4例肺血栓栓塞致死的法医学鉴定

肺动脉血栓栓塞,简称肺血栓栓塞（pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE）,是指血栓栓塞肺动脉及其分支引起肺循环障碍的临床和病理生理综合症.因PTE导致的死亡突然、意外,常引起纠纷.本文回顾合肥市公安局刑科所4例因PTE死亡的案例资料,并就其猝死的发病机制及法医学鉴定应注意的问题进行讨论,以期有助于法医学实践工作.     

肺动脉栓塞引起猝死三例

肺动脉栓塞是摔死较常见的原因之一，其尸检检出率为3％[1]。现将我们所遇的3例尸检材料，结合文献复习，对肺动脉栓塞引起猝死的病理及法医学鉴定作一初步分析。案例摘要例1，男，32岁，工人。因十二指肠溃疡在某医院行胃亚全切术，术后恢复好，第五天开始食流质，术后第六天晚上9时7分解小便后两次说“不行了”，即倒地，抬回病室血压、脉搏不能测知，抢救无效，9时20分死亡。尸检发现肺动脉主干二条血栓（一条长6cm，直径1cm，另一条长5cm，直径0．8cm），镜下为混合血栓，栓子来源于髂静脉。病理诊断：（1）肺动脉主干血栓栓塞；（2）肺…     

16例肺血栓栓塞猝死的法医学分析和临床研究

目的分析肺动脉血栓栓塞（pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE）猝死的法医病理学特点,探讨医疗过程中发生PTE的危险因素,为临床预防、治疗提供帮助。方法对本市2002年至2009年16例PTE猝死案件进行回顾性分析。结果每例均至少存在1项已知的高危因素,其中外伤12例,慢性疾病长期卧床1例,手术3例;发病到死亡的时间平均为1.2h,6例≤1h,3例≤12h。结论对于高龄（≥40岁）外伤或手术患者,预防、早期诊断和治疗PTE对于患者的生命至关重要,发现深静脉血栓形成者应采取紧急手段处理栓塞,谨防发生PTE致猝死。     

肺动脉血栓栓塞猝死23例法医病理学分析

目的分析肺动脉血栓栓塞(pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE)猝死的法医病理学特点,探讨血栓的演变过程及外伤等邻近事件与PTE猝死的因果关系判定方法。方法对四川华西法医学鉴定中心1998—2008年23例PTE猝死案件进行回顾分析。结果PTE猝死合并外伤、手术、制动等危险因素,其中外伤12例,手术21例;院内发生22例,以伤后住院时间1～2周及术后1周多见。PTE中17例为反复性栓子栓塞,余为一次性栓塞。栓子来源于下肢深静脉系统16例,左侧多见。结论明确栓子的来源、外伤及外科手术等邻近事件对于确定PTE猝死是至关重要的。     

14例肺血栓栓塞的法医学鉴定分析

肺动脉血栓栓塞 ,简称肺血栓栓塞 (pulmonarythromboembolism ,PTE) ,是指血栓堵塞肺动脉及其分支引起肺循环障碍的临床和病理生理综合症[1] 。PTE引发猝死 ,常常需要进行法医学鉴定。由于其发病和临床表现往往呈隐匿性和非特异性及尸检工作的疏忽 ,容易漏检或误检。本文通过对     

26例肺动脉血栓栓塞的法医学分析

肺动脉血栓栓塞,简称肺血栓栓塞（pulmonary thromboembolism PTE）,指血栓物质随血流进入肺动脉主干及其分支堵塞血管,造成急性肺循环障碍及心功能障碍。PTE发病急速,症状不典型,     

云南363例猝死案例的法医病理学分析

目的研究云南猝死(sudden death,SD)的流行病学及病理学特点,为猝死的防治和法医学鉴定提供科学依据。方法收集昆明医科大学司法鉴定中心2009—2017年尸体检验的363例猝死案例,回顾性分析其性别、年龄、发病到死亡时间、好发季节、死亡原因及诱因等猝死相关因素。结果猝死者男性多于女性,≥35~55岁年龄段为猝死高峰,发病后6h内死亡率较高,各季节死亡人数从高到低分别为春季、夏季、冬季、秋季。导致猝死的前十位死亡原因依次为冠心病、不明原因猝死(sudden unexplained death,SUD)、脑出血、急性出血坏死性胰腺炎、主动脉夹层破裂、心肌病、肺炎、肺动脉血栓栓塞、羊水栓塞、过敏。运动,输液、手术、药物以及轻微损伤是冠心病猝死最常见的发病诱因,意识障碍或昏迷、胸痛或胸闷以及腹痛是冠心病猝死最常见的死亡前症状。结论中年男性猝死最常见,是猝死防治的重点人群。在法医学鉴定和猝死的防治中应对不明原因猝死给予重视。     

基于尸体CT肺动脉造影的血栓与死后凝血块CT值比较

目的 探究尸体CT肺动脉造影中肺动脉血栓和死后凝血块CT值的差异性,提高虚拟解剖技术的应用价值。方法 收集2016—2019年死因明确的死后CT肺动脉造影数据,分为肺动脉血栓栓塞组(4例)、死后凝血块组(5例)和对照组(5例),对各组肺动脉干及左右肺动脉内容物的CT值进行统计学分析。结果 肺动脉血栓栓塞组、死后凝血块组的CT均值分别为(168.4±53.8)Hu和(282.7±78.0)Hu,均低于对照组CT均值[(1 193.0±82.9)Hu,P<0.05]。死后凝血块组CT均值高于肺动脉血栓栓塞组(P<0.05)。结论 在死后CT肺动脉造影检查中,CT值作为区分肺动脉血栓栓塞和死后凝血块相对客观的量化指标具有可行性,在一定程度上可为排除肺动脉血栓栓塞死亡提供科学依据。     

脂肪栓塞中苏丹Ⅲ染色的定量分析

目的探讨苏丹Ⅲ染色如何定量应用于脂肪栓塞的法医学鉴定。方法应用苏丹Ⅲ对11例肺脂肪栓塞猝死的案例和11例其他原因致死的案例进行染色,并结合统计学方法对脂肪栓塞的阳性面积百分率及脂肪栓子数进行定量分析。结果脂肪栓塞致死者肺内苏丹Ⅲ染色阳性面积百分率为（5±1．7）％、脂肪栓子数为（9±2．4）％,均远大于其他原因致死的案例（P〈0．01）。结论苏丹Ⅲ染色法定量分析在脂肪栓塞中的法医学鉴定上结果可靠。     

从法医病理角度探讨老年人肺动脉栓塞

目的：从法医病理角度探讨老年人肺动脉栓塞临床特点，为临床准确诊断肺动脉栓塞疾病提供可靠依据，降低误诊、漏诊几率。方法：对7例老年肺动脉栓塞死亡患者临床资料进行回顾性分析，内容包括患者临床表现、临床检查结果等，之后对其进行尸检。记录尸检病理结果，对肺动脉栓塞临床特征进行总结。结果：老年人肺动脉栓塞患者临床表现为突发性胸膜痛、心悸、冷汗、胸闷、咯血、突发劳力性呼吸困难甚至晕厥等，最终因肺部出现急性循环衰竭导致死亡。尸检结果为将老年肺动脉栓塞患者心脏及肺动脉切开后均可见血栓形成，且数量较多或体积较大，血栓可呈现出红色或混合性质。结论：老年人具有肺动脉栓塞多种危险因素，因此肺动脉栓塞疾病发生率较高，易形血栓成胁健康及生命安全，应引起临床医务工作者及法医工作者高度重视。     

191例急死死因分析

本文对191例急死法医病理检案资料进行统计分析，结果表明急死年龄以15～59岁为多，共154例（占80．63％）。死因以心血管系统疾病为多，80例（占41．88％），但5岁以下以呼吸系统疾病为多；在191例急风中，以冠状动脉疾病最多，共55例（占28．80％），其次为小叶性肺炎21例（占10．99％）和急性出血性胰腺炎（12例占6．28％）。死亡诱因多为纠纷／或轻微外伤87例（占45．55％），另有51例（占26.70％）死前有轻微临床症状体征，经医生诊治用药后很快死亡，从而引发医疗纠纷。     

Death caused by myocarditis in Wayne County, Michigan: a 9-year retrospective study

This paper reviews 72 cases of death caused by myocarditis between the years 1996 and 2004, autopsied at the Office of the Wayne County Medical Examiner in Michigan. Myocarditis as a cause of sudden and unexpected death represented 1.3% of all natural deaths in Wayne County during said period. The year 1999 contained the highest number of deaths of this cause (18), where the average number of myocarditis deaths was 8 per year for this 9-year span. In this study, each case was reviewed based on information gathered from investigative, autopsy, and toxicology reports. Significantly, 58% of these cases were male, and 63.4% were African American. Myocarditis caused death in every age group between 7 months and 67 years, but adults between the ages of 19 and 67 were most significantly affected (75%). Flu and/or cold were the most common symptoms experienced in the days directly proceeding death (28%), followed by shortness of breath (17%) and sudden collapse (15%). Sixty-nine percent of these 72 cases were pronounced dead after ACLS (advanced cardiac life support) protocol by emergency medical services or hospital attendants. Cardiomegaly was observed in 24 cases of adults aged 19 or older (54%), and flabby/soft myocardial tissue was observed grossly in 16% of all 72 cases.     

Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome: Epidemiological and Morphological Characteristics in Thai Autopsy Cases

With limited knowledge on epidemiological and morphological characteristics of sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS), this study was aimed to identify such data in Thai SUNDS autopsy cases. All the cases were men and nondrug abusers aged 20–49 years old. Most cases were originated in the Northeastern region of Thailand. Half of them were found dead from midnight to 6 a.m., with a peak time at 2 a.m. The death rate was relatively higher in May and June. Most SUNDS cases were blue‐collar workers (93.2%) and nonsmokers (60%), with a normal BMI (72.1%). Approximately one‐fifth of the cases had detectable blood alcohol concentrations. Symptoms before death were respiratory difficulty, seizures, and urinary incontinence. Their mean heart weight was 329.8 ± 35.1 g. Their lungs (88.6%) had some degree of congestion. Acute pancreatitis was not found in these SUNDS cases, and approximately half (40.9%) of the cases had their gastric content <100 mL.     

冠状动脉粥样斑块中C-反应蛋白的免疫组化研究

目的探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块中C-反应蛋白(CRP)对冠心病猝死(SCD)的诊断意义。方法从本教研室2001~2004年尸检案例中挑选68例案例资料和心脏标本,分为3组A组SCD(27例);B组冠心病非猝死者(21例);C组无明显动脉粥样硬化病变的死者(20例);应用免疫组化染色(SABC法)和图像分析技术,检测每例冠状动脉左前降支和右主支粥样硬化斑块内的CRP染色情况,并对所得数据进行统计分析。结果A组有20例CRP免疫组化染色强阳性,6例呈较强阳性,1例为弱阳性;B组中3例呈较弱阳性,11例微弱阳性,7例为阴性;C组均未见阳性反应。结论检测冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块中的CRP对SCD的死后诊断具有一定意义。     

心肌病猝死者心肌连接蛋白43的免疫组化染色观察

目的探讨心肌病猝死者心肌连接蛋白43(Cx43)染色变化及其与猝死的关系。方法运用免疫组化和图像分析技术,分2组(A和B组)检测20例心肌病猝死者心室肌的Cx43染色情况;并与14例非心肌病猝死者(C组)的检测结果对照。结果扩张型心肌病(DCM)猝死组(A组,11例)心肌Cx43染色明显减弱,阳性着色斑点大小不等、深浅不一、分布不均,有的呈散在颗粒状;其它类型的心肌病猝死组(B组,9例)亦见类似变化;非心肌病猝死的对照组(C组,14例)未见明显变化。定量检测并经统计分析发现,Cx43蛋白染色阳性的面积,A组与B组和C组的差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01),B组与C组的差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);而平均光密度各组之间的差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论心肌病猝死者心肌Cx43免疫组化染色明显减弱,尤以扩张型心肌病明显;心肌病猝死者心肌Cx43变化可能与其猝死有一定关系。     

Sudden natural death 'at the wheel': a retrospective study over a 15-year time period (1982-1996).

In order to investigate the incidence and implications of sudden natural death at the wheel, a retrospective study was carried out over a 15-year time period ranging from 1982 until 1996. During this time period 147 drivers of motor vehicles were found out of 34,554 cases examined at the Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. There were 13 females and 134 males and the mean age was 56.8 years (range 20-86 years). The main cause of death was ischemic heart disease which was found in 113 cases. There were mainly minor injuries to the driver, or to other passengers, or to other road users and only minor property damage. Our study confirms previous investigations that sudden natural death at the wheel is a rare event in proportion to unnatural death at the wheel and is not a substantial threat to other road users. Despite existing guidelines for granting a driving licence, medical screening to exclude high risk patients from driving cannot prevent the occurrence of sudden natural death at the wheel.     

Simultaneous sudden infant death syndrome: a proposed definition and worldwide review of cases.

Epidemiologic studies of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the leading cause of death of infants during the postperinatal period (7-365 days), have mainly focused on the deaths of single infants. Simultaneous sudden infant death syndrome (SSIDS), the death of a pair of twins occurring at the same time, has received limited attention within the medical community. To the authors' knowledge, this article is the first to describe the 41 SSIDS cases cited in the world literature from 1900 to 1998 by the location of death, a summary of the circumstances surrounding the deaths, and evaluation of these cases in terms of a proposed definition of SSIDS. This evaluation critiques whether the 41 pairs of SSIDS cases adhere to a newly proposed definition of SSIDS. Twin infant deaths must meet all three criteria to be considered SSIDS. The study found that only 12 pairs of twins met all three criteria (29.2%), nine pairs met two criteria (21.9%), alternative cause of death was offered in five pairs of twins (12.1%) and in the remaining 15 pairs (36.6%), only limited information was available; therefore, no conclusions could be reached.     

Causes of sudden natural death in Jamaica: a medicolegal (coroner's) autopsy study from the University Hospital of the West Indies

Medicolegal (coroner's) autopsies are an important source of epidemiological data. A large proportion of them comprise sudden natural deaths and an analysis of such cases has never been undertaken at the University Hospital of the West Indies, the only teaching hospital in Jamaica. In a retrospective study, 841 cases of sudden natural deaths comprising 51.3% of the medicolegal autopsies conducted over the 15-year period, January 1983 to December 1997, were analyzed. There were 459 males and 382 females (M:F ratio = 1.2:1); 35 patients (4.1%) were less than 1 year of age, and the mean age of the remainder was 53.7+/-21.8 years. The peak age group was the seventh decade accounting for 21.9% of cases. The most common causes of death were cerebrovascular accidents (13.6%), pneumonia (9.4%), pulmonary embolism (7.4%), ischaemic heart disease (7.0%) and diabetes mellitus (6.1%). These findings contrasted with those from developed countries in which ischaemic heart disease is the commonest cause of sudden death. Hypertension was associated with the majority of cases of cerebrovascular accident and congestive cardiac failure (78.1 and 61.9%, respectively). Sickle cell disease represented one of the 10 most common causes of death accounting for 2.5% of cases. Documentation of autopsy-based data such as these is important in the planning of medical services in a developing country.     

Cardiovascular abnormalities in children: a ten-year forensic pathologic study

In order to obtain information on types, incidence, and significance of cardiovascular abnormalities in children, a total of 104 consecutive medicolegal autopsies of children aged 8 days to 16 years during a 10-year period from May 1974 to April 1984 were studied. Extensive histological examination of the hearts was performed in 92 out of 104 cases and complemented with chemical and microbiological analyses. In the natural death group consisting of 53 children, 26 (49%) showed abnormalities: 7 (13%) malformations, 11 (21%) cardiomyopathies, 5 (9%) idiopathic subaortic hypertrophy, and 3 (7%) a heart weight only 50% of the expected weight. In the violent death ("control") group, abnormalities were found in 8 of 39 cases (21%), all of which were cardiomyopathy. Only 5 of 34 cardiovascular abnormalities (every 7th case), all complex malformations, were clinically recognized. In 14 (15%) of the total 92 examined cases the cardiovascular abnormality was the only apparent cause of death, and in 12 (13%) a contributing cause of sudden unexpected natural death, while in 3 (3%) it was related to a fatal accidental injury. In 5 (13%) of the 39 cases of violent death, cardiomyopathy was an incidental finding without any connection to the circumstances or cause of death. The causes of cardiovascular abnormalities were associated with bacterial and viral infections, respiratory disorders, phenytoin sensitivity, or were unknown. Because of the differences in diagnostic criteria employed by previous investigators, it cannot be determined whether the incidence of the cardiovascular abnormalities and sudden cardiac death in children found in this material was higher than in other studies.     

Oronasal blood in sudden infant death.

Oronasal secretions are observed frequently in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), but overt blood is uncommonly reported. The literature on oronasal blood in sudden infant death is limited. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of oronasal blood in sudden infant deaths and to examine possible causative factors. Oronasal blood was described in 28 (7%) of 406 cases of sudden infant death. Oronasal blood could not be attributed to cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 14 cases, including 10 (3%) of 300 cases of SIDS, 2 (14%) of 14 accidental suffocation cases, and 2 (15%) of 13 undetermined cases. Eight of the 10 infants in cases of sudden infant death were bedsharing: 5 with both parents, 2 between both parents. The infant in 1 SIDS case was from a family that had had three referrals to Child Protective Services. Oronasal blood not attributable to cardiopulmonary resuscitation occurs rarely in SIDS when the infant is sleeping supine in a safe environment. Bedsharing may place infants at risk of suffocation from overlaying. Oronasal blood observed before cardiopulmonary resuscitation is given is probably of oronasal skin or mucous membrane origin and may be a sign of accidental or inflicted suffocation. Sanguineous secretions that are mucoid or frothy are likely of remote origin, such as lung alveoli. The use of an otoscope to establish the origin of oronasal blood in cases of sudden infant death is recommended.