功的、优秀的 ,尽管难免还有一些弊端 ,那只要经过小修小补就能更加显示优…     

Campaign Advertising and the Stimulation and Activation of the Authoritarian Personality

This research examines whether authoritarianism can be stimulated and activated by politicians. The traditional belief is that psychological traits are basically quasipermanent structures that consistently determine behavior, but newer research suggests that these traits can be stimulated. This research tests whether campaigns can stimulate traits with targeted messages. I do so by exposing subjects in an experiment to political television advertising that was designed to stimulate known correlates of authoritarianism, such as fear. The results show that authoritarianism is stimulated in treatment groups that watched advertising designed to invoke threat and the strong-father metaphor and the treatment effect is greater on conservatives. I also show that watching these commercials leads to an activation of authoritarianism that influences its predictive power over support for torture. This suggests that politicians can use emotional appeals to stimulate advantageous personality traits, and that these ads also influence the public's attitudes through activation.     

China and the WTO: the theory and practice of compliance

Since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in December2001, attention has turned to the issue of whether or not Chinais a responsible member of the organization and how compliantChina is with WTO rules. This article discusses the difficultiesfaced by China, as a responsible rising power, in trying toadjust itself to global trading norms. It examines the theoryof compliance in international relations from the perspectivesof neo-realism, liberal institutionalism and social constructivism,and then tests these perspectives by examining the mechanismsused to gauge China's compliance, both bilaterally by the UnitedStates and multilaterally through the Dispute Settlement Mechanismand the Transition Review Mechanism of the WTO. The result ismixed: different opinions exist as to how compliant China hasbeen but, on the whole, most monitors agree that China has triedhard to comply with WTO requirements in various areas, thoughmuch remains to be done. The most severe tests will come inthe next few years when China's financial and service sectorswill have to face fundamental changes to the way they operate.     

Globalization and the Reform of the International Financial and Monetary Systems

The outbreak of the global financial cdsis has called into question U.S.-style ＂financial capitalism.＂ Protectionism, currency multilateralism, decentralization of financial decision-making power and the nationalism of resources are gaining ground. The emerging economies are on the rise. The world power order is becoming multi-polar. Relations between countries are growing more diverse. The global governance model is undergoing fundamental changes. Global governance mechanisms, which are more representative and reflective of the diverse interests （such as the G20 and the UN climate change conference）, along with a reform of the international monetary system, will also help shape the future world order.     

美洲国家首脑会议与美洲自由贸易区的前景

自1994年至今共举行了4届美洲国家首脑会议,每届会议均与美国所倡议的美洲自由贸易区有密切关系。2005年11月在阿根廷举行的第四届首脑会议上,美洲国家围绕着是否重启美洲自由贸易区谈判问题产生分歧。一些拉美国家对在香港举行的WTO第六次部长级会议的成果不甚满意。美洲自由贸易区的前景不容乐观。     

Uneven and combined confusion: on the geopolitical origins of capitalism and the rise of the west

This article offers a critique of Alexander Anievas and Kerem Ni?ancio?lu’s How the West came to rule: the geopolitical origins of capitalism. We argue that while all historiography features a number of silences, shortcomings or omissions, the omissions in How the West came to rule lead to a mistaken view of the emergence of capitalism. There are two main issues to be confronted. First, we argue that Anievas and Ni?ancio?lu have an inadequate and misleading understanding of “capital” and “capitalism” that tilts them towards a theoretical stance that comes very close to arguing that everything caused capitalism while at the same time having no clear and convincing definition of “capital” or “capitalism”. Second, there are at least three omissions—particular to England/Britain within a geopolitical context—that should be discussed in any attempt to explain the development of capitalism: the financial revolution and the Bank of England; the transition to coal energy; and the capitalization of state power as it relates to war, colonialism and slavery. We conclude by calling for a connected-histories approach within the framework of capital as power.     

离岸市场的发展与人民币国际化的推进

人民币国际化自2009年正式启动以来,在跨境贸易结算等领域取得了很大进展,人民币离岸市场的建设也取得了一定成绩,但目前来看并没有充分发挥预期中的功能,这也引发了各界对人民币国际化模式的进一步讨论。原则上,由于我国资本项目尚未完全开放,离岸市场有助于克服人民币自由流动受限这一障碍。历史经验也表明,在一定条件下离岸市场能够有效地推进货币国际化。人民币国际化应当遵循贸易结算、离岸市场、资本输出、跨国企业四者并举的"中国模式",其中未来的离岸市场发展需要相应的条件和配套准备才能真正为人民币国际化提供引擎。