刑事照相与图像数字处理技术

论述了刑事照相技术在当今信息时代的发展方向,展望了数字图像数字处理技术在刑事照相中的具体应用,讨论了刑事照片客观真实性与数字技术处理图像方便灵活性之间对立统一的关系,阐述了图像数字技术必将取代传统摄影技术而被引入到刑事照相中来的观点.     

刑事图像数字化可行性探讨

数字摄影技术是指用数字照相机拍摄,利用计算机进行加工处理,再用各种打印设备打印出照片的新型摄影方式。这种技术优点归纳为“五直接”：直接呈现与显示、直接存贮、直接处理、直接印刷、直接传送。刑事照相隶属于摄影大家庭中的科学摄影类,它与普通照相有所不同,数字技术能否应用于刑事照相的关键取决于其能否同时达到两个要求：其一,照片质量高,能达到行业标准的要求;其二,法庭效力强,具有难于修改、伪造的特点。中华人民共和国公共安全行业《刑事照相负正片后期制作标准》要求：全色负片的解像力≥７５线／mm;最高密度Dmax…     

刑事犯罪现场照相取景构图的探索

取景构图在各种艺术摄影中广泛引起重视，但在现场照相中常常忽略了取景构图的重要性。重视现场照相的取景构图不仅能使现场照片更美观、更具观赏性，还能在有限的画面中更好地传递更多的有用的信息，突出主题，加强照片的证据作用。为此，研究影响现场照相的构图因素，并在实际拍摄中加以运用是十分必要的。     

数码摄影在刑事照相中的优势和局限

刑事照相是一门随着传统摄影技术的形成和发展而产生的摄影应用科学,它以摄影光学、摄影化学和电子技术为基础,遵照法律程序和办案要求,根据摄影原理,运用特殊的拍照技术,记录、显示、检验与犯罪有关的客体影像,在长期实践中形成了独特的拍摄体系。随着信息时代的到来和数字技术的迅猛发展,数码摄影技术赋予了刑事照相新的内涵,大大拓展了刑事照相的空间。然而,事物都是辨证的,有优势的同时也存在局限,就数码摄影与传统摄影在刑事照相中的相比较,本文作如下讨论。在刑事照相的前期准备上,数码摄影较传统摄影更为简单。数码摄影只需准备数码…     

刑事照相中的构图

刑事照相是为法庭提供图像证据,刑事照相构图图1横向、垂直构图比较(2)选择主体置于视觉中心想好了拍摄方向、角度后,把拍摄的主体放在画面的正中间,这也是一般相机的对焦点所在。在物证检验照相,指纹、足迹、工具、枪弹检验照相,法医损伤刑事技术2007年第3期检验照相,现场细目     

数码相机在刑事照相中的应用

随着计算机技术和数字影像技术的高速发展,在当今社会的各个领域已广泛应用,随着数字影像处理技术的日趋成熟,为数码摄影技术在刑事技术中的应用创造了条件。我们体会到数码相机在刑事照相中有以下优点:1即时性它体现在拍照前可在液晶显示器上取景或查看要拍摄的主体,直观悦目;拍照好的照片可随时在显示器上看到,还可单幅或多幅同时显示,便于比较和鉴定图像质量的好坏,对拍摄不好的可随时删除;可在计算机显示器上放大、处理、观察;可及时打印出照片,加快办案速度;可即时上网传递。2易存储性数码相机能随时删除不满意的照片,保留成功的照片在…     

浅谈刑事录像构图

摄像构图是使主题思想和创作意图形象化,可视化的过程,是依靠一系列造型手段,并通过摄像机的取景框以构成画面造型上的表现形式。熟练掌握摄影构图是提高刑事录像水平的关键,因此,我们有必要来探讨一下摄像构图的特点、动态构图的表现形式以及刑事录像构图的操作技巧。     

利用Photoshop软件制作刑事案件现场照片

为了在刑事案件现场勘查中能够更好的发挥数字技术的作用，提高工作效率，掌握数码现场照片的图像处理技术对刑事技术人员来说很有必要。如果只是利用了数码照相对刑事案件现场进行固定，但在后期制作方面仍然按照以前的方式先冲洗照片再往纸上粘贴，则数码技术的方便和高效率远远没有体现出来，难免有点大材小用。笔者和同事在利用数码照相制作刑事案件现场照相卷的同时，参照公安部“刑事照片制卷质量标准”的要求，并结合自己的经验，利用Photoshop软件技术，开发了一套刑事照相制卷的模版，     

数码摄影技术应用于刑事照相的新思考

数码摄影技术所具有的优势,给刑事照相工作带来了极大的便利,但必然会出现新的问题,在实际工作应用中只有采取相应的对策,将会对刑事照相工作产生巨大的推动作用。     

尸体检验照片的模板化编辑与标准化打印

《刑事照相制卷质量要求》既适用于各类刑事案件现场照片、治安案件和灾害事故现场照片的制卷,也适用于刑事案件检验照片和其他证据照片。因此,在司法鉴定中,尸体检验照片的制作方法应依照这一标准。＂刑事数码图像标准化技术＂应用软件用于尸体检验照片的制卷工作,可以方便和快捷地实现模板化编辑和标准化打印的目标。     

利用恒锐痕检/文检图像处理系统鉴定合成照片

目的通过运用软件分析鉴别照片内容的真伪,为伪造图片的鉴定提供一些技术方法。方法分别运用PhotoshopCS2和恒锐痕检/文检图像处理系统中的一些功能对照片中的内容进行处理分析。结果照片中两部分内容所呈现出的多处特征点的对应和其伪彩色影像的大面积重合,不符合自然规律,系复制合成照片。结论恒锐痕检/文检图像处理系统强大而简便的功能不仅为痕检、文检工作提供了强有力的支持,也为影像的检验鉴定提供了条件。     

高校数码照片档案信息安全保障之探析

高校数码照片档案管理中存在诸多不安全因素,致使其信息安全无法保障。根据数码照片档案管理的各个环节,在分析其信息安全隐患的基础上,从管理与技术角度提出做好数码照片档案信息安全保障的建议,以期保护高校数码照片档案的信息安全。     

An investigation into the accuracy and reliability of skull-photo superimposition in a South African sample

One of the aims of forensic science is to determine the identities of victims of crime. In some cases the investigators may have ideas as to the identities of the victims and in these situations, ante mortem photographs of the victims could be used in order to try and establish identity through skull-photo superimposition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a newly developed digital photographic superimposition technique on a South African sample of cadaver photographs and skulls. Forty facial photographs were selected and for each photo, 10 skulls (including the skull corresponding to the photo) were used for superimposition. The investigator did not know which of the 10 skulls corresponded to the photograph in question. The skulls were scanned 3-dimensionally, using a Cyberware? Model 3030 Colour-3D Scanhead scanner. The photos were also scanned. Superimposition was done in 3D Studio Max and involved a morphological superimposition, whereby a skull is superimposed over the photo and assessed for a morphological match. Superimposition using selected anatomical landmarks was also performed to assess the match. A total of 400 skull-photo superimpositions were carried out using the morphological assessment and another 400 using the anatomical landmarks. In 85% of cases the correct skull was included in the possible matches for a particular photo using morphological assessment. However, in all of these cases, between zero and three other skulls out of 10 possibilities could also match a specific photo. In the landmark based assessment, the correct skull was included in 80% of cases. Once again, however, between one and seven other skulls out of 10 possibilities also matched the photo. This indicates that skull-photo superimposition has limited use in the identification of human skeletal remains, but may be useful as an initial screening tool. Corroborative techniques should also be used in the identification process.     

有奖拍违的性质及其违法性研究

有奖拍违的出台有何依据?它违法吗?各种观点的解释和行政部门给出的法条依据遮蔽了问题的关键。在这纷扰的场景下,只有将其放置于行政任务民营化的背景中,从拍客与行政部门的关系、国家任务的层级与有奖拍违的关系以及设定有奖拍违的权源入手,我们才能找到问题的答案。除了不可以侵入绝对的国家任务外,私人都可以参与行政事务,但无论以何种形式参与,此中都须强调国家的担保责任和由此衍生的指挥、监督及控制责任。     

Eyewitness testimony of children in target-present and target-absent lineups

The effects of age of witness and age of suspect on eyewitness testimony were investigated. Forty-eight elementary school children and 48 college students viewed a slide sequence of a mock crime. This was followed by target-present or target-absent photo identification with a no-choice option, central and peripheral questions related to the crime, and a second photo identification. In photo identification, child witnesses had a higher rate of choosing than adult witnesses, suggesting that children have more lax criteria of responding. The accuracy data showed similar levels of sensitivity across ages although there was a trend toward reduced accuracy of child witnesses in target-absent lineups. All witnesses made more total choices and more correct rejections with child-suspect lineups than adult-suspect lineups. Central questions were answered better than peripheral questions by both age groups, but adults made significantly more “don't know” choices.     

公寓广告中意识形态渗透手段的多模态批评性话语分析

多模态话语普遍存在于广告语篇中，因此，对广告进行多模态话语分析显得十分必要。论文以ChinaDaily上的一则英文公寓广告为语料，对广告中的图片采用视觉语法的分析方法，对广告中的文字说明则以批评性话语分析的三维模式为出发点进行意识形态分析。该研究揭示了语篇生产者如何在特定的社会文化语境下运用各种符号对消费者进行情感、态度、观念上的控制，旨在增强受众对不同层面意识形态渗透手段的认识，提高受众批判性视觉阅读能力与语言阅读能力。     

A Problem with Double-Blind Photospread Procedures: Photospread Administrators Use One Eyewitness's Confidence to Influence the Identification of Another Eyewitness

In Experiment 1, photospread administrators (PAs, N = 50) showed a target-absent photospread to a confederate eyewitness (CW), who was randomly assigned to identify one photo with either high or low confidence. PAs subsequently administered the same target-absent photospread to participant eyewitnesses (PWs, N = 50), all of whom had viewed a live staged crime 1 week earlier. CWs were rated by the PAs as significantly more confident in the high-confidence condition versus low-confidence condition. More importantly, the confidence of the CW affected the identification decision of the PW. In the low-confidence condition, the photo identified by the CW was identified by the PW significantly more than the other photos; there was no significant difference in photo choice in the high-confidence condition. In spite of the obvious influence exerted in the low-confidence condition, observers were not able to detect bias in the photospread procedures. A second experiment was conducted to test a post-hoc explanation for the results of Experiment 1: PAs exerted influence in the low-confidence condition because they perceived the task as more difficult for the eyewitness than in the high-confidence condition. Independent observers (N = 84) rated the difficulty of the confederate's task as higher in the low-confidence condition compared with the high-confidence condition, suggesting that expectations of task difficulty might be driving the effect observed in Experiment 1. Results support recommendations for double-blind photospreads and emphasize that the same investigator should not administer photo lineups to multiple eyewitnesses in an investigation.     

Images of illness: how causal claims and racial associations influence public preferences toward diabetes research spending

Despite the salience of health disparities in media and policy discourse, little previous research has investigated if imagery associating an illness with a certain racial group influences public perceptions. This study evaluated the influence of the media's presentation of the causes of type 2 diabetes and its implicit racial associations on attitudes toward people with diabetes and preferences toward research spending. Survey participants who viewed an article on genetic causation or social determinants of diabetes were more likely to support increased government spending on research than those viewing an article with no causal language, while participants viewing an article on behavioral choices were more likely to attribute negative stereotypes to people with diabetes. Participants who viewed a photo of a black woman accompanying the article were less likely to endorse negative stereotypes than those viewing a photo of a white woman, but those who viewed a photo of a glucose-testing device expressed the lowest negative stereotypes. The effect of social determinants language was significantly different for blacks and whites, lowering stereotypes only among blacks. Emphasizing the behavioral causes of diabetes, as is common in media coverage, may perpetuate negative stereotypes. While drawing attention to the social determinants that shape these behaviors could mitigate stereotypes, this strategy is unlikely to influence the public uniformly.     

An attempt to reduce guessing behavior in children's and adults' eyewitness identifications

The effects of age of witness, gender of witness, lineup presentation, and practice on eyewitness testimony were investigated. Ninety-six elementary-school children and 96 college students viewed a slide sequence of a crime, followed by target-present or target-absent photo identification in sequentially or simultaneously presented lineups. Prior to photo identification, half the subjects received a practice lineup. Children had a higher rate of choosing than adults, resulting in more foil identification errors in both target-present and target-absent lineups. Without prior practice, sequential presentation as compared to simultaneous presentation reduced errors in target-absent lineups for adult witnesses and showed a similar but nonsignificant reduction for child witnesses. With prior practice, sequential presentation lost the advantage over simultaneous presentation in target-absent error reduction. Practice reduced target-absent errors in simultaneous-presentation lineups for both age groups.     

Using similarity judgments to conduct a mugshot album search

Mugshot searches fail because the witness must be shown too many photos. Current methods to reduce the number rely too heavily on verbal reports of individual features. This research reports three tests of a new system that augments the presently used tools by having the witness choose photos that are subjectively similar to the target. Each photo thus chosen increases the ranking of every photo in the album that is similar to it, as determined by a similarity network in which the album photos are embedded. Because the ranking of the target itself is usually thus increased, it is soon displayed. The tests used familiar targets, an incidental one, and unfamiliar videoed ones. From 76% to 84% of the “witnesses” reached the target, having viewed 2.4 to 8.5 times fewer photos than they would have had they simply leafed through photos as is traditionally done.