罗隆基人权理论评析

罗隆基在人权论战时期,用功用的标准来诠释人权与国家、人权与法律的关系,指出不同时间不同国度的人权具有时空性特点,由此构建其人权理论体系,但其理论体系也有其历史困局。     

文化相对性视野下普遍性人权实现路径探析

人权与文化是休戚相关的.人权具有普遍性,这已为人权理论与实践充分证明,而文化由于其在不同地域、群体之间的差异而又具有相对性.当普遍性人权置身于不同文化背景中时,人权普遍性与文化相对性之间的矛盾将不可避免.在文化相对性视野下如何实现普遍性人权已成为人权理论与实践中亟需不断深入思考的重大课题.“文明相容的人权观”无疑为该矛...     

论人权的个体属性

国际人权斗争风云变幻的形势和国内人权实践的发展迫切要求深化人权理论研究。认识人权,首先必须明确其主体。抽象而论、人权即集体权利与个体权利的有机统一。然而,如何统一,统一于哪个方面,则多流于偏“公”废“私”的政治性结论。其实,人权的产生,人权的实现与发展以及人权的保障,都是在社会集体中得以进行的;人权,在不同的时期,不同的方面又表现为集体性的权利。但是,这并不否认,人权,在本体上,就是个体的权利。相反,只有立足于个体人权,尊重个体人之为人的利益需求,人权运动,才能找到其历史     

论人权的主体与主体的人权

作者认为,在人权理论与实践中,存在着人权主体泛化与主体人权泛化两种倾向。针对这种“泛人权论”,作者指出,“人权主体”与“权利主体”是两个不同的概念,人权主体应主要限定于个人,人权是一种个人权利,有必要澄清人权主体的个体性问题中的几个模糊认识;人权有应有权利、法规权利、习惯权利和现实权利四种形态,并各具不同作用,人权并非没有客观标准和确定内容,人权分为基本人权和非基本人权,当前我国应把人权建设重心放在基本人权上。     

对公民权利保护的比较研究

本文研究对象为公民权利,采用的方法为比较研究。本文并不是从实证方面来比较国内外对人权的保护,而是光从法律条文的设计方面来研究对人权保护的不同规定。所选用的比较对象一个是国际人权公约,一个是我国的宪法。国际人权公约与我国宪法关于人权的规定是既统一又对立的关系。其对立主要表现在二者存在很多方面的差异和冲突;其统一主要表现在二者在多数方面是一致甚至是相同的。只有弄清其一致性才可能找到整合的立足点;只有厘清其差异,才不至于将二者混为一谈。     

人权的国际保护与不干涉内政

<正> 人权,本是国内法的一个概念,是作为一个法律原则和公民权利被规定在有关国家的宪法、民法或其他法律之中.第一次世界大战后,某些国际条约开始出现有关保护少数条款,第二次世界大战后,人权问题大规模地进入国际法的领域.目前,根据国际上较为普遍的意见,人权既包括个人人权,也包括集体人权,即民族自决权和发展权等.但是,由于国际人权文书具有不同的法律性质,特别是由于各国社会政治制度、意识形态、价值观念以及民族传统的不同,有关人权的解释和运用,是不同的.再加上一些国家将人权作为推行其对外政策、     

论人权的几个对应范畴

本文对人权的几个对应范畴 ,即 :人权与主权、人权与公民权、普遍人权与特殊人权、自由权与生存权发展权、个人人权与集体人权、观念人权与制度人权进行了探讨 ,对人权问题上的几个流行话语进行了一些理论上的辨析 ,文章指出 ,抛弃政治实用主义 ,将更多的人权内容纳入宪法和法律的保障 ,使其制度化 ,并切实确保它们的实现 ,这才是在人权问题上的科学态度。     

实施联合国工商业与人权指导原则——印度尼西亚案例中的启示

继2011年《工商企业与人权：实施联合国“保护、尊重和补救”框架指导原则》通过后,对其的关注点便转移到了实施中会面临的挑战上。对印度尼西亚相关案例的详细分析有助于剖析联合国工商业与人权指导原则的实施条件,并探索促进其有力实施的策略。虽然人们习惯性地认为联合国工商业与人权指导原则的实施依赖于强大的协作学习网络,但经过研究可知,权利联盟与政治商业及技术官僚精英之间的权力平衡才是决定性因素——根据市场力量的布局、权利斗争的历史以及高层政治支持的模式,联合国工商业与人权指导原则在不同行业间和不同时间内的实施情况有所不同。     

试论检察监督对人权的保障作用

人权是一个内容与涵义极为丰富的概念。不同的历史时期,不同的政治、经济和文化背景,甚至不同的国家,对人权的含义和理解都不尽相同。但在当今国际社会中,认为人权就是指人的“权利”,包括人的一切权利,已经越来越成为一种共识。承认人权、尊重人权和保护人权,已成为人类的一个共同信念。那种公然宣布不承认、不尊重、不保护人权的行为和主张,已经没有市场。那种用自己的人权标准来干涉他国内政的行为也受到国际社会越来越多的谴责。本文意在通过检察监督行为对人权保障作用的论述,阐明检察机关在我国人权保     

国际人权问题的起源与发展——兼论人权国际保护与不干涉内政的关系

<正> 人权(Human Rights)已成为当今世界一个十分重要的国际政治法律问题。在以联合国为中心的国际组织所制定的国际公约和各种国际会议所讨论的议题中,有许多直接或间接的与人权有关。不同国家、不同政治制度和意识形态也经常就人权问题展开激烈争论。因此,深刻理解和正确认识人权问题,对积极参与国际人权领域的活动,促进国际人权的发展和加强我国的民主与法制建设有着重要意义。     

人权的革命与革命中的人权——对罗伯斯比尔人权观的重新解读

本文在介绍了罗伯斯比尔关于人权的基本观点后,分析了罗伯斯比尔人权观中存在的内在矛盾,并结合法国大革命的历史背景着重探讨了导致罗伯斯比尔人权理想和人权实践形成巨大差距的原因。本文认为造成罗伯斯比尔人权观的悲剧既与其思想中存在的民粹主义和道德理想主义密切相关,也与那时的人权是一种人权革命后的人权和革命中的人权这一事实有着极为重要的关系。     

宪法权利与民事权利关系辨

宪法是一国法律体系中的根本法,民法是对宪法在民事领域的具体化;但宪法又是公法,与作为私法的民法有本质上的区别。与此相对应,宪法权利与民事权利在性质、内容和行使方式等方面存在差别,但宪法权利功能的变迁又使其有影响民事权利发展的可能性。人权是整体法律体系的价值基础,人权入宪为宪法权利通过其体现的人权价值影响民事权利提供了法律基础,尽管如此,两者仍是不同性质的权利,宪法权利规范不能直接用于调整私人间的民事权利义务关系。     

The Vernacular Mobilization of Human Rights in Myanmar's Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Movement

This article examines how activists build a movement for sexual orientation and gender identity minorities in Myanmar, a country that is known for violent suppression of protests and is undergoing political reform. Based on original fieldwork, it finds that activists deploy a strategy of “vernacular mobilization of human rights” to persuade others to join their cause despite the risks to personal safety and to get around political constraints on collective organizing. Conceptualized at the intersection of the cultural study of human rights and social movements scholarship, “vernacular mobilization of human rights” theorizes the relationship between vernacularization—the translation and local adaptation of human rights—and movement micromobilization, specifying how the former unfolds as collective action framing processes. Through vernacularization activities, such as human rights workshops, movement leaders reframe grievances and shift the attribution of blame to empower and recruit new activists. Furthermore, with these framing processes, they generate a political community with a collective identity and social networks that they use to continue expanding the movement. The article enriches debates about the implications of implementing human rights and understandings of the relationship between human rights and movement mobilization, especially under repressive or uncertain political conditions.     

罗隆基人权理论及其限度

罗隆基是一个典型的自由主义知识分子。他以“人权论战”闻名于世，前期是以论政为主，后期以从政为主。他以功用作为视角，认为人权乃是做人的必要条件，并以此为基点构建其人权理论体系。罗隆基人权理论既受英美人权思想的影响，又带有中国特色，从而导致其人权理论所阐释的理想主义在当时中国现实语境下面临两难困境而难有用武之地。     

Two Concepts of the Margin of Appreciation

The doctrine of the margin of appreciation that the EuropeanCourt of Human Rights has developed in its case law has givenrise to considerable criticism. In this article I draw a distinctionbetween two different ways in which the Court has used the doctrine.The first one is in cases where the Court has to decide whethera particular interference with a Convention freedom is justified.In answering that question, the Court often uses the label ‘marginof appreciation’ without drawing on a substantive theoryof rights that can justify the conclusion reached. The seconduse appears in cases where the Court refrains explicitly fromemploying a substantive test of human rights review on the basisthat there is no consensus among Contracting States on the legalissue before it. My aim is to highlight the principles thatcan be used to justify each use of the doctrine, by locatinghuman rights within broader issues in moral and political philosophy.Particular emphasis is placed on the distinction between reason-blockingand interest-based theories of rights as well as on the natureof the duties of the European Court, as a matter of internationalhuman rights law.     

Human rights and the AIDS crisis: the debate over resources

In his plenary presentation of 11 July 2000 at the XIII International AIDS Conference, Kenneth Roth, the Executive Director of Human Rights Watch, the largest US-based human rights organization, reflects on whether a human-rights perspective can help us confront the AIDS crisis. More specifically, he asks the question whether human rights can help us meet the urgent challenge of securing the vast resources we need for treatment and prevention. Mr Roth believes they can. He argues that human rights are a powerful tool for meeting basic human needs, but that their contribution to the fight against AIDS is not as simple or straightforward as many often assume. In his presentation, he explains why.     

Can the Human Rights Bodies be Used to Produce Interim Measures to Protect Environment-Related Human Rights?

International environmental law does not protect individuals as such. On the other hand, human rights do not formally encompass the right to a healthy environment. This article argues that human rights bodies are suitable forums to protect environment-related human rights. They can do so by producing interim measures to prevent States' actions or inactions towards the environment from infringing on human rights, even if the harmful character of those actions is uncertain. It is demonstrated that the recourse to the precautionary principle is possible to achieve such anticipatory protection and is supported by recent developments in the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the International Court of Justice. In particular, the article shows that human rights bodies can develop interrelationships and interdependency between rights of different normative values in different areas of international law that will lead to equitable interim measures prescribing positive obligations that are reasonable and appropriate.     

Human Rights and Modern Society: A Sociological Analysis from the Perspective of Systems Theory

This article argues that the systems theory of Niklas Luhmann prepares the ground for a genuinely sociological theory of human rights. Through a presentation of Luhmann's work on human rights, it describes the historical and sociological processes that make visible why human rights emerge as a central feature of modern society. It is argued that the emergence of fundamental freedoms and human rights can be related to the dominant structure of modern society, that is, functional differentiation. Human rights are considered as a social institution, whereby modern society protects its own structure against self-destructive tendencies. By giving inalienable and equal rights to all human beings, society ensures that the differentiation between different functional subsystems is maintained and at the same time institutionalizes specific mechanisms to increase stability and protection of the individual. The article first examines some features of the systems-theoretical framework that are used to describe and analyse the issue of human rights. Next, it presents a brief overview of the semantic evolution of human rights. This reconstruction focuses on the question how the modern semantics of human rights can be linked to a specific structural societal transformation. The second part of the essay is devoted to the social function of human rights. After focusing on the general function, it makes a distinction between 'fundamental freedoms' on the one hand, and the 'rights of equality' on the other.     

新刑诉法影响下我国侦查讯问制度的探索和完善

人权保障已成为当今世界各国的共识,而犯罪嫌疑人的权利保障力度成了各国人权保障水平的标志。侦查阶段是刑事诉讼中人权保障最薄弱的一个环节,而侦查讯问中犯罪嫌疑人的权利更容易受到侵犯。对我国现行侦查讯问制度存在的问题及其原因进行分析,结合新刑事诉讼法修改的基本精神,建立和完善我国的侦查讯问制度,可以从根源上解决我国侦查讯问中犯罪嫌疑人的权利保障问题。     

Interpreting the Political Theory in the Practice of Human Rights

In this discussion of The Heart of Human Rights, I support Allen Buchanan’s pursuit of a theory-in-practice methodology for interpreting the foundations and meaning of international legal human rights from within the practice. Following my use of that methodology, I recharacterize the theory of rights revealed by this methodology as political not moral. I clarify the import of this interpretation of international legal human rights for two problems that trouble Buchanan: (1) whether the scope of ‘basic equal status’ is a global or an ‘intrasocial’ standard and (2) whether there is a ‘proliferation’ of rights that risks undermining the legitimacy of international legal human rights. I argue that the scope of basic equal status is global and that the practice of making what he calls ‘new’ rights claims is part of the practice of human rights.