对司法裁判中适用“公司社会责任”条款的思考

公司制度是市场机制的核心,公司的性质是法学、经济学、社会学等领域研究公司制度的核心问题。公司的社会责任(Corporate Social Responsibility)正是从公司的性质引出的话题,是对公司追求利润最大化的营利目的的一种反思。公司社会责任条款,是我国2005年《公司法》修改时新增的内容,该法第5条第1款规定:     

不报、谎报安全事故罪的罪名要件分析

准确概括罪名是正确定罪的前提之一,刑法第139条增设"不报、谎报安全事故罪",对具体犯罪本质或主要特征作了高度概括,有助于司法实践中对本罪的认定.本文试从试用范围,相关内容的界定等三个方面进行探析,以求进一步明确.     

企业社会责任的边界

企业在现代经济社会中越来越多的需要承担社会责任,而企业社会责任的边界应该如何界定是一个值得考虑的问题。本文通过做出三种假设:权利是明确界定的、社会责任首先由社会承担、社会责任首先由企业承担来阐述如何确定企业社会责任的边界。     

企业社会责任的性质

关于企业社会责任性质的经济责任论、道德责任论、法律责任论和‘超越’法律责任论、综合责任论等本身都是合乎逻辑的,得出不同结论的原因主要在于人们或从不同的理论、或从不同的角度出发对企业社会责任进行的考察,某种程度上也是对企业社会责任本身的界定不一致产生的结果。实际上,企业社会责任最初以道德责任的形式出现,但这种道德责任的充分实现离不开法律等其他社会约束机制。因此,一部分企业社会责任后来逐渐发展为法律责任和软法责任,并同道德责任相并存。界定企业社会责任性质的意义在于其属于进一步探讨企业社会责任实现机制的前提。     

论信息网络条件下对广播组织知识产权的保护

目前国际通行的世界知识产权组织出台的两个文件(WCT、WPPT)明确了作者的"网络传播权",对邻接权人规定了"专有权"这种较高的保护原则,虽然我国新修订的<著作权法>第10条、第41条、第42条第5项也作了相关规定,但内容仍显单薄.建议在法律上明确广播节目的网络传输、复制、存储的性质定位;建立网络环境下对广播节目的合理使用和法定许可制度;重视广播组织在网络环境下的精神权利;对网络服务者ISP的侵权责任问题,一方面不能让其随意使用他人作品获取非法利益,另一方面也不能让它成为众矢之的.     

中国公司法第五条第一款的文义解释及实施路径 兼论道德层面的企业社会责任的意义

<正>现行《公司法》第5条1款明文规定企业在经营活动中必须承担社会责任,"是我国立法者对世界公司法的一大贡献。"但是,该款规定并未彻底解决围绕企业社会责任的各种争议,"何谓公司社会责任,迄今尚未形成统一的结论。"本文在引言后分成四个部分。第一部分是对公司法第5条1款的文义解释。在第二部分中,作者将借鉴域外经验,探讨通过公司法已有的机制强制公司履行社会责任的可能性。在第     

论我国黑社会性质组织的法律性质及特征

黑社会性质组织犯罪是修订后的刑法新设立的罪种,但由于我国有关犯罪组织称谓的多样性,以及相关特征的混乱性,给实践中对黑社会性质组织的认定带来了不确定性和随意性。2002年4月28日,第9届全国人大常委会第27次会议通过了对《刑法》第294条第1款的解释,这是继2000年12月4日最高人民法院对黑社会性质组织作出解释后,对“黑社会性质组织”有次进行的界定。而司法机关要想在实践操作中真正解决这一问题,笔者认为必须以刑法和立法解释为依托,明确黑社会性质组织的法律性质和法律特征。     

企业社会责任概念的正本清源

对于企业社会责任外延界定的分歧在于：是否包括经济责任;对于企业社会责任内涵界定的分歧在于：是促进社会公共利益的责任,还是促进企业各相关主体利益的责任。社会责任是指企业在为股东谋求利润最大化之外对其他利益相关者所负的责任。企业社会责任可以被划分为两种层级：法律责任和道德责任。     

论医疗机构产品严格责任之缓和——兼评《侵权责任法》第59条

《侵权责任法》第54条明确了医疗机构侵权一般采用过错责任的归责原则,但针对药品、医疗器械等医疗产品侵权,第59条又明确了医疗机构严格责任的归责原则。对医疗机构产品严格责任的解释源于将医疗机构视为产品销售者,类似于《产品责任法》中产品责任的认识。而事实上,医疗机构并非完全意义上的产品生产者或销售者。况且在司法实践中,即使作为销售者,其严格责任的归责原则也有所松动。所以,通过分析严格责任的理论基础、医疗产品的实际情况等内容,提出对医疗机构产品严格责任的适用,应视医疗机构性质等具体情况,予以适当缓和。     

集体企业国有资产产权界定暂行办法

第一章 总 则 第一条 为了进一步明晰产权关系,建立与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的现代企业制度,促进公有制经济的巩固和发展,维护国有资产所有者和集体资产所有者的合法权益,根据国家有关规定,制定本办法。 第二条 本办法所称集体企业国有资产产权界定(以下简称产权界定),系指国家依法划分和认定存在于集体所有制企业中国有资产的所有权归属,并明确国家作为所有者对这部分国有资产行使权利的财产范围和管理权限的一种法律行为。 第三条 本办法适用于注册为集体所有制性质的各种城镇集体企业(含合作社)资产的产权界定。     

PTSD,Endophenotypes, the RDoC,and the DSM-5

The search for endophenotypes that stand between genetics and disease has been applied to the diagnostic entity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Advances are being made in understanding the pathway to disorder in PTSD in terms of brain regions, neuronal networks, stress-related systems (e.g., the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis), and their underlying genetic and neurogenetic bases. The latter are affected by gene–environmental interactions and epigenetic effects, and the environment and context reciprocally interrelate with them, as well. Therefore, a primary focus on (neuro)pathophysiological intermediates in the disease pathway, as appears emphasized in the research domain criteria (RDoC) approach to etiology of psychiatric disorder, and to which the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) subscribes, might detract from a more inclusive biopsychosocial approach that would be more applicable in the case of PTSD. The paper undertakes a comprehensive review of the recent literature in the areas of endophenotypes, neurogenetics, epigenetics, neural networks, HPA axis, neuronal networks, pathways, the PTSD five-factor model, allostasis, and the RDoC criteria for psychiatric diagnosis, and then returns to the topic of endophenotypes. Neuronal networks constitute one integrating area that could help in arriving at an appropriate model of PTSD endophenotype. Pathway analysis provides a rich field for discerning individual differences in PTSD development, more so than the static approach of using DSM-5 symptom criteria. A model of endophenotypes is presented, which considers these factors in relation to PTSD. The paper concludes with implications for the DSM-5, for practice and for court, especially that it would be premature to seek individual biomarkers of PTSD given the current state of knowledge, even if it is burgeoning.     

The good, the bad, the ugly, and the Colombian peace plan

Among the many wars thatColombia is fighting, there are two that itis definitely losing – those forgovernment legitimacy and against poverty.Although the country has always shown anearly infinite capacity to turn itselfaround, its traditionally praised democracyshows fresh signs of erosion that lookalmost impossible to reverse. With solidinstitutions no longer standing, theguerrillas, the paramilitary, the corruptjustice system, and the drug producerscontinue to thrive like perennial weeds.Massacres, bombings, kidnappings and thedestruction of infrastructure continue toproduce a devastating effect on theColombian psyche. The good, the bad and theugly mix together in a pitiable realismbetween civil society and state. Theoutcome is poverty, dissatisfaction, andlack of legitimacy and hope.     

Gender, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS: the what, the why, and the how

The focus of Geeta Rao Gupta's plenary presentation of 12 July 2000 at the XIII International AIDS Conference is on the what, why, and how of gender, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS. Dr Rao Gupta discusses the factors associated with women's vulnerability to HIV; and the ways in which unequal power balance in gender relations increases not only women's, but also men's, vulnerability to HIV-despite, or rather because of, their greater power. She then addresses the question of how one is to overcome the seemingly insurmountable barriers of gender and sexual inequality. How can we change the cultural norms that create damaging, even fatal, gender disparities and roles? According to Dr Rao Gupta, an important first step is to recognize, understand, and publicly discuss the ways in which the power imbalance in gender and sexuality fuels the epidemic. She provides examples of sensitive, transformative, and empowering approaches to gender and sexuality and concludes that, in the final analysis, reducing the imbalance in power between women and men requires policies that are designed to empower women--policies that aim to decrease the gender gap in education, improve women's access to economic resources, increase women's political participation, and protect women from violence.     

Punishing the Awkward, the Stupid, the Weak, and the Selfish: The Culpability of Negligence

Negligence is a problematic basis for being morally blamed and punished for having caused some harm, because in such cases there is no choice to cause or allow—or risk causing or allowing—such harm to occur. The standard theories as to why inadvertent risk creation can be blameworthy despite the lack of culpable choice are that in such cases there is blame for: (1) an unexercised capacity to have adverted to the risk; (2) a defect in character explaining why one did not advert to the risk; (3) culpably acquiring or failing to rid oneself of these defects of character at some earlier time; (4) flawed use of those practical reasoning capacities that make one the person one is; or (5) chosen violation of per se rules about known precautions. Although each of these five theories can justify blame in some cases of negligence, none can justify blame in all cases intuitively thought to be cases of negligence, nor can any of these five theories show why inadvertent creation of an unreasonable risk, pure and simple, can be blameworthy.     

The Teamsters, the White House, the Labor Department

This paper examines the instrumental networks established between organized criminals and national politicians. Its major focus centers on the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the Department of Labor, and the Reagan Administration. We explore the organized crime influence that affected President Reagan's selection of Raymond Donovan as Secretary of Labor. The choice of Donovan resulted in several related investigations into Donovan's association with organized criminals primarily in the construction industry in New Jersey and New York. We explain and critique the investigations thereby establishing the instrumental quality of the networks and the politics of law enforcement. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Defense Lawyer,the Accused,and the Procurator

As the matter is generally conceived, it is the accused who needs a defense attorney. Of course, it is he who needs a lawyer above all. But lawyers for the defense are no less essential to the Soviet state in its administration of justice. The administration of justice, the prosecution, and the defense are three functions, clearly differentiated from each other, that are implemented respectively by the court, the procuracy, and the institution of advocates. Together, they are called upon to assure the smooth functioning of the mechanism of struggle against crime.