教育理论的“失语”与原创性诉求

教育理论通常在两个方面表现出“失语”：一是相对于哲学、心理学、社会学等基础学科,理论教育学成为基础学科的演绎,丧失其独立性,表现出“学科失语”;二是全球化时代,中国的教育理论在西方话语中丧失本土性,表现出“本土失语”。针对这两种失语,教育理论要追求原创性,只能指向本土的实践理论,研究本土教育问题。     

"人去楼空"的法律思考

“人去楼空”是一形象称谓 ,意指经营者违反法律的规定或合同之约定擅自改变经营场所或者随意中断、终止经营的情况。它严重地侵犯了出租人、供货商 ,尤其是广大消费者的合法权益 ,扰乱了社会主义市场经济秩序 ,危害很大。从性质界定、成因分析、法律对策等方面对“人去楼空”现象进行了全面的分析和深入的探讨。     

Politics and bioethical commissions: "muddling through" and the "slippery slope"

When they have addressed highly controversial subjects, the bioethical commissions of the last decade have tended to avoid explaining the ethical justifications for their recommendations. This omission is consistent with the typical preference of policymakers for "muddling through," because it is often possible to reach agreement on specific decisions even when disagreeing sharply on principles. In bioethical policy, this omission of reasons has some special consequences. It allows commission members to ignore "slippery slope" arguments, which are based on the claim that the logic of justification adopted to address the current problem will ultimately lead us to great harms. Case-by-case decision-making--along with the omission of reasons for decisions--will tend to highlight the benefits of innovation, and downplay possible long-term effects that might be ethically upsetting.     

公共政策制定的理论研究中的“村民”与“农民”概念辨析

构建和谐社会,落实科学发展观,离不开对“三农”问题的研究。长期以来,在关于“三农”问题与村民自治的公共政策制定和理论研究中,由于对“农民”与“村民”概念的片面理解和不规范使用,产生了严重的负面影响,对其规范使用已是势在必行。农民与村民本是两个外延不同,内涵既有同质性,但又有异质性的概念,二者不可相互替代。对其规范使用,有利于在公共政策制定和“三农”问题的理论研究上发挥正确导向和规范作用。     

“命”的语义分析与庄子的“安命”哲学

古汉语中“命”这个字有命名、生命、命运三重含义,而中国古代哲学中的“命”的深刻含义也就隐藏在这三重含义及其相互关系之中。“命”是对个人生命存在的限定或规定,是个人与社会环境和生活世界的联合体,关注“命”的问题是庄子思想的重要方面,他主张“安其性命之情”,可以称之为“安命”哲学,其内容包括对语言之“命”的悬置,对生命之“命”的保养,对命运之“命”的安顺。     

也论“汉音”与“魏响”：“三曹”诗歌创作的历史定位

自明代诗学将汉魏分论,到清人选诗有"汉音"、"魏响"之谈,至今影响甚巨.对"三曹"及邺下文人集团诗歌创作的定位,已经成为汉魏诗歌分期及其"自觉时代"确定的焦点.从理论上讲,诗歌自觉的标志,应以其作为语言艺术而独立之时为起点.据此而论:曹操的作品仍是诗歌语言与音乐旋律之美的综合体,属于汉代"歌诗"的范畴;曹丕与曹植的诗歌,则由于创作心态与观念的新变,逐渐表现出语言艺术与音乐艺术的分离,从而走上了诗歌自觉的道路.     

Clinical and forensic indicators of "suicide by cop"

This paper reviews the literature pertaining to the phenomenon of "suicide by cop"--any incident in which a suicidal individual attempts to get law enforcement to kill him. This article defines the term "suicide by cop," discusses the various motivations of individuals who engage in this type of behavior, presents the risk factors and indicators for suicide and violence, and describes specific indicators for suicide by cop. Proper recognition of these events, prior and subsequent to their occurrence, has important implications for prevention, officer safety, equivocal death analysis and psychological autopsy, civil litigation, criminal justice proceedings, and community stability. This paper presents seven case studies which demonstrate the clinical and forensic indicators of this phenomenon.     

新桂系“自治”法律思想之辨析

以李宗仁等为核心的新桂系在广西主政期间,为维护其在广西的政治统治,扩充地盘,增强实力,以图缓和境内阶级、民族矛盾,围绕着军事,有组织、有系统地带动了经济、文化教育的发展,使广西一度成为受全国瞩目的“模范省”。在此过程中,新桂系取法孙中山的“三民主义”精神而创立的“三自”政策起了非常重要的纲领性作用。而其中,源自于三民主义中的“民权主义”的“自治”法律思想对于研究旧中国近现代“地方自治”思想的演变具有较大的价值。     

STR Profiles from DNA Samples with "Undetected" or Low Quantifiler™ Results

Abstract:  Screening methods capable of identifying DNA samples that will not yield short tandem repeat (STR) profiles are desired. In the past, quantitation methods have not been sensitive enough for this purpose. In this study, low level DNA samples were used to assess whether Quantifiler™ has a minimum quantitation value below which STR profiles would consistently fail to be detected. Buccal swabs were obtained and the DNA extracted, quantified, and serially diluted to concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 0.250 ng/μL. Samples were analyzed once with Quantifiler™, followed by Profiler Plus™ amplification and capillary electrophoresis analysis. An absolute minimum value below which STR results were unobtainable could not be defined. From the 96 low level samples tested, STR loci (including one full profile) were successfully amplified and detected from 27% of the samples "undetected" by Quantifiler™. However, no STR alleles were detected in 73% of these "undetected" samples, indicating that Quantifiler™ data may be useful for predicting STR typing success.     

法律信仰批判

中国法学界的"法律信仰"命题,是对美国学者伯尔曼有关法与信仰(宗教)之关系论述的误解,这种理论对中国社会影响很深,并导致了法律界的一系列错误观念。因此,有必要从理论上对这一命题进一步进行反思和批判。理论分析与实证研究表明,法律不能被信仰;我国建立法治的途径不能依赖法律信仰,而应是加强法与社会的沟通,增加法的现实性、可行性、合理性与正当性。     

对“客观真实观”的几点批判

"客观真实说"尽管确实有一定的合理性,但它仅仅将刑事审判看做一种认识活动,抹杀了诉讼中的认识活动与哲学家、历史学家、自然科学家视野下的认识活动之间的界限,并且将这种以"重构已然事件"为目标的认识活动绝对化,不仅不符合认识的发展规律,也排除了人的主观性以及其他诉讼价值存在的可能性.因而,"客观真实说"的缺陷是极其明显的.相比而言,"法律真实说"能够较为恰当地表述刑事审判所认定事实的准确性程度,符合刑事审判的性质,能合理地解决实体公正价值与程序公正价值之间的冲突.尤其是,"法律真实说"具有可操作性,符合认识发展的规律.     

“正当防卫”四十年:“于欢案”映射刑法第20条的修改

自1979年刑法颁布以来至今已整整四十年,"正当防卫"几经博弈甚至1997年刑法中的重大修改,但运行中仍然暴露出许多问题。尤其是山东"于欢案"的出现与发酵,透射着刑法第20条的亟待修改。通过对该案多层面的分析提出我国刑法中"正当防卫"立法上的一些缺陷与不足,包括对"不法侵害"的解读及修改,"明显超过必要限度"与"造成重大损害"的"绑定"关系,刑法第20条第1、2款"正当防卫"概念的歧义等。指出,"明显超过必要限度"应具有行为上的独立性与条件上的主导性,"造成重大损害的"应修改为"造成不应有重大损害的",建议在"正当防卫"与"防卫过当"之上增设"防卫行为"的上位概念,以厘定相关的刑法规制关系。     

"用工"法律问题初探

随着我国《劳动合同法》把建立劳动关系的判断标志从“签约”修改为“用工”,研究与用工相关的法律问题显得日渐迫切。用工的内涵,可界定为用人单位招用劳动者为其成员,劳动者在用人单位的管理下,提供由用人单位支付报酬的劳动行为。认定用工是否成立,我们应根据双方主体是否合格、是否有劳动给付和接受行为、双方关系是否符合“从属性”标准要求等要件来作出判断。其中,对于“用工之日”的认定,应设置特别规定。关于如何理解用工和签约之间的效力关系,应区分“同时用工和签约”、“先用工后签约”、“先签约后用工”这三种不同情形,进行具体分析。     

Hospital care for the "self-pay" patient

The number of hospitalized patients lacking an identifiable source of third-party payment has risen substantially in recent years. This study examines trends in the hospitalization of "self-pay" patients and investigates causal influences on the propensity of hospitals to accept such patients for treatment. Our analysis pays particular attention to the relationship between Medicare's prospective payment system (PPS) and hospitals' self-pay patient share. Our results show an overall increase in both the number and proportion of self-pay patients treated by hospitals between 1980 and 1985. Substantial differences existed among the types of hospitals that accepted such patients, with major teaching hospitals treating an increasingly disproportionate share. The mix of self-pay patients in terms of age, sex, and reason for hospitalization remained stable during the period under study. Our conclusion is that the regression analysis shows no evidence that PPS reduced hospitals' willingness to treat uninsured patients.     

社区直选制度的探索——“海曙直选”的意义及启示

"海曙直选"是中国社区基层民主的一次成功尝试和突破."海曙直选"推动了社区直选工作在全国范围内铺开,它对社区管理体制改革的意义不言而喻.更重要的是,"海曙直选"作为社区直选的典范,它已突破了社区直选本身的意义,已经成为中国社区基层民主进程的一大标志.同时,通过"海曙直选",我们看到社区直选制度的完善还有很长一段路要走,还要在不断的实践中总结经验.     

ON THE CAUSES OF "WHITE-COLLAR" CRIME: AN ASSESSMENT OF HIRSCHI AND GOTTFREDSON'S CLAIMS

This article assesses Hirschi and Gottfredson claims about patterns and explanations of White-collar crime. It points out several flaws in their analysis and shows (1) that the UCR offense categories of fraud and forgery are not appropriate indicators of white-collar or occupational crime because the typical arrestee in these categories committed a nonoccupational crime; (2) that the demographic distribution (age, sex, race) of these "white-collar" crimes is not the same as it is for most ordinary crimes; and (3) that the occurrence of these "white-collar" crimes is not relatively rare. The implications of the findings for research and theory on crime are also discussed.     

A Hard Look at What We Know (and Still Need to Learn) About the "Costs" of the Exclusionary Rule: The NIJ Study and Other Studies of "Lost" Arrests

The controversy over a "good faith mistake" exception to the exclusionary rule and the 1982 National Institute of Justice study of the effects of the rule in California have focused attention on the "costs" of the rule. This article reviews the NIJ study and seven other relevant studies and concludes that the NIJ study's claim that the rule has a "major impact" on the disposition of felony arrests is misleading and exaggerated. California data show that prosecutors reject only 0.8% (8 in 1,000) of felony arrests because of illegal searches. The effect of the rule is concentrated in drug cases in which the rejection rate by prosecutors is 2.4% (not 30%, as suggested by the NIJ study), but the rejection rate for non-drug arrests is less than 0.3%, and the rate is even lower for violent crimes. Even if one looks at the cumulative effect of the rule through all stages of the felony process in California, only about 2.35% of felony arrests are lost because of illegal searches, and this is a high-side estimate based on potentially atypical samples. Moreover, studies of "lost arrests" have not differentiated between arrests resulting from bona fide crime investigations and arrests that resulted from arbitrary searches or arrests that were made to seize contraband, for harassment, or for purposes other than obtaining a conviction. The author concludes that available data show the cost of the rule is marginal, especially in view of the ambiguous nature of the lost arrests. Moreover, it is doubtful that a good faith mistake exception would save any substantial proportion of the arrests lost following illegal searches. In particular, an exception for searches conducted under an improper warrant would save only a negligible proportion of lost arrests.     

股份有限公司董事“恶”之法律抑制

股份有限公司作为一个开放性的公司,不再是仅与几个股东利益相关的法人实体,而是与数以千计甚至万计的股东(投资者)息息相关,并肩负有一定的社会责任,股份有限公司的董事会及董事如何正确行使职权、对其"恶"如何抑制的问题显得日益突出。根据对董事"恶"之抑制机制的不同性质,可以分为对董事的内部抑制和外部抑制。内部抑制主要是通过公司章程对董事之"恶"进行制约,外部抑制则通过法律规定对董事之"恶"进行制约。     

试论“超越法律”的企业社会责任

"超越法律"的企业社会责任,是企业负担的那些超出法律强制性义务规定且符合社会价值和期望的责任,确认这种责任的法律规范实为"软法",它主要通过责任目标内化于企业的商业行为和治理结构之中,以实现企业的"自我管制";通过保护利益相关者的实质性和程序性权利,提高利益相关者的谈判抗衡力量以实现市场的自发对抗;并以声誉机制和非政府组织的作用作为责任的实施机制的补充。     

认识全球化的"问题化"进路——对中国法学"全球化论辩"中理论问题的追究与开放

对全球化本身做"问题化"理论处理首先便要求对中国法学的"全球化论辩"进行分析和反思,因此在本文中,我首先把中国法学之"全球化论辩"的"四步骤套路"转换成了一种参照性背景;其次通过把"全球化是经济全球化还是多维度的全球化"与"法律全球化"这两个问题转变成了对具体问题的分析进路,对中国法学的"全球化论辩"进行一般性的厘清和分析:在对中国法学两种对立的全球化论说的分析中,我批判了那种"经济主义"的全球化论说,认为全球化是一个多维度的既依凭民族国家又脱离民族国家的社会变迁过程;同时,本文也分析了与上述两种全球化学说紧密联系的中国法学学者有关"法律全球化"争辩之"肯定"、"否定"和"折衷主义"三种观点及其背后不同的理据。