日本《少年法》评介

<正> 一、少年法的宗旨日本《少年法》所说的少年,是指未满二十岁的人而言。战后,日本青少年的违法犯罪成了一个严重社会问题。日本把青少年的违法犯罪行为提高到对整个社会的威胁及违法少年将成为成年人犯罪     

美国少年司法之风雨百年

1899年，美国伊利诺伊州制定了世界上第一部少年法——《少年法院法》，以一套完全不同于成人刑法的规则处理少年案件，这标志着现代少年刑法的诞生。     

日本《少年审判规则》

<正> 第一章总则(本规则的解释及运用以及处理监护案件的态度)第一条本规则为了妥善处理少年监护案件,必须根据《少年法》(1948年法律第168号)的目的与精神,予以解释及运用。调查、审判以及处理监护案件时,必须以诚恳、真挚的态度,关心保护少年的情操,力求使自己受少年及监护人信赖。     

未成年人犯罪记录封存问题研究

正《瑞士联邦刑法典》第96条第4款规定:"被附条件执行刑罚的少年在考验期届满前经受住考验的,审判机关命令注销犯罪记录。"《日本少年法》第60条规定:"少年犯刑期执行完毕或免予执行,适用有关人格法律的规定,在将来得视为未受过刑罚处分。"《联合国少年司法最低限度标准规则》(又称《北京规则》)第21条规定:"少年罪犯的档案不得在其后的     

不良宣传与青少年违法行为-用《青少年条例》限制存在的问题

一、前言目前,少年违法行为(或者称为青少年违法行为),已成为严重的社会问题.什么是少年违法行为呢?根据《少年法》的第三条第一款规定,下列的少年行为,称为少年违法行为:     

日本更生保护的立法演变与发展

日本更生保护制度是一种通过让犯罪人及问题少年在社会中得到恰当处遇而协助更生的制度。该制度作为一项法律制度肇起于1949年（昭和24年）的《犯罪者预防更生法》。2007年2月（平成19年）提出《更生保护法案》后,制定了《更生保护法》。日本的更生保护历经了先实践后立法模式,以至于形成了在实践能够有效运行的“行动中法律”。对我国社区矫正立法具有一定的参考与借鉴意义。     

少年司法制度论纲

未成年人的违法犯罪与成年人的违法犯罪有质的不同。因此,处理未成年人违法犯罪的司法制度也应与处理成年人违法犯罪的普通司法制度有所区别。为了保护未成年人的健康成长,有效预防和减少未成年人犯罪,我国应当尽快建立和完善少年司法制度。少年司法制度是否完备,是衡量一个国家法制文明发展程度的重要标志。少年法院是少年司法制度的核心;少年法,是少年司法制度的基石;少年司法处遇措施是少年司法制度的灵魂。     

我国14周岁以下“严重不良行为少年”司法处遇制度探究

近年来,我国14周岁以下未成年人严重反社会的行为时有发生。由于他们未满14周岁而被视为完全不负刑事责任。这部分"严重不良行为少年"客观上确实给社会带来了危害结果,法律却又对他们无计可施。我国对于这部分未成年人的司法处遇存在缺陷和空白。可以从原有的收容教养制度和工读学校入手,借鉴域外先进刑罚理念和处遇理念,构建适合我国国情的相关司法处遇制度,包括完善未成年人的社会调查制度,将原有的收容教养制度和工读学校完善发展起来,与发展中的社区矫正相结合,建立适合这群体的社区服务制度。     

英国有关青少年的立法

<正> 1981年英国出了第七十一版的《人人法律顾问》(由诉状律师编)。其中有一章节介绍了英国有关青少年的立法(现行的《1933年青少年法》)。《1933年青少年法》有条文109条和附表6个。1938、1952、1956、1958、1963和1969年又通过了它的修正法。兹联系有关法律,将该法简述如下(除另有说明者外,"少年"系指未满14岁者、"青年"系指满     

日本的保护青少年条例

<正> 青少年违法犯罪已成为世界性的严重社会问题。因此,世界上绝大多数国家都已先后制定了青少年法规。第一、第二世界各国无一例外地都有了这种立法,而且有些国家还制定了不止一个这种性质的法规。第三世界的大多数国家也有了这类立法。战后的日本,从1947年到1949年的三年间,先后制定了《儿童福利法》、《少年法》、《少年院法》和《少年审判规则》四个法规。至于地方性的,据《法律时报》1981年第1期增刊——《青少年条例专刊》报道,从1950年5月冈山县首先制定《冈山     

论我国未成年人前科消灭制度的构建

未成年人是一个特殊的群体，对未成年人的保护一直为社会所广泛关注。我国《刑法》关于前科报告制度的规定毫无例外地适用于未成年人，对于那些刚刚步入社会的年轻人来说，如果因曾经的犯罪行为而背负一生难以摆脱的“罪犯”标签，其负面影响之深远不容忽视。《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（八）》关于未成年人免除前科报告义务的规定为未成年人前科消灭制度的构建打开了一个缺口，引发我们关于建立未成年人前科消灭制度的深入思考。     

构筑预防青少年犯罪的三道防线

当前,青少年犯罪在整个刑事犯罪立案案件中所占比例较高,且日趋严重,成为影响社会治安稳定的突出问题。因此要积极发挥家庭、学校、社会的教育作用,引导青少年树立正确的人生观、价值观和世界观,构筑起青少年“不想犯罪”的第一道防线;要加强管理,严密防范,限制和减少青少年犯罪的条件和机会,构筑青少年“不想犯罪”的第二道防线;要强化法律手段,打击和震慑犯罪,构筑青少年“不敢犯罪”的第三道防线。     

Beyond Confinement: The Regulation of Girl Offenders’ Bodies,Sexual Choices,and Behavior

Throughout transformations in juvenile justice, control over girls’ bodies, sexual behavior, and reproductive choices has remained a constant focal point among decision makers, with girls infrequently charged with serious law violations and commonly judged in terms of their moral welfare and chasteness. Using interview data with 62 court and correctional decision makers, this article examines how the contemporary juvenile justice system responds to girls’ sexual behavior and explores the policies and procedures used to restrain sexual agency and reproductive choices, both physically and cognitively. This article also investigates the penalties enforced when girls resist such controls as well as intentions toward change and reform in the system.     

百年嬗变:美国少年司法之溯源、衍变及展望

少年司法肇始于美国,至今已有110余年的历史。但美国少年司法发展历程并非一帆风顺,先后历经前少年法院时期、少年法院创设与探索期、少年权利时期以及少年司法晚近变革期等四个主要阶段。其间,少年司法政策因实证主义兴起与新刑事古典主义复兴等社会思潮交叉影响不免时常进退辗转,甚至出现少年法院废除论的主张。对美国少年司法与未成年人保护追根溯源及总结,以吸取其改革中的经验与教训,以供构建我国少年司法制度反省、参酌和借鉴实有必要。     

The Balanced Approach [Revisited]

The authors of the original Balanced Approach, Dennis Maloney, Dennis Romig, and Troy Armstrong, outlined a philosophy of balanced attention to the principles of community protection/public safety, youth accountability, and competency development through individualized assessment and treatment and holding the system accountable to the community and the youth served. A majority of states’ juvenile code purpose clauses reflect this approach, later known as Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ). Presented here are excerpts from the 1988 Juvenile & Family Court Journal issue 39 (3) that first presented the Balanced Approach and a brief overview of key features of juvenile justice at the time to lay a foundation for the other articles in this special issue.     

未成年人犯罪的预防研究

未成年人犯罪对社会的危害性非常大 ,依据《预防未成年人犯罪法》的规定 ,预防未成年人犯罪遵循独特的原则 ,如教育与保护原则、综合治理原则等。预防未成年人犯罪还具有其特点 ,要采取不同于预防成年人犯罪的教育方法。鉴于未成年人犯罪的心理原因 ,对未成年人进行心理健康的教育、心理的疏导与救治就显得尤为重要     

Juvenile Courts after 100 Years: Past and Present Orientations

Juvenile institutions were developed in the nineteenth century. In the United States, they prompted an extension of the parens patriae doctrine, which provided a basis for the creation of the juvenile court a century ago. The protective orientation of the court was intended both for juvenile delinquents and children in danger. Important changes have occurred since the 1960s. Procedural guarantees for delinquents and de-institutionalisation of children in danger have created a clear distinction between the two groups. Diversion has introduced an alternative to the court process. Policies aimed at young offenders have moved gradually in the direction of the adult criminal court model. The article presents an overview of this evolution, essentially for North America.     

论未成年人刑事判决之有限公开

我国刑事诉讼法未就未成年人刑事判决宣告方式做特别规定,这一法律漏洞致使未成年人刑事判决只能适用成年人模式即公开宣告,但公开宣判方式不符合未成年人隐私保护和少年司法矫正之宗旨,因此,急需通过法律修订以填补法律漏洞。修改时,需将未成年人刑事案件判决宣告和判决文书网络公开之法律规定作为一个整体予以考量。为了未成年人隐私保护、公众知情权和司法监督等诸价值之平衡,未成年人刑事判决应当有限公开,即未成年人刑事判决宣告原则上实行不公开主义,无罪判决可申请公开;未成年人刑事判决文书采用隐去未成年人个人信息的网络有限公开模式。     

An analysis of how the police ‘caution’ is presented to juvenile suspects in England

In England and Wales, suspects must be given a police caution before they are questioned. The purpose of the caution is to explain a suspect's right to silence as a protection against self-incrimination. However, the evidence on whether the caution fulfils its purpose is limited. The aim of the present study was to describe how cautions were delivered in interviews with juvenile suspects in England. First, the study set out to describe how the caution was delivered to suspects during actual police interviews. Second, the study examined whether suspects claimed or demonstrated understanding of the caution. Third, the study analysed how the caution was explained by police officers. In total, the study examined 38 cautions from 31 interviews. The results indicated that police officers delivered the caution at a speed that is likely to be too fast for juvenile suspects to comprehend. Juvenile suspects often claimed to understand the caution, but when asked, failed to demonstrate comprehension. On the other hand, police officers often explained the caution to juvenile suspects, but not always correctly. Both suspects’ and police officers’ explanations of the caution revealed several misconceptions. The results suggest that the caution may not safeguard suspects as intended.     

The effect of a curfew law on juvenile crime in Washington,D.C.

Juvenile curfew laws were a popular intervention to combat juvenile crime during the 1980s and 1990s. An experimental replication design was used to examine the impact of the Washington, D.C. “Juvenile Curfew Act of 1995.” Juvenile arrest data were analyzed using a two-standard-deviation-band approach, t-test, and trend analysis. The results, consistent with previous studies, revealed that the curfew law did not reduce total juvenile arrests. Several flaws inherent in curfew laws, as well as implications for research and policy, are discussed.