Assessing the Impact of Leather Industries on Groundwater Quality of Vellore District in South India Using a Geochemical Mixing Model

Abstract

Deterioration of groundwater quality is one of the most critical issues in twenty-first century. The direct relations of water with all the living beings make it an extremely important commodity. Sources of pollution may be of natural or anthropogenic origin. Nowadays anthropogenic sources of pollution are much more than natural sources. India has 1083 tanneries, in which 577 are in Tamil Nadu which accounts for 44% of the total production of India. Vellore district has an indispensable place in the list. Over the 30–40?years groundwater around tanneries has become seriously polluted.     

Assessment of Drinking Water Quality and its Health Effects in Rural Areas of Harij Taluka,Patan District of Northern Gujarat

The most important resource for the survival of human beings is the availability of fresh drinking water. This study compares the drinking water quality in nine villages of Harij Taluka of Patan District of Northern Gujarat. Samples were collected from various village drinking water sources and analyzed. Along with this scientific analysis, a socioeconomic survey of village households was conducted. The water samples were analyzed for parameters crucial for drinking water quality, such as TDS (total disolved solids), fluoride, dissolved oxygen, magnesium hardness, chloride, and many others. The findings from the scientific analysis of water and from the survey revealed that although some parameters in water exceed their normal tolerance, it does not have any significant impact on human health. The article thus concludes that the water quality is good for human consumption as laboratory analysis of the samples revealed no significant contamination.     

“醉驾入刑”前后扬州地区酒驾状况比对分析

目的 对“醉驾入刑”前后酒后驾驶案件情况进行对比分析,以阐述新的道路交通安全法实施以后酒后驾驶案件的发展趋势和特征。方法 对2009年1月到2013年4月扬州地区实际酒驾案件所占的比例、酒驾的月分布、车辆类型以及饮酒后驾驶和醉酒后驾驶所占的比重进行统计学分析。结果 2011年5月份之后,实际达到酒后驾驶的案件在涉嫌酒后驾驶交通事故案件中的比例有所减少,酒后驾驶在每月的分布渐趋一致,所涉及的车辆类型有所变化,醉酒后驾驶的案件数是饮酒后驾驶案件数的3倍左右。结论 新的《道路交通安全法》实施以后,扬州地区酒后驾驶案件的特征有了一定的变化,在实际的交通安全管理中,应根据这些现况,采取相应的措施。     

Lessons from the New York Waterfront: Addressing the Risks of Drinking Water Contamination from Unregulated Contaminants

Perflourinated compounds, or PFCs, have been widely used in our industrialized society. Notably, they are used in the manufacture of non-stick coated bakeware and in firefighting foams designed to fight high heat fires. These unregulated chemicals have gotten into surface and groundwater sources of drinking water in locations around the United States and likely the world. Data shows widespread release, particularly near airports and air bases and near industrial production sites.

PFCs cause many health related impacts. Human exposure pathways include perinatal transfer, consuming contaminated water, and consuming contaminated fish. Clean Water Act permitting programs can address their release into waterways. Contaminated site clean-up laws can also be used to remove the source contamination. Granular activated carbon technology can remove most forms of the chemicals from drinking water. The case study of drinking water contamination in Newburgh, New York illustrates the PFC challenge, public reaction, and government response.     

Beverages: bottled water. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its bottled water quality standard regulations by revising the existing allowable level for the contaminant arsenic. As a consequence, bottled water manufacturers are required to monitor their finished bottled water products for arsenic at least once each year under the current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) regulations for bottled water. Bottled water manufacturers are also required to monitor their source water for arsenic as often as necessary, but at least once every year unless they meet the criteria for the source water monitoring exemptions under the CGMP regulations. This final rule will ensure that the minimum quality of bottled water, as affected by arsenic, remains comparable with the quality of public drinking water that meets the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) standards.     

Preparing ballistic gelatine--review and proposal for a standard method

Meaningful assessment and comparisons on the injury potentials of various types of ammunition and credible forensic reconstruction require an agreement on standard tissue simulant. Gelatine blocks are relatively inexpensive and easy to produce and they meet most of the criteria for a good terminal ballistic simulant. This research looks into the variables of preparing ballistic gelatine and their effects on penetration resistance. It was found out that consistent quality gelatine blocks are easy to make and that the variables like water temperature have a far smaller effect than previously thought. Also water acidity variances allowed by European Council directive on drinking water do not have any measurable effect. A proposed standard method for gelatine preparation is presented together with penetration function for verification of gelatine quality.     

Global governance principles for the sustainable development of groundwater resources

A normative framework for the governance of groundwater is emerging at the global level. However, existing analyses have not comprehensively covered all the governance texts that have a bearing on transboundary groundwater resources or looked at them from the perspective of sustainable groundwater governance. Therefore, this paper responds to the questions: What are the global governance texts (including international laws) applicable to groundwater resources; to which forms of the resource do they apply; which principles have been included over time; and what are the implications for sustainable development of groundwater resources now and in the future? The analysis highlights key groundwater concepts, discusses twelve global groundwater governance texts and the thirty principles therein, classifies the principles into ideal–typical categories based on the sustainable development concept; and assesses the gaps and conflicts between the principles and texts. The paper has three key findings. First, groundwater governance is rapidly evolving and there are a number of principles available to promote sustainable development. Second, however, these collective principles do not adequately address (a) the link with all water resources; (b) the potential impact of climate change on water resources; and (c) the impact of trade on equitable sharing of groundwater and protection of groundwater-related ecosystems. Third, to the extent that this collection of principles can contribute to sustainable development, they are inconsistently included in the legally binding groundwater governance texts. Therefore, much progress is needed to ensure a global normative framework that can guide the sustainable governance of groundwater resources.     

对一起销售无卫生许可批准文件涉水产品案的分析与思考

随着市民生活水平的提高，越来越多的小区选择安装涉水产品之一的水质处理器来净化水质。由于目前涉水产品市场秩序不规范，相当多的涉水产品没有市场准入手续，造成鱼龙混杂、良莠不齐的局面。本文通过对一起销售无卫生许可批准文件的涉水产品案的分析研究，谈谈在违法事实和证据认定上的观点。     

成都市主城区水中尸体多发河流区段硅藻分布

目的研究成都市主城区水中尸体多发河流区段所含硅藻的种属分布。方法采集2014年10月成都市(锦江区、金牛区、青羊区、武侯区、成华区)5条河流区段共39个采水点水样标本,制作硅藻涂片后运用生物显微镜及数码显微采集系统对水样中硅藻种属分布及构成比进行研究。结果成都主城区所检水域共检见硅藻种属21种,各水域硅藻优势种属及构成比存在差异。各河流区段上、中、下游采样点均存在差异藻属。结论初步建立了成都主城区河流区域性硅藻种属图谱及区段性种属分布构成比数据库,对分析评价硅藻检测在案件侦查中推断落水点具有特殊意义。     

完备水法构建与水资源保护研究

水资源保护与水资源污染防治是世界各国普遍关注的重要问题,中国水资源的人均占有量仅是世界水资源人均占有量的四分之一。本文针对中国水资源现状,系统分析了影响我国水资源保护与水资源污染防治的社会因素和法律因素,并结合中国河流、湖泊的分布特点,提出了中国水资源保护与水资源污染防治的方法、技术和法律机制的构建。     

Beverages: bottled water. Direct final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its bottled water quality standard regulations by establishing an allowable level for the contaminant uranium. As a consequence, bottled water manufacturers are required to monitor their finished bottled water products for uranium at least once each year under the current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) regulations for bottled water. Bottled water manufacturers are also required to monitor their source water for uranium as often as necessary, but at least once every 4 years unless they meet the criteria for the source water monitoring exemptions under the CGMP regulations. FDA will retain the existing allowable levels for combined radium-226/-228, gross alpha particle radioactivity, and beta particle and photon radioactivity. This direct final rule will ensure that the minimum quality of bottled water, as affected by uranium, combined radium-226/-228, gross alpha particle radioactivity, and beta particle and photon radioactivity, remains comparable with the quality of public drinking water that meets the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) standards. FDA is issuing a direct final rule for this action because the agency expects that there will be no significant adverse comment on this rule. Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, FDA is publishing a companion proposed, rule under the agency's usual procedure for notice-and-comment rulemaking, to provide a procedural framework to finalize the rule in the event the agency receives any significant adverse comments and withdraws this direct final rule. The companion proposed rule and direct final rule are substantively identical.     

Investigation of the accumulation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in rat kidneys

The accumulation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its metabolite 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in the kidneys of rats was investigated. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were given 2,4-D in drinking water and food for 30 days. Group A (control group) was fed a normal diet, Group B was fed 50 ppm 2,4-D in 15 g food, Group C received 100 ppm 2,4-D in 15 g food, Group D received 25 ppm 2,4-D in 15 ml drinking water and Group E was given 50 ppm 2,4-D in 15 ml of drinking water. Levels of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP in kidneys were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was observed that at low doses of 2,4-D, the metabolite, 2,4-DCP found in the kidneys.     

表面增强拉曼光谱快速检测食品基质中毒物

目的建立常见食品基质中氰化物等五种毒物的拉曼光谱快速分析方法。方法采用水、乙腈及乙酸乙酯作为提取剂对饮用水、苹果以及烤鸭三种常见食品基质中氰化物、百草枯、毒死蜱、甲拌磷以及敌鼠钠五种毒物进行提取,并使用表面增强拉曼光谱法检测。结果实验表明,每种毒物均有其独特的拉曼信号,这些特征信号可作为其定性的判别依据,氰化物在饮用水、苹果以及烤鸭这三种基质中的检出限均不大于1μg/mL(g);百草枯的检出限在0.05~0.1μg/mL(g)之间;毒死蜱、甲拌磷的检出限在0.05~1μg/mL(g)之间;敌鼠钠检出限在0.1~1μg/mL(g)之间,均满足现场检测需求。结论该方法操作简单且分析速度快,为毒物的快速筛查提供了较好的解决方案。     

Consequences of Decentralization: Environmental Impact Assessment and Water Pollution Control in Indonesia

After having been one of the most centralized states in the world for more than thirty years, in 2001 Indonesia introduced a sweeping program of decentralization with important consequences for the management of the industrial sector. This article explores whether the decentralization process has led to substantial changes in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and enforcement of water pollution law. Its main findings are that the general division of authority in both fields has become less fragmented and that differences between districts have increased, but, in practice, not so much has changed as one would have expected. For EIA, "horizontal" disputes between sectoral agencies have been supplanted by "vertical" disputes between different levels of government. Monitoring and sanctioning of industrial water pollution have mainly continued within the scheme of the provincial program started under Soeharto's centralized regime, with still few initiatives at the district level. If any, such initiatives are usually driven by public complaints. On the other hand, there are indications that in the longer run the institutional changes may have more significant effects on EIA and enforcement practice. For EIA, these seem to be negative; for enforcement of water pollution regulation this depends much on the situation within a district or a province.     

论我国饮用水源保护法律调控的基本指导思想

因世界性饮用水源紧缺和污染所导致的饮用水源危机,不仅严重威胁着人们的生命健康和生存,而且随时可能引发国际政治问题。因此,饮用水源的保护被提上了世界各国的议事日程,并成为国际社会共同关注的焦点。可持续发展战略作为一种新的发展模式,是当代人类的普遍共识。本文在分析的基础上提出我国饮用水源保护立法应当以可持续发展为基本指导思想,以期对完善或创新我国饮用水源保护法律调控的理论和实践提供依据和思路。     

Unraveling the relative contributions of his, her, and their drinking to the likelihood of arrest in intimate partner violence cases

The nexus between substance abuse and intimate partner violence has been studied in depth. The interrelationship between drinking, intimate partner violence, and an officer's decision to make an arrest has not received as much attention. The issue is complicated by the fact that either or both of the involved parties may have been drinking and the effects may vary depending on who has been drinking. In this article, the authors examine the relative contributions of his, her, and their drinking to the likelihood of arrest.     

The roles of victim and perpetrator alcohol use in intimate partner violence outcomes

Alcohol use increases the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV), yet little research has examined its role in victimization outcomes (e.g., physical injury, police reporting). This study examined the roles of perpetrator and victim incident-specific alcohol use in IPV outcomes. The sample included 501 men and 1,756 women who had experienced an IPV physical assault. Logistic regression analyses showed that after controlling for relevant covariates, women whose partners had been drinking were significantly more likely to be injured than were women whose partners had not been drinking. A woman's own alcohol use was unrelated to victimization outcomes. Men were significantly more likely to report the incident if their partners had been drinking but were marginally less likely to report if they had been drinking. Findings suggest that perpetrators' incident-specific alcohol use is important in understanding which victims are most likely to be injured and report the incident to the police.     

一起自建集中式供水单位生活饮用水不符合卫生标准行政处罚案例评析

卫生行政执法部门在处理群众投诉举报时,对生活饮用水等与健康相关的产品依法进行采样抽检,对样品抽检结果不合格的单位依法对其处罚时,要对相关证据进行核实。通过本案例分析,提示对于检测样品要严格按照相关规范进行采样,对检验结果要依据国家卫生标准进行相关分析,相关程序符合要求,才能依据检验结果适用法律进行行政处罚。     

Constituent Demand and District‐Focused Legislative Representation

Legislative responsiveness to constituent demands is integral to the concept of representation. Yet, research on district‐focused legislative behavior and priorities, such as allocating resources to districts, has largely ignored constituent demand as an explanatory variable. In this article, we propose a demand‐based theory of district‐targeted legislative resource allocation. The theoretical model suggests that district demand for legislative resources is determined by the district’s relative deprivation of such resources and that legislators have an electoral incentive to respond to district demand due to the credit‐claiming opportunities associated with doing so. These possibilities are tested with region‐wide mass and elite survey data from Latin America, and the results suggest that constituent demand is not only a normatively but also an empirically important predictor of district‐focused legislative behavior.     

Intoxication Levels of Bar Patrons at an Organized Pub Crawl in a College Campus Community

This field study examined whether participants of a traditional, end-of-semester pub crawl in a college campus community had higher levels of intoxication than non-participating bar patrons on the same night as the event. A total of 693 bar patrons participated in the study. Anonymous interview and breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) data were collected from pedestrians in a bar district at the end point of the pub crawl route between 10:00 p.m. and 3:00 a.m. on the night of the event during three different semesters (November, 2007, May, 2008, and May, 2009). A multivariate model adjusting for participant demographics and drinking variables showed that participation in the pub crawl was associated with a 70% reduced risk of being highly intoxicated (i.e., BrAC ≥ 0.08 g/210 L). The lower intoxication levels among pub crawl participants may have implications for harm reduction practices at high-risk drinking events. These implications are discussed.