扩增Amelogenin基因用于生物检材种属鉴定

目的扩增Amelogenin基因测定血痕或组织的种属,以确定在法医学检验中的应用价值。方法收集猪、羊、马等10几种常见动物的血痕或肌肉组织,应用PCR扩增Amelogenin基因,PAGE电泳,银染后观察结果。结果哺乳动物猪、牛、狗、羊、马、驴动物血痕扩增产物为1条带,片段长度102bp。猕猴检见106bp和112bp两条带,与人血痕没有区别。兔、猫、鼠血痕未检出特异性片段。其它常见物种鳝鱼、青蛙、鸭、鹅、鸽、鹌鹑、麻雀等均未见扩增产物。结论扩增Amelogenin基因进行种属鉴定,方法简单,灵敏度高,可应用于法医检案。     

线粒体DNA短片段复合扩增系统鉴别种属的研究

目的建立线粒体DNA短片段复合扩增体系用于种属鉴定的方法。方法提取人、牛、猪、羊、鸡的DNA,用所选的3对引物复合扩增细胞色素b基因（cyt b）片段、16srRNA基因片段和ND4基因片段,扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。结果人DNA扩增产物在358bp、157bp和110bp处各出现一条带;动物DNA扩增产物均只有358bp一条带。结论线粒体DNA短片段复合扩增鉴别种属的方法可区分人源性生物检材和其它动物样本,可应用于法庭科学实践。     

PCR-RFLP分析线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因用于法医学种属鉴定

目的建立一种PCR-RFLP分析线粒体DNAcyt b基因用于法医学种属鉴定的方法。方法采用一对通用引物扩增人及15种常见动物的线粒体DNAcyt b基因,扩增产物经内切酶Alu I酶切,分析不同动物DNA扩增产物的有无以及酶切前后的变化。结果所检动物中有9种DNA有扩增产物,经内切酶Alu I酶切后,除鳝鱼外都能与人类DNA相区别。结论PCR-RFLP分析线粒体DNAcyt b基因方法简单,结果可靠,是一种较好的法医学种属鉴定方法。     

应用mtDNA 16S rRNA基因鉴定动物组织种属

目的应用线粒体DNA 16S rRNA基因PCR测序方法进行动物组织种属鉴定。方法未知动物内脏样本8份,已知马鹿、北山羊、绵羊和鹅喉羚肌肉样本各1份作为对照。采用用常规酚-氯仿法提取模板DNA,分别用哺乳动物通用引物和4种已知对照特异性引物扩增16S rRNA基因片段,产物用2.0%琼脂糖电泳检测,并进行序列测定及与基因库已有的序列同源性比对。结果 8份未知样本经哺乳动物16S rRNA通用引物扩增,均检测出阳性条带;用鹅喉羚特异性引物扩增,均检测出阳性特异性条带;用其他3种特异性引物扩增,均未检出阳性条带;未知样本扩增的基因片段经测序及同源性比对,与鹅喉羚的同源性为96%~100%。结论本文未知动物样本均为鹅喉羚内脏组织。本文方法可在动物检材种属鉴定中选用。     

COⅠ基因微条形码技术在毛发种属鉴定中的应用

目的利用COⅠ基因微条形码技术对哺乳动物毛发进行种属鉴定。方法设计一对哺乳动物COⅠ基因微条形码通用引物,利用共同区PCR技术对来自于哺乳纲5个目11个种属的实验动物毛发DNA进行扩增,并对扩增产物进行双向引物测序,将测序结果进行拼接后所得的基因序列输入BOLD数据库进行同源性比对。结果本研究设计的微条形码通用引物能够对所有种属实验动物毛发DNA进行扩增,扩增片段长度147 bp。数据库同源比对结果显示最匹配物种与实验动物种属相符,除狮同源匹配度为98.99%外,其他实验动物同源匹配度均为100%,且狮种内遗传距离1%,种间遗传距离大于种内遗传距离十倍,可以进行种属判定。结论建立的COⅠ基因微条形码技术能够快速准确地对哺乳动物毛发检材进行种属鉴定。     

20个STR基因座的种属特异性研究

确定本室常用的20个STR基因座对常见10种动物的种属特异性。20个STR基因座对10种常见动物血或软组织的DNA进行PCR扩增、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、银染色法进行DNA分型,测定各STR基因座的种属特异性。D11S554、SE33基因座对10种动物DNA,D12S391、CSF基因座对狒狒DNA,D19S253基因座对兔、狒狒的DNA,FGA基因座对兔、猴、狒狒的DNA均有PCR扩增产物,其片段长度与人的在同一电泳区内;DYS19基因座对10种动物的DNA,FES基因座对鸡DNA,PLA基因座对猪DNA,D21S11基因座对蛇、牛、狒狒的DNA有扩增产物,但其片段长度明显与人的不同。DYS389、DYS288、DYS390、D7S809、D13S631,TH01、vWA、AR、CD4、FABP基因座对鸡、猪等动物的DNA均无PCR扩增产物。在20个STR基因座中,10个基因座只对人DNA有扩增产物,有较好的种属特异性;8个基因座对人和部分动物均有扩增产物,但产物的片段大小与人的不同,在进行个人识别时,可以用其分析DNA的种属来源;2个基因座对人和动物均有扩增产物,且片段长度相近,在进行个人识别时,应先作DNA种属来源检查。     

线粒体16srRNA和ND4基因在种属鉴定中的应用研究

目的构建一种用于种属鉴定的线粒体DNA(m tDNA)16 srRNA和ND4基因荧光标记复合扩增检测体系。方法利用引物设计软件(Prim er 5)对两个m tDNA序列ND4基因和16 srRNA基因设计两对引物,每对引物中的一条在5’端标记荧光素(6-FAM)。按传统复合扩增技术建立复合扩增体系,用AB I PR ISM 310基因分析仪对产物进行分析。结果人类DNA扩增产物出现两个峰,片段大小分别为110bp的人类特异片段和149bp的人与动物共有片段,而动物DNA扩增产物出现一个峰,片段大小为149bp。对30个实验室存放5~15年的陈旧人血痕也能明确判断其种属来源。结论该体系可以明确区分人源性生物检材与其它常见动物样本,对实验室长期存放的陈旧检材也具有较好的检测能力。     

细胞色素b基因序列测定进行种属鉴定应用研究

目的建立细胞色素b基因序列测定进行种属鉴定的方法。方法应用特异性引物扩增人与14种常见动物细胞色素b基因14817～15174区间长度为358bp的片段,用荧光标记自动测序技术对此片段进行序列测定,比较这些动物与人之间片段的序列差异。结果所有血痕样本均可以得到良好的测序结果,所测14种动物细胞色素b基因358bp的片段序列与人之间均存在明显的差异,最小为20.1%,最大差异为28.5%。结论测定细胞色素b基因序列进行种属鉴定特异性强、适用检材广,具有良好的应用价值。     

mtDNA 12S rRNA基因序列测定在腐烂动物肌肉样本鉴定中的应用

目的利用mtDNA12SrRNA基因序列测定法对宁波森林公安局查获的一例腐烂动物肌肉样本进行种属鉴定,并探讨该方法在腐烂动物肌肉样本鉴定中的应用价值。方法用酚/氯仿法从腐烂动物肌肉样本中提取出基因组总DNA,再用一通用引物通过PCR技术扩增mtDNA上12SrRNA基因的部分片段并进行序列测定。测序结果在GenBank上进行BLAST搜索,再利用DNAMAN软件进行同源性分析。结果扩增产物序列与东北虎的线粒体DNA的12SrRNA基因序列的部分片段的同源性高达99.9%。结论该动物样本为东北虎,本研究所用方法在野生动物案件的样本鉴定中有极高的应用价值。     

线粒体16SrRNA和Cytb基因复合扩增进行种属鉴定

目的 建立一种用于种属鉴定的线粒体DNA16SrRNA基因和细胞色素b基因荧光标记复合扩增检测体系。方法 利用引物设计软件Primer 5．0对mtDNA序列的16SrRNA基因和细胞色素b基因各设计一对引物,建立复合扩增体系,分别扩增人和牛、猪、狗、鸡、草鱼5种常见动物,用310遗传分析仪对产物进行分析。结果 人和5种动物DNA扩增产物均出现两个峰。Cytb通用引物的扩增产物为人与动物的共有峰,为358bp;16SrRNA基因的扩增产物为人与动物间存在位置差异的特异峰,位于231～256bp之间。结论 该复合扩增体系可以明确区分人和5种动物样本,可用于种属鉴定。     

A molecular genetic approach for forensic animal species identification

This study investigated potential markers within chromosomal, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with the aim of developing a DNA based method to allow differentiation between animal species. Such discrimination tests may have important applications in the forensic science, agriculture, quarantine and customs fields. DNA samples from five different animal individuals within the same species for 10 species of animal (including human) were analysed. DNA extraction and quantitation followed by PCR amplification and GeneScan visualisation formed the basis of the experimental analysis. Five gene markers from three different types of genes were investigated. These included genomic markers for the beta-actin and TP53 tumor suppressor gene. Mitochondrial DNA markers, designed by Bataille et al. [Forensic Sci. Int. 99 (1999) 165], examined the Cytochrome b gene and Hypervariable Displacement Loop (D-Loop) region. Finally, a ribosomal RNA marker for the 28S rRNA gene optimised by Naito et al. [J. Forensic Sci. 37 (1992) 396] was used as a possible marker for speciation. Results showed a difference of only several base pairs between all species for the beta-actin and 28S markers, with the exception of Sus scrofa (pig) beta-actin fragment length, which produced a significantly smaller fragment. Multiplexing of Cytochrome b and D-Loop markers gave limited species information, although positive discrimination of human DNA was evident. The most specific and discriminatory results were shown using the TP53 gene since this marker produced greatest fragment size differences between animal species studied. Sample differentiation for all species was possible following TP53 amplification, suggesting that this gene could be used as a potential animal species identifier.     

线粒体16SrRNA和Cytb基因复合扩增进行种属鉴定

目的建立一种用于种属鉴定的线粒体DNA16SrRNA基因和细胞色素b基因荧光标记复合扩增检测体系。方法利用引物设计软件Primer5.0对mtDNA序列的16SrRNA基因和细胞色素b基因各设计一对引物,建立复合扩增体系,分别扩增人和牛、猪、狗、鸡、草鱼5种常见动物,用310遗传分析仪对产物进行分析。结果人和5种动物DNA扩增产物均出现两个峰,Cytb通用引物的扩增产物为人与动物的共有峰,为358bp;16SrRNA基因的扩增产物为人与动物间存在位置差异的特异峰,位于231～256bp之间。结论该复合扩增体系可以明确区分人和5种动物样本,可用于种属鉴定。     

扩增12S rRNA基因鉴定生物检材种属

目的建立一种能够在同一反应条件下鉴定多个具体物种．又满足简单、快速、特异、灵敏、准确等实用要求的种属鉴定方法。方法从GenBank中获取人、鸡、鸭、鹅、猪、兔、鼠、绵羊、水牛、狗、山羊等11个物种的12SrRNA基因序列．设计一对针对上述11个物种的通用引物和分别针对人、鸡和鸭的特异引物,同时扩增各物种12SrRNA基因。以通用引物扩增片段为内部对照．以特异引物扩增片段用于人、鸡和鸭的种属鉴定,并分别对人、鸡、鸭单一检材以及人和鸡、人和鸭、鸡和鸭等二元混合DNA进行鉴定。结果通用引物扩增,各物种均有400bp左右的扩增片段：特异引物只对各自目标种属有扩增产物,片段大小：人163bp、鸡286bp、鸭374bp;测序结果与GenBank既有序列比对,Identities分值：人100％、鸡99％、鸭100％;通用引物扩增人、鸡和鸭检材的灵敏度为2．5Pg;特异引物扩增灵敏度人为2．5pg,鸡、鸭均为200Pg;混合DNA中任一种DNA的含量只要高于检测灵敏度即可被准确检出．不受另一种DNA量的干扰：盲测结果准确。结论本方法可以利用同一种PCR反应条件鉴定多个物种的种属。     

Identification of DNA of human origin based on amplification of human-specific mitochondrial cytochrome b region

Species-specific differences in a non-polymorphic region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene appear to be large enough to allow human-specific amplification of forensic DNA samples. We therefore developed a PCR-based method using newly designed primers to amplify a 157-bp portion of the human mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The forward and reverse primers were designed to hybridize to regions of the human mitochondrial cytochrome b gene with sequences differing from those of chimpanzee by 26% (7 bp/27 bp) and 26% (6 bp/23 bp), respectively. Using this primer pair, we successfully amplified DNA extracted from blood samples of 48 healthy adults. All these human samples produced a single band of the expected size on agarose gel electrophoresis, and the sequence of the single band was shown to be identical to that of the target region (157 bp) by sequence analysis. On the other hand, no visible bands were amplified from DNA extracted from blood samples of animals including non-human primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, Japanese monkey, crab-eating monkey) and other species (cow, pig, dog, goat, rat, chicken and tuna). Thus, DNA producing a single band following PCR amplification using this primer pair can be reasonably interpreted as being of human origin. In addition, aged biological specimens comprising bloodstains, hair shafts and bones were successfully identified as being of human origin, illustrating the applicability of the present method to forensic specimens.     

线粒体DNA cytb和HVI的分析用于种属鉴定

目的以线粒体DNA为目标序列,探讨生物检材的种属来源问题。方法复合扩增线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因(Cb)片段和D-环HVI上人源特异性DNA片段,2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测复合扩增产物谱带;用常规测序技术获得种属来源不明的检材Cytb基因序列,登陆美国国家生物信息中心网站主页(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov),将Cytb序列的测序结果用BLAST2.2.9[2004.5.1]进行匹配查询,查询数据库中存在的与其相匹配的物种条目。结果检材经复合扩增后电泳检测可区分人源性检材和非人源性检材;用生物信息法可确定检材种属来源结论检测线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因和D-环HVI的有关序列可在DNA分子水平上鉴别人源性检材和非人源性检材,结合测序的分子生物信息学方法,可对检材进行种属鉴定。     

Multiplex amplification of mitochondrial DNA for human and species identification in forensic evaluation

We describe a method combining in a single-round polymerase chain reaction amplifications of both cytochrome b and hypervariable D-loop mitochondrial DNA allowing species determination and individual human identification. Following the amplification step, amplicons are first screened on an agarose gel. The presence of only one band indicates that the sample is nonhuman, while the presence of two bands indicates a human origin. Subsequent DNA sequencing of the hypervariable D-loop region DNA allows for individual human identification as the presence of cytochrome b fragment does not interfere with the analysis. Similarly, further species determination on the basis of the phylogenetically variable cytochrome b gene is possible by sequencing of the cytochrome b DNA fragment.     

Quadruplex real-time PCR for forensic DNA quantitation

Forensic DNA quantitation is an important initial step preceding PCR amplification of the STR loci even though information concerning the quality of the DNA is not revealed. A quadruplex real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was developed to quantify four DNA targets: (1) the human RB1 gene in nuclear DNA, (2) the DAZ gene present on the human Y chromosome, (3) the ATPase8 gene present in human mitochondrial DNA and (4) an artificial internal positive control to reveal possible PCR inhibition. Primers labeled with four different fluorophores are used together with a single quencher using the antiprimer quenching-based qPCR method in one reaction, in which the resultant amplicons are less than 127 bp in size. Sensitivity was shown to be less than ten copies for all four targets in the absence of amplification inhibition. The amplification remained sensitive in the presence of an excess of non-human DNA.