大鼠口服敌敌畏和呋喃丹急性中毒后乙酰胆碱酯酶组织化学的研究

作者通过大鼠口服敌敌畏和呋喃丹急性中毒实验,利用乙酰胆碱酯酶组织化学技术,研究中毒鼠肋间肌、空肠和大脑乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受抑制和自动复能情况、血液的体外抑制效应以及正常大鼠在室温和冷藏条件下空肠和肋间肌乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的保存时间,探讨利用乙酰胆碱酯酶组织化学方法诊断胆碱酯酶抑制剂中毒的法医学意义,并对大鼠敌敌畏和呋喃丹中毒后上述观察指标的不同特点作了分析比较。     

有机磷致死后胆碱酶酯的变化

<正> 笔者通过用敌敌畏致大白鼠中毒死亡的实验,测定了大白鼠血及肝、睾丸组织的胆碱酯酶活性。在48h 内,其酶活性改变呈现一定的规律,现报告如下。实验材料一、仪器1.酸度计 THS-73A 型,天津第二分析仪器厂,2.恒温水浴槽北京长安科学仪器厂。     

胆碱酯酶组织化学染色在诊断有机磷农药中毒时的价值

<正> 有机磷中毒时,血液中红细胞和血清的胆碱酯酶活性均有显著降低,有助于有机磷中毒的临床诊断。有机磷抑制胆碱酯酶亦可用组织化学方法从形态学上获得证明。人体或实验动物有机磷中毒,通过组织     

急性敌敌畏中毒致死值的实验研究

一、前言有机磷农药致死的法医鉴定,目前参照经口摄入致死量及血液胆碱酯酶活性值.然而,这两者缺乏较明确的法医学概念,致使鉴定疑难案例时发生困难.口服致死量,如人的经口致死量对硫磷为100～300mg及120mg,甲基对硫磷为0.8～1g,敌敌畏(25%乳剂)为10～14g,在含义上未说明代表最小致死量,半数致死量,还是绝对致死量,在用法上未启示此为截然的界限,还是存在着可疑致死的范围.使用不当,将扩大鉴定的误断率.血液胆碱酯酶在有机磷农药中毒后活性大幅度降低,但在法     

琥珀胆碱及其代谢物琥珀单胆碱的检验

目的建立液质联用分析琥珀胆碱和琥珀单胆碱的检验方法。方法通过动物实验,采集死前血液与死后心脏血;通过优化色谱-质谱分析条件以及进样顺序,实现了空白干扰物与代谢物的有效分离。结果首次检验了中毒死亡检材中的琥珀单胆碱,并分析琥珀胆碱与琥珀单胆碱的丰度比例以及通过实际案例推断体内琥珀单胆碱的来源。结论提出了必须将琥珀单胆碱列入琥珀胆碱中毒案件的毒物检验目标,可以大大提高生物检材阳性检出率。     

长期小剂量投毒致视神经萎缩1例

投毒致神经毒作用以迟发性周围神经炎症状较为常见。小剂量间断多次投不同种类毒物造成视神经萎缩致双目失明实为罕见,现报道１例。案情摘要张某,男,４４岁。自１９９６年初至１９９７年４月之间,张某在家早饭后多次有头痛、头晕、视物模糊、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、四肢无力等症状,有时伴鼻衄、意识不清,且视力下降逐渐加重。１９９７年３月６日,上述症状较重,当地某省级医院全血胆碱酯酶活性测定值为８Ｕ（正常值３０～８０Ｕ）,诊断为有机磷农药中毒,给予胆碱脂酶复能药解磷定及抗胆碱药阿托品等治疗,病情有所好转。１９９７年３月…     

双波长薄层扫描法测定血液中敌敌畏含量

用二氯甲烷从血液中提出DDVP后,提取物不需分离.即可直接点样测定.血液中敌敌畏的含量在2～20μg/ml血范围内与峰面积呈较好的线性关系.仪器对敌敌畏的检测灵敏度为0.2μg.该法操作方便、快速,重现性较好,变异系数为4.3%. 敌敌畏是一种广泛使用的有机磷杀虫剂.在法医毒物中毒案件中,敌敌畏中毒较为常见.据报导敌敌畏的定量方法主要应用气相色谱法,该法灵敏度高,快速,但必须具备相应的设备——气相色谱仪.为了探索其它检测方法,我们用薄层色谱法对人体血液中的敌敌畏含量进行了测定,取得了较为满意的结果.现将实验情况报告如下:     

54例氯化琥珀胆碱中毒案件的法医学分析

目的观察分析氯化琥珀胆碱中毒案件的法医学表现,以期提高氯化琥珀胆碱中毒的检验鉴定。方法收集54例氯化琥珀胆碱中毒案例,通过病理学、毒理学变化及案件特点进行回顾性分析,观察氯化琥珀胆碱中毒的检验鉴定规律。结果氯化琥珀胆碱中毒的病理学表现以急性肺淤血、肺水肿等一般猝死改变为主,部分死者心肌排列紊乱及断裂。死者心血中均检见琥珀胆碱成分,皮肤组织部分检见琥珀胆碱成分。结论氯化琥珀胆碱中毒具有死亡快、手段隐蔽、难以抢救、易漏检等特点。对于猝死案件、死因可疑案件应将氯化琥珀胆碱作为常规检验指标,防止此类案件的未检或漏检。     

草鱼胆汁提取物急性中毒的实验病理

研究草鱼胆汁提取物（鲤醇硫酸酯钠）对小鼠毒性作用的病理变化及其作用机制。按1．5LD50、1．0LD50和0．5LD50的剂量给昆明小鼠1次腹腔注射1％鲤醇硫酸酯钠溶液和按0．5LD50的剂量给昆明小鼠多次腹腔注射1％的鲤醇硫酸酯钠溶液,观察中毒小鼠各主要脏器的病理变化。中毒小鼠主要脏器的病理变化与草鱼胆汁中毒十分相似：心肌细胞水肿,严重者可见灶性肌溶解坏死;肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死,肾小球滤过膜各层均有不同程度的病变。通过酶组织化学方法发现鲤醇硫酸酯钠对心肌SDH及CCO有明显的抑制作用。鲤醇硫酸酯钠是草鱼胆汁的主要毒性成分之一。     

磷化锌中毒动物体内磷化氢及其代谢物的测定

<正> 磷化锌中毒实为磷化氢中毒,磷化氢在体内迅速氧化成初级氧化产物亚磷酸,因而在内脏和血中不易检出磷化氢。迄今尚未见有关磷化氢代谢物的报导。本文经动物实验在中毒兔的肝、胃组织和胃内容中可检出磷化氢;在血和其他脏器中则检不出磷化氢,但可检出磷化氢的代谢物。特别是在中毒半年以上的兔内脏和血中仍能检出微量的代谢物,这就为判定是否磷化锌中毒提供了有力的证据。     

Acephate in biological fluids of two autopsy cases after ingestion of the chemical

Two autopsy cases, where the individuals were suspected of having ingested acephate, an organophosphorous insecticide, are reported. Acephate and its active metabolite, methamidophos (MP), were analyzed in the biological fluids by GC/MS, using the salting out method with liquid-liquid extraction columns. The first case was that of a 70-year-old man whose blood acephate was 149 microg/mL, and MP was 3.0 microg/mL. Serum pseudocholinesterase (ChE) activity was inhibited. No remarkable finding of injury or disease was determined as the cause of his death, but acute poisoning by acephate was mostly suspected. The second case was that of a 60-year-old man. A deep gash in the left neck injured the left common carotid artery in addition to the severely ischemic state of the primary organs. His blood acephate was 46 microg/mL, and MP was not detected. ChE activity was in the normal range. Hemorrhage was mainly suspected as the cause of his death. The concentrations of acephate and MP in human blood after oral ingestion are first reported here, and the acute toxic level of acephate is discussed.     

Fluorometric determination of pseudocholinesterase activity in postmortem blood samples

A fluorometric assay using 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (HPPA) was conducted to determine the activity of pseudocholinesterase (ChE) [Enzyme Commission (EC) No. 3.1.1.8] in postmortem blood samples so as to test for organophosphate poisoning. By the enzymatic reaction of ChE, its substrate, benzoylcholine, produces choline, which is oxidized by choline oxidase to generate hydrogen peroxide. HPPA is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase to become the fluorogenic dimer whose concentration is measured fluorometrically at an excitation emission wavelength of 320 nm and an elimination emission wavelength of 404 nm. The selectivity and sensitivity of the present method were found to be superior to those of conventional pH and spectrophotometric methods.     

Comparative studies on tissue distributions of organophosphorus, carbamate and organochlorine pesticides in decedents intoxicated with these chemicals

This paper describes the tissue distributions of dichlorvos, an organophosphate, chlorpyrifos-methyl, an organophosphorothioate, methomyl, a carbamate, and endrin, an organochlorine, in three individuals (Cases 1-3) who died after ingesting insecticidal preparations containing these chemicals. In Case 1 involving dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, no dichlorvos was detected in most of the blood and tissue samples. Tiny amounts of dichlorvos (0.067 mg/L and 0.027 mg/L) were detected in the vitreous humor and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. The chlorpyrifos-methyl concentrations in the blood samples were very site-dependent with a range of 0.615-2.24 mg/L. The tissue concentrations of chlorpyrifos-methyl were within the range 0.379-8.60 mg/kg. The total amounts of dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos-methyl in the stomach were 879 and 612 mg, respectively. The serum cholinesterase activity was 3 IU/L/37 degrees C. In Case 2 involving methomyl, the methomyl concentrations in the blood samples were very site-dependent with a range of 0.56-4.75 mg/L. The tissue concentrations of methomyl were 2.61 mg/kg or less, no methomyl being detected in the spleen, liver and kidney. The methomyl concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor were 5.37 and 4.75 mg/L, respectively. The stomach contained 85 mg methomyl. The serum cholinesterase activity was 73 IU/L/37 degrees C. In Case 3 involving endrin, the victim underwent medical treatment for 7 h after ingesting an endrin preparation. The differences in the endrin concentrations among the blood samples were small, with a range of 0.353-0.615 mg/L. The tissue concentrations of endrin were within the range 0.467-13.3 mg/kg. The endrin in the stomach (66 mg) was adsorbed almost completely on the activated charcoal that was administered for medical treatment.     

大鼠乌头碱中毒心肌酶的研究(Ⅲ)——线粒体NADHD的组织化学和细胞化学研究

本文用组织化学和细胞化学方法分别对乌头碱染毒后不同时间组大鼠心肌NADHD进行了光镜和电镜观察。结果表明:乌头碱染毒后30分钟,2小时和4小时的大鼠心肌NADHD活性明显降低并有定位改变,而染毒后12、24小时的心肌NADHD活性有所回升。证实产能较多的NADH氧化呼吸链在乌头碱中毒时受到抑制。     

有机磷农药中毒的人体血液致死浓度探讨

对 4年间 6家医院所有门急诊有关敌敌畏、甲胺磷、乐果三种有机磷农药中毒病例进行了调查分析。运用气相色谱法对其血液中的浓度进行测定。采用 Bliss法,计算其死亡率和昏迷率的加权直线回归方程,并获得其经救治后血液半数致死浓度 LC50、半数致昏迷浓度 CC50。综合文献和临床实践,认为及时的救治对中毒病例的治疗转归有较大影响,其自然的血液半数致死浓度应在经救治的半数致死浓度 LC50和半数致昏述浓度之间。综合半数致死浓度和半数致昏迷浓度,计算其自然的半数致死浓度 LCe50值。     

短柄乌头急性中毒——乌头碱在大鼠体内分布的研究

本文用高效液相色谱法检测了大白鼠短柄乌头急性中毒后(LD_(50)剂量灌胃),乌头碱在心、肝、肾、血、脑内的含量分布。结果表明;体内乌头碱含量甚微或检不出。30例大鼠LD_(50)剂量灌胃后,16例2h内中毒死亡。其肝、肾内的乌头碱检出率明显高于心、血、脑,且中毒表现明显。另14例于2h整处死,其肝、肾、血中检出较高。16例2h内死亡组肝中乌头碱含量分析提示乌头碱在体内代谢很快。此结果为法医工作中乌头碱中毒案件调查、检材提取、毒物分析结果的评价提供了一定的依据。     

High performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides

A method has been developed for the rapid quantitative analysis of organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides using HPLC. Good separation was obtained among the four major groups of organophosphorus pesticides [i.e. aryl phosphorothionate (methyl parathion), alkyl phosphorothionate (malathion), enolphosphate (phosphomidon, monocrotophos, dichlorvos), heterocyclic phosphorothionates (quinalphos)] and carbamates [viz. Carbaryl (Sevin) and Baygon (Dalf)] with a detection limit of 100 ng for all the pesticides. Separation was measured in terms of capacity factor (k') resolution (R) and selectivity factor (alpha ii). The method described can be used for the analysis of biological samples for the presence of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in the cases of poisoning. Recovery studies were made in the blood, lung and liver and found to be 85-97% with reproducibility at greater than 95%.     

Detection of furadan in biological fluids

Optimal conditions have been determined for furadan isolation from biological fluids by means of the mixture of solvents ethyl acetate-acetone in volume 1:1. Possible purification of the compound from coextractive substances of biomaterial on the column with silica gel L 100/160 mcm is demonstrated. IR-spectrophotometric methods and high performace liquid chromatography with a detector of photodiode matrix are proposed for identification and quantitation of furadan in blood and urine specimens.     

95例尸体血中HbCO％的分析

血中碳氧血红蛋白饱和度(简称HbCO％,下同)含量是判断一氧化碳中毒,推断火灾中尸体生前状态的依据。本文证明:血中HbCO％与其年龄、性别及不同情况下CO中毒有关。一氧化碳中毒的尸体含量较高(平均大于60％);火灾事故中遇难的尸体含量中等(平均在30～50％);而被杀后投入火场或服毒后自焚则较低(平均小于20％)。