追续权:艺术家的福利

追续权是一项平衡艺术家与艺术品经营商之间经济收益分配的著作权法律制度.1920年,法国最早确立了追续权制度,后有五十多个国家引入该制度,我国《著作权法》第三次修改草案中增设了有关追续权的规定.追续权是艺术作品的作者从艺术品转售中获得收益的权利,是著作权中的报酬请求权,追续权的行使以获得销售信息为前提,并依赖于著作权集体管理组织,追续权如能得到著作权法的确认,还须制定具体的可操作的法律规范.     

论追续权对艺术市场的影响之争议及其厘清

我国《著作权法》修改草案新增了追续权条款,引发了艺术市场从业人员的普遍反对,其认为追续权将损害艺术市场.围绕追续权是否损害艺术市场的争议由来已久,国内外正反双方曾对此展开激烈的争论.从欧盟、法国、英国的立法实践上看,追续权尚无损害艺术市场的先例.从影响市场的因素上看,追续权只是卖家在选择交易市场时所考量的众多因素之一,追续金对艺术市场的影响甚微.总的来看,追续权制度的创设不会损害艺术品市场,现有反对者所秉持的观点实际上忽略了艺术品与普通商品之间的区别,并且,评判追续权制度的创设与否不应以其对艺术市场的影响作为依据.     

追续权的理论基础和制度构建

追续权是作者在艺术作品原件被再次出售中分享一定数额收益的权利。追续权保护是适应艺术品市场的发展需要并平衡作者和艺术商之间的利益冲突而创设的一项著作权法律制度。它以民法中的非常损失规则为理论依据,符合公平、效益的法律价值,体现了对著作权权利穷竭原则适用的限制。追续权制度在我国著作权立法中的缺失势必产生诸多的现实缺陷,因而应当在我国未来的著作权法修订中增设追续权条款。     

追续权客体范围初探

追续权是著作权中的一项重要权利,其与艺术品及艺术品市场息息相关.很多西方国家已将其纳入到其著作权权利体系中.我国由于诸多原因,未将其纳入到著作权体系中.但随着我国艺术品市场的快速发展,著作权权保护水平的提高,我国《著作权法》第三次修改草案欲将其纳入.因此,对追续权的客体范围进行一定的探讨是必要的.     

法国追续权制度研究及借鉴

法国是世界上第一个确立追续权的国家,追续权制度自1920年诞生以来,经历了两次重大的变革,其历史嬗变的过程具有典型性.两次变革的结果使得法国追续权制度更加具体化、规范化,更具可操作性.2012年4月至今,我国《著作权法(修改草案)》三稿均涉及到追续权制度的引入,引发了热烈的讨论.就法国追续权制度展开研究对我国追续权制度的构建有着十分重要的借鉴意义.     

我国《著作权法》中追续权的适用客体

我国《著作权法(修订草案)》新增了追续权,并适用于美术、摄影作品的原件以及文字和音乐作品的手稿.但是,追续权制度的立法宗旨在于维持著作权人和作品购买者间的利益平衡,以保障著作权人获得与其付出相应的回报,实现社会公平.从此法理基础出发进行衡量,美术和摄影作品原件应当纳入追续权客体,文字和音乐作品的手稿则应排除在外.一些主要国家的立法和国际公约印证了这一点.此外,结合我国艺术品的创作和流通实践,著作权法也应为实用艺术作品留下追续权制度的适用空间.     

论我国创设追续权制度的正当性

我国《著作权法》修改草案曾经规定了追续权条款,引发了追续权是否具有正当性的巨大争议。反对者主要秉持着"挨饿的艺术家"学说、"首次销售"原则与价值学说驳斥追续权的正当性。不过,这些观点对追续权存在误读,不具有说服力。从著作权原理上看,我国创设追续权制度具有正当性。一方面,艺术家有权依著作权法获得利益,但现行著作权法对艺术家仅存有限的实践价值,追续权能够使得艺术家与其他作者在获益上处于平等地位;另一方面,艺术作品原件再次出售会产生新的消费群体,这一消费群体将因此有机会观看并使用艺术作品,根据作品使用等级体制,艺术家对于最终消费群体使用作品的直接报酬请求权转为对中间商的间接报酬请求权,此即为追续权的由来。     

论追续权之主体——兼评我国《著作权法》修改草案

我国《著作权法》修改草案新增了追续权条款,但其中并未指明追续权的主体.主体是法律关系的基本组成部分,我国有必要界定追续权的主体.在追续权权利主体上,不同国家根据追续权继承制度的不同而存在争议.追续权在继承上应当遵循一般的民事继承制度,我国应规定追续权权利主体为作者或其继承人、受遗赠人,并且,追续权权利主体应限于自然人.在追续权义务主体上,追续权义务的创设来源于中间商使用作品行为,因此,追续权的义务主体为中间商,即艺术作品原件的出让人.为了保障追续权的有效实现,参与交易的买受人与中间人应向追续权人承担不真正连带责任,同时,追续金应由艺术品交易中的专业人员代扣代缴.     

合理构建追续权制度 打破追续权“不合时宜”之迷思——追续权制度的合理性研究 以《著作权法》修改为契机

正在修订过程中的《著作权法》修改草案在我国首次规定了退续权制度，引发了不少争议。从现有资料来看，追续权制度并不会对艺术品市场造成负面影响，同时，追续权制度仍具有现实基础，能够保障艺术家的合法利益，     

追续权制度的合理性研究 以《著作权法》修改为契机

正在修订过程中的《著作权法》修改草案在我国首次规定了追续权制度,引发了不少争议。从现有资料来看,追续权制度并不会对艺术品市场造成负面影响,同时,追续权制度仍具有现实基础,能够保障艺术家的合法利益,并且,追续权制度并未违背"首次销售原则",因此,多数围绕追续权制度的反对意见缺乏依据,不应成为妨碍追续权制度创设的羁绊。总的来看,追续权制度彰显着法律上的公平价值,符合德国法对"潜在的、本质的价值"的内在要求,并体现了源于罗马法的"非常损失"规则,可以认为,追续权制度具有其独特的法理基础。     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.