甲氧基乙酰芬太尼检验

目的介绍一种识别芬太尼类物质结构的方法。方法采用气质联用仪和高分辨液质联用仪对一缴获样品进行检测,在商业质谱谱库均未收录造成无法识别的困境下,根据高分辨液质联用质谱碎片信息和解析软件推断其结构,并辅助核磁共振氢谱确认。结果对案件缴获样品进行了检验,准确判定了其中主成分为甲氧基乙酰芬太尼。结论该方法为识别不在谱库中的有机物提供了新的途径。     

GC-MS检测新型策划毒品K3

目的基于气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）检测结合特殊质谱库信息检索建立新型策划毒品的鉴定方法。方法未知样品用甲醇超声溶解,吸取上清液采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用仪检测。结果测得A组分（t R=19.47min）的质谱特征碎片峰（m/z）信息为215.1（基峰）、144.9、294.1、337.1和365.1,B组分（tR=23.29min）的质谱特征碎片峰（m/z）信息为359.1（基峰）、127.1、144.0、155.0、232.1、284.1和342.0。经美国缉毒署毒品分析谱库检索获得的信息资料,鉴定为新型策划毒品＂K3＂,其主要组分为＂AKB48＂和＂AM2201＂,此类化合物具有大麻类似精神活性,归属合成大麻素。结论本方法可用于新型策划毒品组分的鉴定。     

可疑植物制品中合成大麻素5F-EDMB-PICA的鉴定

目的探讨无对照品时可疑植物制品中未知合成大麻素的定性分析策略。方法采用甲醇对植物制品中的合成大麻素进行提取,提取液经旋转蒸发仪浓缩后采用制备液相分离、纯化,得到高纯度合成大麻素制备样品,综合利用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)、超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight massspectrometry,UPLC-QTOF-MS)、核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)对制备化合物进行结构解析。结果采用制备液相得到10 mg高纯度未知样品,采用GC-MS、UPLC-QTOF-MS和NMR进行分析,通过谱图解析,最终确定未知合成大麻素为2-[1-(5-氟戊基)-1H-吲哚-3-甲酰氨基]-3,3-二甲基丁酸乙酯,简称5F-EDMB-PICA。结论本研究建立了采用制备液相从低含量植物制品中提取未知合成大麻素的方法,并综合利用GC-MS、UPLC-QTOF-MS、NMR实现了对未知物结构的解析,这些信息将有助于法庭科学实验室在鉴定实践中鉴定该物质或其他具有类似结构的化合物。     

新型合成大麻素ADB-BUTINACA的波谱分析及结构确证

本文旨在对新型氨基烷基吲哚类合成大麻素ADB-BUTINACA进行结构确认。对缴获的电子烟油经柱层析法提取纯化后，用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、高效液相色谱-四极杆串联飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF)、核磁共振(¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR)、红外光谱(IR)进行分析，确定化合物结构式。通过UPLC-QTOF获得未知化合物的精确质量数为330.212 7，结合¹H-NMR确定质子数为26及其归属，¹³C-NMR确定碳的类型，GC-MS及UPLC-QTOF二级质谱裂解碎片离子为m/z 286.2、201.1(基峰)、145.0、257.1推断其结构可能断裂路径，IR的吸收特征确定其含有苯环、酰胺、伯胺、仲胺、叔胺、甲基及偕二甲基等官能团，确认该化合物分子式为C₁₈H₂₆N₄O₂，化学名称为N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-butyl-1H-indazole-3...     

41种抗生素LC/MS联合测定的谱图库建立

目的建立常见41种抗生素LC/MS联合测定谱图库。方法采用ZORBAX sb-aq,2.1mm×150mm×3.5μm（带预柱）;柱温：30℃;流动相：甲酸（0.1%）甲醇和甲酸（0.1%）水溶液梯度条件;流速：0.4mL/min;通过电喷雾电离（ESI）,自动三级质谱检测。结果应用液质联用仪通用检测方法,得到了含有41种常见抗生素的自用质谱谱库和保留时间参数谱图库。通过谱图解卷积和保留时间锁定软件方法实现数据自动处理。结论该方法具有不易漏检和减少假阳性的优点,完全可替代手工检索质谱,可用于实际案件检验。     

全血中4种新型合成大麻素的快速检测

目的建立准确、快速的方法鉴定血液中4种新型合成大麻素(JWH-203、JWH-122、5F-APINACA和AB-CHMINACA)。方法全血样品经乙腈-甲醇提取后,经气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)进行筛选,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)进行确认,采用多反应监测模式进行定量分析。结果 GC-MS法于21 min完成分析,LCMS/MS法于5 min完成分析,AB-CHMINACA、JWH-203、5F-APINACA和JWH-122均采用准分子离子峰作为母离子,定量离子对分别为m/z 357.4→312.2、m/z 340.2→125.0、m/z 384.1→135.1、m/z 356.4→169.2。血液中4种合成大麻素在1～250 ng/mL质量浓度范围内线性良好(r0.99),检出限为0.1～0.5 ng/mL,提取回收率为85.4%～95.2%,精密度小于10.0%,基质效应为80.3%～92.8%。结论本研究得到了4种合成大麻素的GC-MS和LC-MS/MS色谱行为和质谱解析信息,初步讨论了色谱行为差异的可能原因,对判断合成大麻素的发展趋势有提示作用。本方法适用于血液中4种合成大麻素的快速检测,在目前新型合成大麻素滥用激增的情况下,可为此类物质的鉴定提供参考。     

新型毒品5-甲氧基-α-甲基色胺油状物的GC-MS定性检验

目的通过分析未知检材样本提取后的质谱碎裂峰,建立了5-甲氧基-α-甲基色胺(5-MeO-AMT)的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)定性分析方法,并阐述其在EI离子源轰击下的分子裂解机制。方法未知样品油状物用氢氧化钠溶液溶解后加入适量乙酸乙酯,充分振荡后吸取上清液采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测。结果测得未知组分(RT=12.754min)的质谱特征碎片峰(m/z)信息为161.1(基峰)、204.2、146.1、130.1、117.1和89.0。经与NIST谱库和DEA报告质谱图比对,确定为5-MeO-AMT;通过查阅文献资料,对上述质谱特征碎片峰的产生机制进行了推断。结论该方法操作简单、结论可靠,可用于5-MeO-AMT的检验。     

MDMA前体PMK methyl glycidate的定性检验

目的利用PMK methyl glycidate来合成胡椒基甲基酮(piperonyl methyl ketone,PMK),可进一步合成3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)。本文首次报道了中国大陆出现的PMK methyl glycidate,并应用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)和核磁共振(NMR)技术对化合物结构进行了分析与确证。方法样品分别用甲醇和DMSO-d₆提取后,使用GC-MS和NMR进行检测。结果通过GC-MS分析测得化合物的质谱特征碎片和保留时间信息,并对氢谱碳谱的信号峰进行归属,确定了化合物结构。结论该方法简便可靠,能用于PMK methyl glycidate的检验。     

气-质联用法（EI．PCI．NCI）在系统毒物分析中的应用

本文应用电子轰击质谱(EI),正、负化学电离质谱(PCI.NCI)技术,建立了315种常见毒,药物的气一质联用系统分析方法。并建立了 EIMS、PCIMS、NCIMS 质谱图谱库。司法鉴定实践表明使用气相保留指数,特征碎片和 EI、PCI、NCI 图谱库检索等多指标的系统分析方法,是未知物鉴定的强有力的工具。     

合成大麻素类新精神活性物质4F-MDMB-BICA的检测

目的建立基于红外光谱(fourier transform infrared,FT-IR)、气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatographymass spectrometry,GC-MS)、高分辩质谱(high resolution mass spectrometer,HRMS)和核磁共振波谱(nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,NMR)多技术联用鉴定可疑未知物的方法。方法样品分别用FT-IR、GC-MS、HRMS(溶剂为甲醇)及NMR(溶剂为氘代甲醇)检测。结果GC-MS测得样品中主要组分的质谱特征离子m/z分别为218(基峰)、362、306、274、246、144、116,HRMS实测的精确质量数[M+H]+为363.20774,经FT-IR、GC-MS和HRMS数据分析,推断未知样品为一种新的合成大麻素类新精神活性物质4F-MDMB-BICA,并用1H NMR对其结构进行确证。结论建立的多技术联合鉴定方法能用于未知样品中4F-MDMB-BICA的鉴定。该方法快速、方便、准确、可靠、实用,能够对今后涉及此类物质的案件检测鉴定提供参考依据。     

自主合成标准物质鉴定缴获物中的新精神活性物质ADB-FUBINACA

目的新精神活性物质在世界范围内蔓延迅速,但相关标准物质的短缺制约着其分析方法的研究和案件检验。本文以我国首次出现的N-(1-氨甲酰基-2,2-二甲基丙基)-1-(4-氟苄基)吲唑-3-甲酰胺(ADB-FUBINACA)制毒案件为例,介绍在无法及时获得商业化标准物质的情况下,不得不通过自主合成制备标准物质解决案件检验难题,建立该新精神活性物质检验的方法。方法建立气相色谱-质谱检验方法,分析条件:色谱柱为Aglient DB-5MS石英毛细管柱(30.00m×0.25mm×0.25μm);初始柱温60℃,按15℃/min升至300℃,保持15min;载气为氦,流速1.0mL/min,分流进样,进样量1.0μL,分流比20∶1;进样口温度280℃;电子轰击(EI)离子源,电子能量70eV,离子源温度230℃,四级杆温度150℃,传输线温度280℃,质量扫描范围m/z 40~500amu,全扫描模式(SCAN)采集总离子流图,溶剂延迟3.0min。案件缴获的送检未知样品经甲醇提取,超声、离心后,取上清液以GC-MS分析;将所得主要质谱特征碎片峰(m/z)通过NIST质谱库、SWGDRUG质谱数据库以及相关文献进行检索,初步确定待测目标物。采用有机合成技术制备ADB-FUBINACA标准物质,合成路线为:吲唑-3-甲酸甲酯与4-氟苄溴发生取代反应,生成1-(4-氟苄基)-1H-吲唑-3-甲酸甲酯;取代产物在碱性条件下经水解反应得到有机酸1-(4-氟苄基)-1H-吲唑-3-甲酸;在催化剂作用下,有机酸与L-叔亮酰胺发生酰化反应,制得化合物ADB-FUBINACA。经气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、液相色谱-离子阱-飞行时间质谱(LCMS-IT-TOF)、核磁共振(NMR)等分析,合成化合物的结构得以确证;同时采用超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-PDA)进行分析,对其归一化纯度进行测定。将案件未知样品和合成标准物质分别用甲醇提取,超声、离心后,再行上清液GC-MS分析。结果经GC-MS分析,案件未知样品(RT=19.818min)的质谱特征碎片峰(m/z)信息为109.0(基峰)、253.1、338.1、309.1和145.0,经与合成标准物质的保留时间及质谱图检测比对,证实为N-(1-氨甲酰基-2,2-二甲基丙基)-1-(4-氟苄基)吲唑-3-甲酰胺;通过查阅相关资料,对上述质谱特征碎片峰的产生机制进行了推断,并对1H-NMR、13C-NMR和DEPT-135等一维核磁谱图的信号进行了归属分析。结论本文报道的新精神活性物质ADB-FUBINACA其GC-MS分析方法,可用于实际案件检验鉴定;合成化合物的结构表征方法也可用于固体ADB-FUBINACA的定性分析。基于有机合成技术的新精神活性物质制备与案件检验方法,可缓解有关标准物质短缺制约该类案件检验鉴定的现状。     

3,4-亚甲二氧基甲卡西酮的鉴定

目的 建立基于傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)结合高分辨质谱技术联合鉴定未知样品的方法.方法 未知样品采用红外专用取样器直接检测;甲醇溶解后采用GC-MS和组合型高分辨质谱检测,以MDMA为内标物.结果 未知样品获得的红外光谱特征吸收峰为1679(C=O键),1603,1502,1453,1423,1259,1121,1090,1035,930,887,838,768,742和717cm-1,质谱特征碎片峰(m/z)为58.1,91.0,120.9,149.0和207.0,测得的精确质量数[M+H]+为208.0966.经信息分析未知样品鉴定为3,4-亚甲二氧基甲卡西酮,该物质属于新型化学合成卡西酮类精神活性物质,已经列入部分欧盟国家的管制药物目录.结论 本方法可用于3,4-亚甲二氧基甲卡西酮的鉴定.     

A review of impurity profiling and synthetic route of manufacture of methylamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine,amphetamine, dimethylamphetamine and p-methoxyamphetamine

Amphetamine-type substances (ATS), like other synthetically derived compounds, can be produced by a multitude of synthetic pathways using a variety of precursors and reagents, resulting in a large number of possible contaminants (by-products, intermediates and impurities). This review article describes the common contaminants found in preparations of methylamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamine (AP), N,N-dimethylamphetamine (DMA) and p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) synthesised via common synthetic pathways including reductive amination, Leuckart method, Nagai method, Emde method, Birch reduction, “Moscow” method, Wacker process, “Nitrostyrene” method and the Peracid oxidation method.Contaminants can facilitate identification of the synthetic route, origin of precursors and may suggest information as to the location of manufacture of these illicit drugs. Contaminant profiling can provide vital intelligence for investigations in which linking seizures or identifying the synthetic pathway is essential. This review article presents an accessible resource; a compilation of contaminants resulting from a variety of manufacturing methods used to synthesise the most common ATS. It is important for research in this field to continue as valuable information can be extracted from illicit drug samples, increasing discrimination amongst ATS, and in turn, leading to an increase in evidential value and forensic drug intelligence from forensic drug samples.     

GC-MS studies on acylated derivatives of 3-methoxy-4-methyl- and 4-methoxy-3-methyl-phenethylamines: regioisomers related to 3,4-MDMA

A series of side chain regioisomers of 3-methoxy-4-methyl- and 4-methoxy-4-methyl-phenethylamines have mass spectra essentially equivalent to the controlled drug substance 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (3,4-MDMA), all have molecular weight of 193 and major fragment ions in their electron ionization mass spectra at m/z 58 and 135/136. The acetyl, propionyl and trifluoroacetyl derivatives of the primary and secondary regioisomeric amines were prepared and evaluated in GC-MS studies. The mass spectra for these derivatives were significantly individualized and the resulting unique fragment ions allowed for specific side chain identification. The trifluoroacetyl derivatives provided more fragment ions for molecular individualization among these regioisomeric substances. These trifluoroacetyl derivatives showed excellent resolution on a non-polar stationary phase such as Rtx-1.     

An interlaboratory study to evaluate the utility of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy spectral libraries in the forensic analysis of fentanyl-related substances

Synthetic opioids such as fentanyl account for over 71,000 of the approximately 107,000 overdose deaths reported in the United States in 2021. Fentanyl remains the fourth most identified drug by state and local forensic laboratories, and the second most identified drug by federal laboratories. The unambiguous identification of fentanyl-related substances (FRS) is challenging due to the absence or low abundance of a molecular ion in a typical gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and due to a low number of fragment ions that are similar among the many potential isomers of FRS. This study describes the utility of a previously reported gas chromatography-infrared (GC-IR) library for the identification of FRS within a blind, interlaboratory study (ILS) involving seven forensic laboratories. Twenty FRS reference materials, including those with isomer pairs in the library, were selected based on either their presence in the NIST library and/or some similarity of the mass spectra information produced. The ILS participants were requested to use the Florida International University (FIU) GC-MS and GC-IR libraries supplied by FIU to search for matches to their unknown spectra generated from in-house GC-MS and GC-IR analysis. The laboratories reported improvement in the positive identification of unknown FRS from ~75% using GC-MS alone to 100% correct identification using GC-IR analysis. One laboratory participant used solid phase IR analysis, which produced spectra incompatible with the vapor phase GC-IR library to generate a good comparison spectrum. However, this improved when searched against a solid phase IR library.     

论中国古典政法传统

古典政法传统是秦汉以来中国政治法律领域形成的一整套相对稳定的意识形态、制度安排和治理实践。"政""法"关系是古代政治家、思想家思考治国问题的重大主题,产生了一系列独具特色的理论认识。广义上的"政""法"关系,表现为政必有法、为政以法、法依政行、政法同构、政法互动。狭义上的"政""法"关系,即"政""刑"关系,表现为政刑一体、政主刑辅、政先刑后、政刑互补。历经长期的演进,古典政法传统形成了多元一体的政法场域、太平盛世的政法理想、统分结合的权力构架、互动互塑的政社关系、综合施治的治理模式、奉法循理的官吏队伍等基本样态。古典政法传统蕴含的民为邦本、天下太平、变法图强、综合为治、防患未然、情理法融合等思想值得今人借鉴。     

Quick Screening of Crystal Methamphetamine/Methyl Sulfone Exhibits by Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract: The analysis of mixtures of “crystal meth” (usually comprised of methyl sulfone [MS] and methamphetamine [MA]) by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GCMS) is routine in many forensic drug laboratories. The utilization of Raman spectroscopy for the identification of such mixtures quickly and without the need for a separation technique is discussed. Samples were dissolved in water and Raman spectra of the resulting aqueous solutions were collected. By comparing these spectra to spectra of methylsulfone and MA mixtures of known composition, an indication of the composition of the sample can be obtained in only a few minutes. This spectral comparison also can be used as a semi‐quantitative analysis of MA concentrations in such exhibits.     

Sequence characterization of microvariant alleles at DYS627 and DYS458

Y chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) have been widely used in genetic applications and forensic casework. Recently, we found two intermediate alleles, the DYS627 allele 24.1 and the DYS458 allele 15.3, from Chinese Han population. The two allelic variants have not been recorded by the YHRD database. We have examined the molecular structure of these allelic variants by Sanger sequencing. The results showed that this intermediate allele at DYS627 was confirmed as 24.1, the sequence of which showed a base “A” insertion in the 13th repeat unit, and the intermediate allele at DYS458 was confirmed as 15.3, the sequence of which showed a base “G” deletion in the 12th repeat unit. This may be important for individual identification and paternal kinship testing. Besides, more allelic variants detected can be enriched in the Y-STR database.