谈自愿婚检

新的《婚姻登记务例》对我国婚检制度的修改引起社会各界的关注。文章通过对我国及各国婚检发展趋势的研究,认为自愿婚检是我国婚检制度的发展目标。同时,对我国自愿婚检当中出现的问题进行探索,并对自愿婚检的完善提出合理化建议。     

婚检从强制到自愿引发的思考

2003年10月1日起实施的《婚姻登记管理条例》标志着我国的婚检制度从强制变为自愿,这一改变受到了人们的欢迎,体现了对公民私权利的尊重。随着自愿婚检的实施,一些问题也凸显出来,引发了人们对自愿婚检制度的思考。本文对自愿婚检制度进行分析,采取相关措施,完善我国的自愿婚检制度。     

强制婚检与自愿婚检之外的第三条道路——浅论“婚检-育检”双轨制

目前我国实行的婚检制度无论是采取强制还是自愿方式都存在着极大的局限性，因为目前的婚检实际上将“婚前检查”和“育前检查”两种不同性质的检查混淆在一起。本文提出将“婚前检查”和“育前检查”相互独立开来，实行“婚检-育检”双轨制，并阐述了引入“婚检-育检”双轨制的必要性。     

制度变迁、利益冲突与管制重塑——立足于婚检管制模式演变的考察

身处利益主体多元化、利益内容复杂化的全新管制背景之下,公共政策的制定者应当善于在相互冲突的利益之间进行权衡和取舍,进而形成相对较好的管制政策,实现现代行政法增进公共福祉的时代机能.我国婚检制度变迁的背后蕴藏着复杂的利益冲突,强制婚检与自愿婚检管制模式彰显出管制者对相关利益诉求的艰难抉择.面对当下婚检管制背景的变化,应当从目标的适度修正和手段的合理选择上对现有的管制政策进行结构重塑.     

提高婚检率对策探究

婚检涉及社会公共利益,并不纯粹是个人问题;婚检是落实婚姻法的有效手段,发现疾病隐患的重要途径,减少出生缺陷和残疾发生的有效措施;婚检给男女双方以知情权,是提高婚姻质量、促进家庭幸福的重要保证。然强制婚检取消后,婚检率急剧下降。免费婚检的实行,使婚检率有一定提高,但幅度并不大。应对＂医学上认为不应当结婚的疾病＂的种类、范围作出具体规定;加大宣传力度;打破垄断;明确收费标准;强化服务意识、提高服务质量;优化婚检环境、规范婚检过程;保护当事人的隐私;加强对婚检机构的管理和监督。     

浅析强制婚检的制度价值

婚检曾经作为我国公民结婚登记的强制要件在《婚姻登记条例》中规定。而于2003年10月1日起施行的新《婚姻登记条例》对于是否将婚检作为婚姻双方当事人结婚登记的强制要件没有明确规定。对于强制婚检引起了社会的广泛关注和讨论并形成了取消婚检和赞成强制婚检的两大主张。笔者认为其冲突的根源主要集中在两个主张所体现的法学理论的价值上的取舍,即个人利益与公共利益冲突的价值权衡。     

我国婚检制度变迁的法律社会学透视

我国的婚检制度由强制性向自愿性的变迁,引发了激烈的社会争论与一系列的社会问题。本文探析了强制性婚检制度变迁而自愿性婚检制度没达到其预期效果的原因,为我们正确认识婚检制度,准确应对出现的社会问题提供了可供参考的建议。     

从强制婚检看政府角色

在迈向法治社会的过程中,放弃计划经济时代“包管一切”的思维和想法,是政府惟一正确的选择。2003年,我国新《婚姻登记条例》将强制婚检变为自愿婚检,婚姻登记机关仅倡导新人进行婚检,而不再强制新人执行。这一转变不论从人权角度说,还是从社会角度说都是一个历史的进步。而就在2005年6月24日,黑龙江省人大通过的《黑龙江省母婴保健条例》恢复了强制婚检制度。该条例中明确规定:“本省实行婚前医学检查制度”,“准备结婚的男女双方,应当接受婚前医学检查和婚前健康教育,凭婚前医学检查证明,到婚姻登记机关办理结婚登记”,“婚姻登记机关在办…     

从法律角度审视强制婚检制度

1994年颁布的《中华人民共和国母婴保健法》,确立了强制婚检法律制度。2003年发布的《婚姻登记条例》不再将婚检报告作为婚姻登记的必备条件,2005年6月24日通过审议的《黑龙江省母婴保健条例》明确规定:“本省实行婚前医学检查制度”。笔者仅从法律角度探讨我国强制婚检是否应当设立以及是否在前述法律法规中存在法律冲突。     

重构我国强制婚检制度的法律思考

强制婚检问题是一个备受关注的社会问题。取消强制婚检后我国大部分地区婚检率急剧降低,新生儿缺陷率大幅度攀升,并进而可能导致更严重的社会问题。深刻认识并充分尊重我国国情,依法重构我国强制婚检制度,符合我国相关立法的基本精神和价值目标,也是提高人口素质的关键所在。     

公务员体检中的体格归类与平等担任公职权

各地公务员录用体检办法和体检标准中因存在许多不合理的体格归类,而使相当多的具有一定生理缺陷的人被无情地挡在了公务员门槛之外,且难以获得公正的救济。以宪法平等权的精神来检验,这些归类或者不具有合法目的,或者违反了比例原则,都导致了立法歧视。为保护公民平等担任公职的权利,有必要对现行公务员录用体检制度进行改革。     

福利社会与发展中的斯堪的纳维亚福利国家

欧洲各国致力于福利国家的建设已逾百年,经历了两次世界大战.各国在社会投入水平和福利机构方面的巨大差异至今仍在,但是各国对于福利社会的可持续性的认可和公众对福利社会的高度承诺则是基本一致的.各福利社会有来自各方面的维系:中央政府或地方政府、公司企业、家庭和自发组织的机构.不同的福利社会体系与它们之间的关系长期以来对欧洲各福利国家有着不同的意义,形成了具有不同特点的福利制度.在20世纪最后十年里重建福利国家的痛苦过程中,经济增长和社会发展之间的关系一直是整个斯堪的纳维亚地区社会问题的争论热点.然而到目前为止,效率与平等之间的冲突大多得到了解决,在北欧五国都保持了福利政策的稳定.该地区独特的历史经验并不排斥发展中国家的政府和机构为了发展福利事业而积极推行普及政策所做出的努力.     

Speech, privacy, and the power of the purse: lessons from the abortion "gag rule" case.

In Rust v. Sullivan, 59 U.S.L.W. 4451 (1991), the US Supreme Court ruled that neither the privacy interests of family planning clients nor the 1st Amendment interests of their counselors prevented the government from banning all discussion of abortions in federally funded family planning clinics. In doing so, the Court also reaffirmed its view that the state and federal legislatures have virtually unlimited discretion in limiting or conditioning social welfare programs, a view having even greater long-term implications for American health policy than the implications of Rust for the constitutional protection of abortion. Rust upheld the Department of Health and Human Services' 1988 directive prohibiting the use of any funds from Title X of the Public Health Service Act (authorizing family planning programs) in programs where abortion is a method of family planning. This means that a clinician may lawfully respond to a client's inquiry about abortion only with a denial that abortion is an option. Thus, while allowing women the constitutional protection to chose an abortion, the Court has allowed the legislature to freely use the power of the purse to discourage or prevent the choice of abortion. Rust's greatest impact may well be in its acceptance of the enormous power wielded by the government over funded activities, especially in health policy. Justice Rehnquist believes there is not constitutional right to health, welfare, or any other government benefit; the legislative branches of the government cannot be required by judicial interpretation of the Constitution to provide any particular benefit or service to anyone. Even when the government chooses to fund a particular benefit, it is free to condition that benefit with virtually no judicially enforceable limits on that discretion.     

福利、政府与第三部门——对社会弱势群体权利保护的反思

对社会弱势群体的权利保护关系到福利权制度在我国的建构.福利权的义务主体应当是政府,而不是企业更不是个人.福利权的性质决定了政府应当主动、积极地履行自己的责任,保障福利权的实现.在福利制度的模式选择上,建议我国采取政府支配型的福利多元主义模式.而且,第三郭门的发展在福利制度的建构中越来越扮演重要的角色.     

Government-Voluntary Sector Compacts: Governance, Governmentality, and Civil Society

In 1998 government and the main representatives of the voluntary sector in each of the four countries in the United Kingdom published 'compacts' on relations between government and the voluntary sector. These were joint documents, carrying forward ideas expressed by the Labour Party when in opposition, and directed at developing a new relationship for partnership with those 'not-for-profit organizations' that are involved primarily in the areas of policy and service delivery.This article seeks to use an examination of the compacts, and the processes that produced them and that they have now set in train, to explore some of the wider issues about the changing role of government and its developing relationships with civil society. In particular, it argues that the new partnership builds upon a movement from welfarism to economism which is being developed further through the compact process. Drawing upon a governmentality approach, and illustrating the account with interview material obtained from some of those involved in compact issues from within both government and those umbrella groups which represent the voluntary sector, an argument is made that this overall process represents the beginning of a new reconfiguration of the state that is of considerable constitutional significance.     

论《精神卫生法》的自愿原则

为了防止正常人"被精神病",更好地保护精神障碍患者的合法权益,《精神卫生法》确立了自愿原则。该原则渊源于私法领域的自愿原则而又与其不同,是在知情的条件下对精神卫生服务的单方接受自愿。它回应了要像人一样保护精神障碍患者,彰显了精神卫生法的福利法本质。它包涵自愿诊断、自愿治疗和自愿出院三个既相互区别又相互联系子原则。非自愿诊断、非自愿治疗、非自愿继续住院治疗只是自愿原则的补充,此种例外旨在寻求患者精神健康权与社会公众安全保护的平衡。     

Images of welfare in law and society: the British welfare state in comparative perspective

Designed by Beveridge and built by Attlee's post-war Labour government, the welfare state was created during the 1940s. Britain has been seen – in domestic debates and internationally – as a world first: the place where both the idea and the practice of the welfare state were invented. I draw together comparative welfare state analysis with law and society scholarship (previously largely developed in isolation from one another) – as well as using British political cartoons as a source – to develop a revisionist historical critique of this conventional wisdom. First, the British welfare state has always been comparatively parsimonious. Second, the idea of the welfare state seems to have its origins outside the United Kingdom and this terminology was adopted relatively late and with some ambivalence in public debate and scholarly analysis. Third, a large body of socio-legal scholarship shows that robust ‘welfare rights’ were never embedded in the British ‘welfare state’.     

The politics of discretionary Medicaid spending, 1980-1993

Why do some states choose to spend more than four times as much as others to provide health care to the disadvantaged? Political scientists who have traditionally explored this question by analyzing trends in overall Medicaid expenditures lumped states' discretionary spending in with other money that states are mandated to spend. Analyses of total expenditures found that socioeconomic factors drove spending but that party control of state legislatures made no difference in health policy making. By isolating discretionary state Medicaid expenditures from total spending figures, I reexamine the influences of political as well as economic and demographic factors. The often-doubted importance of party control becomes clear. This study investigates spending patterns in the discretionary portions of state Medicaid programs in forty-six states from 1980 to 1993 and analyzes both incremental program changes and absolute differences in state spending. To discover how greatly the researcher's choice of dependent variables can affect results, optional spending is separated from total spending levels and the variation is modeled in both. Focusing not on the spending that the federal government requires of state officials but on the policies that state officials actually choose allows a balanced exploration of both political and economic effects on welfare expenditures. This research also provides new insights about which forces will shape policy decisions if more and more control of the public health care system is devolved to the states.     

单位自首正当性根据及其认定

单位犯罪自首问题不论在理论研究还是司法实践中都争议较大。本文从单位自首的理论依据出发,在肯定单位能够构成自首的前提下,基于与自然人自首相比较的视野,对单位自首的构成及司法认定进行了阐述,并认为其他直接责任人员不能当然地代表单位自首、单位不能构成准自首、目的与动机不影响单位自首的认定以及单罚制前提下单位自首也应当被认定,等等。     

为婚前医学检查制度的重新设计建言

婚前医学检查应当自愿,但不能放任自流。准配偶之间的隐私权应当服从于知情权。未经婚前医学检查而结婚可能发生同代间、代际间的侵权悲剧。我国必须按照公共服务的原则重新设计婚前医学检查制度。婚前医学检查的费用应当由政府负担;对拒不接受婚前医学检查者应当在结婚证上予以写实性标注;婚前医学检查可以在结婚登记前适度提前进行;必须打破特定机构对婚检的垄断格局;应当充分使用“询问相关情况”的审查手段;政府必须为公民提供系统的婚姻保健服务;不宜采用特定区域“强制婚前医学检查”的做法。