人体脂肪的高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射分析

目的 建立凶杀案件现场遗留的微量人体脂肪残渣种属的检验鉴定方法.方法 用丙酮溶解人体油脂、动物油脂,油脂溶液进行高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射分析.结果 人体脂肪的液相色谱数据特征性强,与常见动物油脂差异显著,可作为鉴定人体脂肪种属的依据.检材不受各种环境因素的干扰,对于腐败的人体脂肪仍可得出准确鉴定结论.结论 高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射方法是检验鉴定微量人体脂肪种属的一种有效手段.     

人体气味的证据价值及检验技术进展

人体气味是具体人的一种生物信息,皮肤腺是人体气味产生之源。由遗传基因控制的人类白细胞抗原,经由免疫系统决定人体气味的特征。遗留于犯罪现场的人体气味具有相对稳定性,是与案件事实相关联的一种物证,具有一定的证据能力。警犬鉴别是辨识人体气味的主要技术手段。电子鼻、气相色谱质谱等化学分析仪器也可用于人体气味的检测分析。利用气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)对气味进行辨识具有嗅觉学的作用。警犬鉴别人体气味的结果与仪器分析的结果相互印证是检测分析人体气味证据技术的发展方向,也是人体气味证据走上法庭的关键技术。     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法分析人和动物油脂种属

目的采用反相高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射方法分析人和动物油脂种属。方法采集人体和7种动物(猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭、鹅、鱼)油脂,丙酮溶解后直接进样分析,色谱柱为C18反相柱,流动相为二氯甲烷-乙腈(30∶70 V/V),流速1.0mL/min,蒸发光散射检测器进行检测。结果采用本文方法检测POSt、MMP、StPSt、OPO 4种甘油三酯组分分离效果良好;用于油脂分析,其主要组分高级脂肪酸三甘酯均得到了有效分离,色谱峰的保留时间和相对峰面积比的重现性好;与动物油脂比较,人体油脂具有独特的色谱特征;动物之间色谱特征也有差异。结论采用本文高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法检测油脂,可根据人体油脂与动物油脂色谱特征的差异为油脂种属鉴定提供依据。     

人体血液中吗啡的定性定量分析

目的　建立人体血液中吗啡的定性定量分析方法。方法　经过丙酸酐衍生化法 ,利用气质联用和气相色谱氮磷检测器对吗啡丙酸酐衍生物进行定性定量分析。结果　确定了人体血液中吗啡的气质联用和气相色谱氮磷检测器定性定量分析的色谱条件、吗啡气相色谱氮磷检测器定量分析的线性范围及吗啡最小检出量0 1ng。结论　该方法定性定量结果准确、可靠 ,定量线性范围可满足实际办案需要 ,为吸食鸦片类毒品人群血液中吗啡的定性定量分析提供了分析方法和依据     

我国生物技术专利保护的现状和对策（续）

4.疾病的诊断和治疗方法 疾病的诊断和治疗方法是指以有生命的人或者动物为直接实施对象、进行识别、确定或消除病因或病灶的过程。 上述的诊断方法,是指为识别、研究和确定有生命人体或动物病因或病灶状态的全过程。上述的治疗方法,是指为使有生命的人体或动物恢复或获得健康,进行阻断、缓解或消除病因或病灶的过程。 出于人道主义的考虑和社会伦理的原因,医生在诊断和治疗过程中应当有选择各种方法和条件的自由。另外,这类方法直接以有生命的人体或动物为实施对象,无法在产业上利用,不具备实用性,不属于专利法意义上的发明创造。因此疾病的诊断和治疗方法不能被授予专利权。     

SPME-GC-MS及相似度计算法对内衣中人体气味的分析鉴别

目的探讨内衣中人体气味的分析鉴别方法。方法采用顶空固相微萃取及气-质联用法（SIM）对不同人体内衣中的主要人体气味指标性成分：醇、醛、酮、酯四类物质同时进行测定,同时采用指纹图谱相似度计算法对不同个体的内衣样本的色谱图进行统计分析。结果不同个体的内衣样本中,其人体气味成分差别较为明显,因而是能够通过这四类物质的差别来达到区分鉴别不同个体内衣样本的目的。结论本方法灵敏度高、重现性好,可作为内衣中人体气味的分析鉴别方法。     

论犯罪现场遗留人体气味的证据能力

现场遗留人体气味能否成为物证,其鉴别结论能否作为刑事证据的一种,关键在于其证据能力问题。本文对现场遗留人体气味是否具备物证的基本属性;人体气味是否具有人身同一认定方面的独特属性;对现场遗留人体气味是否有一套科学的发现、提取、保存和检验的方法等问题作了初步探讨。     

分泌抗人精液特异蛋白P_(30)单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞系的建立和初步应用

作者通过杂交瘤技术建立了9株产生抗精浆特异蛋白 P_(30) 单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞系。它们是由 SP2/0骨髓瘤与经 P_(30) 免疫的 BALB/C 小鼠脾细胞按常规方法进行细胞融合、并经克隆化筛选得出.这些细胞株均经体外培养3个月以上能够稳定分泌抗 P_(30) 单克隆抗体。该抗体只能识别纯化的 P_(30) 和精液中的 P_(30) ;与人精液以外的其他体液和多种人体组织无交叉反应;与几种常见动物的精液和血液无交叉反应。这些 P_(30) 单克隆抗体均属 IgG 类和 IgG_1亚类。其培养上清液和腹水的抗体效价最高分别达到320和128,000。以 ELISA 法应用这些单克隆抗体能很好地鉴定精液和精斑。     

基于光谱成像的人血和两种动物血痕迹的函数型数据分析

目的研究现场勘查和实验室检验鉴定中光谱成像技术显现和区分人体血液痕迹与动物血液痕迹的能力。方法使用光谱成像技术分别采集人血、鸡血、蛇血在不同介质表面的光谱影像数据,利用函数型数据分析方法依次分析了四种介质上的血迹数据,主要的分析方法包括:1)基于函数型数据主成分分析定量确定三种血迹光谱主成分贡献率及差异主要集中的波段;2)利用三种血迹的主成分进行聚类分析;3)基于函数型数据Fisher判别分析对样本进行判别。结果利用函数型数据进行血迹种类判别,对四种介质上三种血迹的识别准确率分别达到了96.6%、98.8%、99.0%和94.6%。结论研究表明,利用光谱成像技术和函数型分析方法来区分现场人血与动物血痕迹物证是行之有效的。     

SPME-GC-MS（SIM）对人体手部气味的分析鉴别

目的探讨对人体手部气味分析鉴别的方法。方法以玻璃珠为采样介质,采用顶空固相微萃取及气-质联用选择离子监测（SIM）法分别对不同人体手部气味中主要挥发性成分：醇、酚、醛、酮、酸、酯6类物质进行测定。结果除了酸类和酚类物质不能用作区别不同人体气味的指标性成分外,其它4类物质均可作为鉴别不同人体气味的指标性成分。     

Behavior of animal blood in blood typing systems. Isoelectric focusing of erythrocyte acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase

Isoenzyme band patterns of animal blood erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) and phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM) were studied by isoelectric focusing on ultrathin polyacrylamide gels. For blood from all animals tested (dog, cat, cow, sheep, and goat), the overall band patterns for both isoenzymes were different from those of the most common human types of these enzymes, although some animal EAP and PGM bands appeared in the human band areas. When mixtures of human and animal red blood cells were studied, it was found that misinterpretation of human types was possible only if the overall band pattern of the mixtures was ignored. For the animal blood tested, the strong PGM bands appearing outside the human band areas could be used as "markers" for the possible presence of animal blood in the samples tested.     

特异性抗人白蛋白血清制备

用乙基乙酰胺修饰的人血清白蛋白吸收免抗人白蛋白血清,可制威特异性极高的抗人白蛋白血清。用该血清和三氯化铬、人血清白蛋白包被的O型红细胞作指示细胞,做凝集抑制试验,能区别人血(斑)和包括灵长类在内的各种动物血(斑)。     

血细胞线粒体DNA4977缺失与年龄的相关性

目的检测不同年龄组人活体血细胞线粒体DNA4977碱基缺失情况及其与年龄的相关性。方法根据Anderson标准序列设计mtDNA恒定区和mtDNA4977特异缺失区引物,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对110份不同年龄组人活体血细胞mtDNA4977缺失水平进行检测。结果在23岁以下个体中未检出mtDNA4977缺失,在大于23岁的被检个体中检测到mtDNA4977缺失,年龄越大,越容易检测到缺失。结论人mtDNA4977缺失与年龄有一定的相关性。     

Decomposing Human Blood: Canine Detection Odor Signature and Volatile Organic Compounds

The admissibility of human “odor mortis” discrimination in courts depends on the lack of comprehension of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the human decay process and of the lack in standardized procedures in training cadaver dogs. Blood was collected from four young people who died from traffic accidents and analyzed using HS‐SPME/GC‐MS at different decompositional stages. Two dogs, professionally trained, were tested to exactly locate blood samples, for each time point of the experiment. We found a long list of VOCs which varied from fresh to decomposed blood samples, showing differences in specific compounds. Dog performance showed a positive predictive value between 98.96% and 100% for DOG A, and between 99.47% and 100% for DOG B. Our findings demonstrated that decomposing human blood is a good source of VOCs and a good target for canine training.     

A molecular genetic approach for forensic animal species identification

This study investigated potential markers within chromosomal, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with the aim of developing a DNA based method to allow differentiation between animal species. Such discrimination tests may have important applications in the forensic science, agriculture, quarantine and customs fields. DNA samples from five different animal individuals within the same species for 10 species of animal (including human) were analysed. DNA extraction and quantitation followed by PCR amplification and GeneScan visualisation formed the basis of the experimental analysis. Five gene markers from three different types of genes were investigated. These included genomic markers for the beta-actin and TP53 tumor suppressor gene. Mitochondrial DNA markers, designed by Bataille et al. [Forensic Sci. Int. 99 (1999) 165], examined the Cytochrome b gene and Hypervariable Displacement Loop (D-Loop) region. Finally, a ribosomal RNA marker for the 28S rRNA gene optimised by Naito et al. [J. Forensic Sci. 37 (1992) 396] was used as a possible marker for speciation. Results showed a difference of only several base pairs between all species for the beta-actin and 28S markers, with the exception of Sus scrofa (pig) beta-actin fragment length, which produced a significantly smaller fragment. Multiplexing of Cytochrome b and D-Loop markers gave limited species information, although positive discrimination of human DNA was evident. The most specific and discriminatory results were shown using the TP53 gene since this marker produced greatest fragment size differences between animal species studied. Sample differentiation for all species was possible following TP53 amplification, suggesting that this gene could be used as a potential animal species identifier.     

人与动物毛发角蛋白组分的等电聚焦图谱分析

本文用聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦(PAGIEF)对来自6个目、15个科、20种动物毛发角蛋白组分进行了研究。发现人与动物毛发角蛋白组分的PAGIEF谱型有显著差异;不同种属的动物毛发角蛋白组分的PAGIEF谱型也互不相同,它们各自都有独特的角蛋白PAGIEF谱型。作者认为,本方法可用于鉴定毛发的种属。     

人与狗、猪、牛、羊长骨哈氏系统图像分析的比较

目的探讨人与狗、猪、牛、羊长骨的哈氏系统的形态特点、图像分析特点及其鉴别要点。方法制作人与狗、猪、牛、羊长骨中段横切磨片35张,光镜下观察比较哈氏系统,并在研究型显微镜下进行图像分析。结果人骨无丛状骨和骨单位带;人与狗、猪、牛、羊骨的哈氏系统在形状、大小、分布位置、均匀程度等方面存在明显差异;人骨哈佛骨板层数最多,哈氏系统直径最大;中央管直径和面积百分比的图像分析结果显示人与动物骨的差异均有显著意义。结论(1)丛状骨、骨单位带在种属鉴定中可作为人骨的排除指标;(2)人骨与狗、猪、牛、羊骨在哈氏系统结构方面有明显区别;(3)利用图像分析进行种属鉴定,中央管面积百分比是区别人骨与动物骨的重要参考指标。     

用国产两性电解质进行血痕的种属鉴定

本文应用国产两性电解质等电点聚焦法(PAGIEF)对1个月的40种动物血痕浸出液及经PCMB处理后的血痕浸出液的谱型进行了研究。根据谱型特征,成人除与人胎儿及猴难以鉴别外,与其它动物均可鉴别。动物间除鸟纲,鱼纲内有五组动物组内难以鉴别外,其它均能鉴别。经PCMB处理后,成人与人胎儿的谱型仍无差别,与其它动物的鉴别则更容易。结果表明,国产两性电解质用于等电聚焦进行血痕的种属鉴别是完全可能的。     

Detection of human proteins in buried blood using ELISA and monoclonal antibodies: towards the reliable species indentification of blood stains on buried material.

The survival of human proteins in blood stains on fragments of cloth buried in exposed soil was examined in a 15-month investigation carried out from September 1990 to December 1991. During this period there was a wide variety of weather conditions. Samples were exhumed at 4-weekly intervals for 16 weeks and finally at 65 weeks; extracts of the stains were tested for albumin and IgG using a highly specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performed with monoclonal antibodies. Human albumin survived well throughout the 15 months of study, but IgG could be detected only in the 4- and 8-week samples. The reactions for IgG were weaker than those for albumin, although the method's sensitivity (10 ng) was the same for each protein. Appropriate buried and non-buried control experiments were carried out using cloth, either unstained or stained with human blood or animal sera; there was no cross-reactivity between human and the other species investigated and soil did not affect the assay; under laboratory conditions, IgG and albumin survived equally well. The system's versatility was illustrated by using monoclonal anti-bovine-albumin to detect specific albumin in the extracts of buried cloth which has been stained with bovine serum. It was concluded that ELISA performed with monoclonal antibodies could be of great value in identifying blood stains for forensic purposes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)