书写方向对笔顺和笔径的影响

以反犬旁、山字为目标字,收集了1178份有效笔迹样本,其中反犬旁常见笔顺样本954份,当用常见笔顺书写反犬旁时,第一个撇笔有正反2种笔径,分性别检验山字笔顺与反犬旁第一撇的笔径的相关性,用似然比测定其相关程度。字的书写方向因子可以解释山字笔顺与反犬旁笔顺、笔径相关的结果,研究结果支持了书写能力结构的因子假说。     

竖心旁笔顺判断方法

收集150份实验笔迹样本,由书写人报告样本字中竖心旁的笔顺。实验样本中出现了3种竖心旁的笔顺,在此基础上归纳了3种笔顺的判断规则。     

入字笔顺识别方法

目的 建立入字笔顺的科学识别方法.方法 收集实验笔迹样本分别作为训练样本和测试样本,由书写样本的被试者报告目标字的笔顺,依据训练样本提取入字的形态特征,在特征基础上建立分类器,使用测试样本评估分类器的性能.结果 共获得352份有效样本,被试者报告了2种入字笔顺,提取撇笔收笔动向等形态特征,拟定判别函数,建立判别规则,由测试者对识别方法进行测试.结论 建立了入字笔顺的识别方法,对于测试样本,拒识率为11.4％,测试错误率为4.6％.     

门字框笔顺的判断方法

通过实验研究门字框笔顺判断的科学方法，收集155份实验笔迹样本，由书写人报告样本字中门字框的笔顺。分析门字框的笔迹形态与规范笔顺、通用笔顺的关系，发现点笔搭配位置，竖笔和点笔的收笔动向可以作为判断笔顺的可靠依据，根据点笔位置、竖笔和点笔收笔动向的规律，得出了门字框规范笔顺和通用笔顺的判断规则。     

尺划字检验初探

本文叙述了尺划字检验的理论依据,尺画字的特点,稳定性及检验方法。依据人书写习惯的相对稳定性,尺画字具有以下特点:组字笔画通常无弧度和连笔,某些短小笔画自由画写,组字运笔方向部分改变。尺画字的稳定特征:尺画字具有运笔方向、组字结构、搭配比例、书写水平、笔顺以及基本写法相对不变的稳定性特征。尺画字的检验方法:研究案情,研究检材,研究样本,比较检材和样本,确定稳定特征,进行综合评断。     

民事案件中少量字检验初探

近几年来,民事案件中少量字检验逐年增多,由于字迹少,书写者的书写习惯反映不够充分,加上收集样本难等原因,增加了少量字检验的难度。本文作者总结了十几年从事文检鉴定的经验,剖析了少量字的特点,以及少量字的检验方法,以期同行共同研究探讨。     

透射光谱成像技术检验黑色签字笔涂抹掩盖字迹研究

目的 对透射光谱成像技术和反射光谱成像技术检验黑色签字笔间涂抹掩盖字迹进行比较研究,探寻一种无损、高效、直观的黑色签字笔涂抹掩盖字迹的显现方法,提高黑色签字笔间涂抹掩盖字迹显现效率。方法根据不同黑色签字笔油墨物质成分不同,不同物质对光的透射率各异的特征,在相同条件下使用反射光谱成像技术与透射光谱成像技术分别对多个黑色签字笔间涂抹掩盖字迹实验样本进行检验。本文将显现效果分为可显现和不可显现两类。分类标准为从未看过原字迹的非文检人员是否可以辨认出被涂抹掩盖字迹。结果 利用透射光谱成像检验系统检验黑色签字笔涂抹掩盖字迹样本,306个样本中,可显现的有231个,不可显现的75个,显效率为75.49%;反射光谱成像技术检验306个样本,其中可显现的有159个,不可显现的有147个,显现效率为51.96%。实验结果表明透射光谱成像检验黑色签字笔涂抹掩盖字迹的显现率高于反射光谱成像检验的检验。结论 除了无法显现原字迹与涂抹掩盖笔迹的油墨物质成分、浓度以及组成配比相同或相近的样本之外,透射光谱成像技术能检验常规的光谱成像技术无法显现的黑色签字笔间涂抹掩盖字迹,其显现效果和效率都优于反射光谱成像技术,是一种高效的显现方法 ,可以应用于刑事物证检验领域。     

文书排版特征专家辅助识别系统之行列信息识别

通过介绍印刷文件排版格式检验专家辅助识别系统,对行间距、字间距识别及相关检验目标得以实现的设计进展和实现方法,提出了基于直方图判据结合计算机图像处理技术进行印刷文书的行间距、字间距自动识别的技术路线.现代办公机具所形成印刷文件排版格式的检验是印刷文件篡改(变造)检验基本的检验内容之一,为避免通常的人工测量检验所带来的误识率和误判率较高的蔽端,并将相应检验作为文件印刷特征检验的通用基础环节,设计或研发印刷文件排版格式检验专家辅助识别系统.     

案后文字样本的区分、使用

在笔迹检验案件中，一是用摹仿手段进行贪污冒领的经济案件日益增多，这类案件的特点就是检材字迹少，并且大都是人名用字，这些字在嫌疑人的样本材料中很少出现；二是在一部分笔迹案件中，嫌疑人样本字迹很少，特别是在一些待业青年、农村民工中，平时很少动笔写字，收集他们案前的样本字迹确实困难，因此利用案后文字样本材料进行检验，就是这类案件笔迹检验的一个特点。如果按以往习惯，“以案前样本笔迹做基础，以案后样本笔迹做参考”，就不利于这类案件的检验。在鉴定实践中，针对这类案件的特点，细致地分析案后样本笔迹，灵活地区分和运用，收到了较好的效果。     

法庭毒物检验方法评价体系的建立

本文通过综合分析评价体系的理论与实际应用，借鉴相关领域的研究成果，研究并提出法庭毒物检验方法评价体系的基本框架，建立针对涉案毒物检验方法进行评价的目标、原则、指标、方法和程序等体系构成要素。     

Significance of sequence of strokes in Chinese handwriting examination

This paper reports a statistical study on the sequence of strokes of 61 commonly encountered Chinese radicals and characters written by 372 invited subjects. The distribution of different writing sequence of these Chinese radicals and characters was examined. Comparison of the sequence of strokes executed by the subjects with the standard rule of writing these Chinese radicals and characters revealed that around 60% of the subjects wrote in the correct sequence. Pair comparison of sequences of strokes in Chinese handwriting among the 372 subjects was also performed. The results demonstrated that no two individuals wrote all the 61 radicals and characters with the same sequence of strokes. The findings indicate that, despite some basic rules governing the writing sequence of Chinese characters, writers tend to develop their own habits. The findings also support the hypothesis that the handwriting of experienced writers is individual.     

Handwriting evidence evaluation based on the shape of characters: application of multivariate likelihood ratios

A novel Bayesian methodology has been developed to quantitatively assess handwriting evidence by means of a likelihood ratio (LR) designed for multivariate data. This methodology is presented and its applicability is shown through a simulated case of a threatening anonymous text where a suspect is apprehended. The shape of handwritten characters a, d, o, and q of the threatening text was compared with characters of the true writer, and then with two other writers, one with similar and one with dissimilar characters shape compared to the true writer. In each of these three situations, 100 draws of characters were made and the resulting distributions of LR were established to consider the natural handwriting variation. LR values supported the correct hypothesis in every case. This original Bayesian methodology provides a coherent and rigorous tool for the assessment of handwriting evidence, contributing undoubtedly to integrate the field of handwriting examination into science.     

Individuality of handwriting

Motivated by several rulings in United States courts concerning expert testimony in general, and handwriting testimony in particular, we undertook a study to objectively validate the hypothesis that handwriting is individual. Handwriting samples of 1,500 individuals, representative of the U.S. population with respect to gender, age, ethnic groups, etc., were obtained. Analyzing differences in handwriting was done by using computer algorithms for extracting features from scanned images of handwriting. Attributes characteristic of the handwriting were obtained, e.g., line separation, slant, character shapes, etc. These attributes, which are a subset of attributes used by forensic document examiners (FDEs), were used to quantitatively establish individuality by using machine learning approaches. Using global attributes of handwriting and very few characters in the writing, the ability to determine the writer with a high degree of confidence was established. The work is a step towards providing scientific support for admitting handwriting evidence in court. The mathematical approach and the resulting software also have the promise of aiding the FDE.     

浅谈左手书写者左右手笔迹的特点及变化规律

目的为左手书写者左手笔迹及右手笔迹的检验鉴定提供参考依据。方法收集左手书写者的左手正常笔迹和其右手笔迹,进行比对检验和实验数据统计分析。探讨左手书写者左手笔迹和右手笔迹的特点及变化规律。将左手书写者的左、右手笔迹的特点和变化规律与右手书写者的右、左手笔迹的特点和变化规律进行比较。结果左手书写者的左手笔迹和右手笔迹在笔顺、写法、错别字等特征上保持稳定。结论左手书写者的笔迹检验应结合其左手笔迹和右手笔迹的特点和变化规律,并注意其与右手书写者的右手笔迹和左手笔迹的特点和变化规律的区别与联系。     

中性笔笔痕特征稳定性的实验分析

在阐明中性笔特点的基础上,通过对3位书写人用5支中性笔书写的90份实验材料的放大观察与测量,探讨中性笔笔痕特征在书写速度、书写姿势、书写衬垫物软硬、纸张洇散程度以及书写笔新旧程度不同时笔痕特征稳定性的具体表现,并分析影响笔痕特征稳定性的主要因素及变化规律。掌握影响中性笔笔痕特征稳定性具体因素及其变化规律,是有效利用中性笔笔痕特征进行笔迹鉴定的重要前提。     

Using subsampling to estimate the strength of handwriting evidence via score-based likelihood ratios

The likelihood ratio paradigm has been studied as a means for quantifying the strength of evidence for a variety of forensic evidence types. Although the concept of a likelihood ratio as a comparison of the plausibility of evidence under two propositions (or hypotheses) is straightforward, a number of issues arise when one considers how to go about estimating a likelihood ratio. In this paper, we illustrate one possible approach to estimating a likelihood ratio in comparative handwriting analysis. The novelty of our proposed approach relies on generating simulated writing samples from a collection of writing samples from a known source to form a database for estimating the distribution associated with the numerator of a likelihood ratio. We illustrate this approach using documents collected from 432 writers under controlled conditions.     

书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹检验

目的研究书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹的检验方法。方法通过实例研究分析成年人笔迹变化的特点和原因,确定笔迹性质和检验方法。结果书写习惯未定型也是成年人笔迹变化的重要原因。书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹是成年人正常笔迹的例外,适用正常笔迹检验方法。结论本研究确立了检材笔迹与样本笔迹非本质差异的判断标准,适用于短时间内变化较大的成年人笔迹的同一认定。     

写字机器人伪造签名字迹的鉴别

目的通过实验研究使用写字机器人伪造的签名字迹特征,减小文件检验鉴定中的错判风险。方法以真实书写字迹为模板、使用市面上主流款式的写字机器人执不同种类书写笔进行书写,通过直接观察、显微观察、反射变换成像(RTI)方法观察等方式比对手写字迹和机器人书写字迹的差异,归纳写字机器人伪造字迹的主要特征,总结出有效的检验鉴别方法。结果通过研究发现写字机器人伪造签名笔迹的特点主要有起收笔为顿压笔,笔画出现细微的抖动歪曲现象,整体笔画笔压均匀,运笔生硬无笔势等。结论目前写字机器人伪造签名字迹与真实手写字迹还有一定差异,使用反射变换成像(RTI)方法观察能达到较好的检验效果。     

中文笔迹性别差异的研究

目的考察中文笔迹的性别差异。方法采用中文笔迹测验材料对236名大学生的书写样本进行了测量,并对笔迹特征进行了统计分析。结果男性的书写水平低于女性,男性书写速度比女性快,男性笔迹较潦草,轻重疾徐的节奏感较弱;男性书写时所留页边比女性小;男性笔迹的连笔比女性多,转折角度比女性大;男性笔迹的字行间距大于女性。