治理视野下中国行政改革基本思路

治理理论是有关政府改革的一个全球性话题。本文在阐述治理理论的基本内容及特征的基础上,分析了治理视野下西方行政改革的总体趋势,对善治目标下我国行政改革的基本方向进行了思考。     

当前我国公民问责研究综述

公民是异体行政问责的重要主体,公民问责是异体行政问责的重要形式和重要内容,是行政问责深化发展的主要方向之一。近年来,学者们从各自的研究视角出发,对公民问责进行了初步研究,包括公民问责的概念与意义,公民问责的理论基础,公民问责存在的问题以及路径改善的对策建议等等。     

基于目标导向的政府战略绩效管理探究

近年来,公共部门绩效管理成为各国行政改革的重要方向。对我国来说,加强政府绩效管理,特别是政府战略绩效管理是深化行政管理体制改革的重要内容和必然要求。本文以目标导向为基础,把服务政府、责任政府、效能政府、法治政府、创新政府作为政府改革的五大战略目标,并进一步构建政府战略绩效考核的指标体系,同时就政府战略绩效管理中的实践问题进行分析探讨,对政府部门的战略绩效管理进行了比较系统的初步探究。     

健全完善中国特色社会主义司法行政体系努力为全面推进依法治国提供优质高效的法律服务和保障

党中央高度重视全面推进依法治国，高度重视发挥司法行政在全面推进依法治国中的重要作用。党的十八届三中全会对全面深化改革作出了全面部署，对包括司法行政改革在内的司法体制改革提出明确要求。党的十八届四中全会对全面推进依法治国作出了全面部署，明确了司法行政在全面推进依法治国中的地位作用、职责和基本任务，为推进司法行政改革发展、坚持和完善中国特色社会主义司法行政制度指明了方向。2014年4月21日，习近平总书记对司法行政工作作出重要指示，从全局和战略的高度，对监狱、戒毒、社区矫正、法律援助、法制宣传等工作提出明确要求，为司法行政改革发展提供了强大的思想武器，是新时期司法行政工作的科学指南和行动纲领。     

行政法视域下的服务型政府建设

建设服务型政府是和谐社会建设的一个战略举措,我国在新形势下提出建设服务型政府,既是时代的要求也是科学发展观在政府行政改革方面的体现。本文认为作为一种指导理念,＂服务型政府＂与＂法治政府＂互相契合。＂服务型政府＂只能在指导理念层面发挥作用,其最终的实现,则必须依托于法治政府的建设。就行政法律制度设计而言,总的思路是厘定政府的法定＂服务＂义务,具体操作应从丰富行政法目标体系、完善行政立法、加强依法行政和提高公务员学法用法能力的方面率先进行规范。     

论行政审批的分类改革与替代性制度建设

现行的行政审批,若以审批的功能与作用为标准,大致可分为资源配置类、市场进入类和危害控制类三大审批类型。不同类型行政审批的改革方向是不同的。资源配置类审批改革的方向是减少国家对资源的控制和垄断并保证国有资源分配的公平、公正;市场进入类审批改革的方向是降低进入门槛,打破进入壁垒,激发市场活力;危害控制类审批改革的方向是打破传统体制下建立起来的审批管控制度,将审批范围收缩到那些具有社会危害性、且通过其他方式不足以有效控制危害的社会活动方面。在行政审批改革的同时,还应当寻求有效的替代性制度建设,这既是顺利推进行政审批改革的需要,也是创新国家治理模式的要求。     

政府与公民关系的演变逻辑研究

“行政”含两方面，一是作为主体的政府，二是作为客体的公民；“行政改革”在一定意义上指政府与公民关系的演变。此演变过程在改革前及改革初期表现为主客体的单向统制关系，市场经济建设时期则彰显为效率至上的管理主义，世纪交替后建构政府与公民间的双向、互动关系成为必然诉求。     

深刻认识实施行政许可法的重大意义 全面推进我国依法行政进程

行政许可法已于2003年8月27日经十届全国人大第四次会议通过,并将于今年7月1日起正式实施。这是一部规范政府行政行为的法律。行政许可法所确立的基本原则和一系列制度、措施,不仅是对行政许可本身的规范和重大改革,也是对整个政府工作的进一步规范,将对全国行政系统产生重大而深远的影响。贯彻实施行政许可法,不单纯是一部法律的执行问题,而是涉及到保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益,改革行政管理体制,转变政府职能的大问题。一、我国为什么要制定和实施行政许可法?行政许可就是通常所说的行政审批,它是一项重要的行政权力。行政权力可…     

关于深化行政审批制度改革的思考

当前,深化行政审批制度改革,具有许多有利条件。党的十六大和十六届三中全会在理论、方针、政策、目标等方面为行政审批制度改革指明了方向;社会主义市场经济体制框架的逐步建立,市场机制在资源配置中起基础性作用,为行政审批制度改革创造了较好的外部环境;各地按照中央的统一部署,先后开展的多轮行政审批制度改革,取消了一批行政审批项目,初步规范了审批程序,审批方式创新也取得了一定的成效。所有这些,为行政审批制度改革奠定了较为坚实的基础。但是,与我国政治文明建设的要求和加入世贸组织的对外承诺相比,行政审批制度改革仍然任重而道…     

公众参与与行政法治

公众参与与人民代表大会制度一道,构成中国现代民主的基本模式。在行政法治领域,公众参与对于保障行政机关依法、公正行使职权,防止滥权和腐败,对于维护行政相对人的合法权益,防止侵权和歧视,对于推进公民自治,培育公民社会有着特殊重要的意义。本文首先分析了中华人民共和国成立以来公众参与制民主发展的经验教训,特别是有关推进公众参与与建立、健全行政法治和宪政关系的经验教训。然后文章研究了公众参与对于整个人类社会发展的战略价值和可能的风险,法律对之加以规范和保障的必要性与途径。文章最后探讨了公众参与制民主在全球化、信息化条件下发展的趋势和对行政法治与宪政重构的影响。     

Why Does the Federal Government Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada in Charter of Rights Cases? A Strategic Explanation

Despite the impressive body of scholarship dedicated to analyzing litigation involving the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in the Supreme Court of Canada, there remains an incomplete understanding of why these cases come to the Court. Notably absent from the literature is sustained analysis of why governments, the most frequent class of appellant, bring Charter cases to the Supreme Court. Recent work has addressed the decision to appeal by the U.S. federal government and state attorneys general and provides an excellent theoretical starting point. I use case data collected from interviews with federal government lawyers and law reports to test whether the Canadian federal government's decisions to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada in Charter cases are also "procedurally rational." I conclude that these decisions are primarily shaped by strategic considerations related to policy costs, case importance, reviewability, and the prospect of winning on appeal, regardless of the party in power. In the process, the article further extends the application of strategic decisionmaking theory with regard to law and courts beyond judicial behavior, and beyond the U.S. context.     

Diplomacy at a Canadian Mine Site in Guatemala

This paper critically examines the Canadian government’s response to violent conflict at Canadian-owned extractive sites in Guatemala. Considering the trans/national-local context of a Canadian-U.S. owned silver mine in southeastern Guatemala, I piece together both the formal/overt and informal/banal ways that the Canadian government reneges on transparency related to government practice. To do this, I carry out a critical reading of hundreds of pages from Access to Information requests and email correspondence from Global Affairs Canada (GAC) and explore how Canada relates to and interacts with a Canadian mining company before, during and after a violent shooting at its Guatemalan project site. I argue that the Canadian embassy, and GAC’s regular communication and contact with Tahoe Resources and its subsidiary, Minera San Rafael, under the guise of ‘diplomatic relations’—and charity events—points to a particular form of state-corporate symbiosis which seems to ignore vital socio-political and historical context.     

Court strikes out latest action in contaminated blood litigation

On 24 June 2003, the Federal Court of Canada--Trial Division struck out an action by three hemophiliacs infected with HIV through contaminated blood products. The case arose out of the destruction of records by members of Canadian Blood Committee (CBC) in 1989. The defendants were the government of Canada and three government of Canada employees who worked at the CBC in 1989 and were alleged to have been involved in the destruction of records.     

Corporate crime and the Canadian state: Anti-combines legislation, 1945–1986

This paper analyses post-war (1945–1986) anti-combines enforcement in Canada in the light of major competing theoretical models of the state in capitalist economies. Such an analysis serves as a framework for the clarification of issues pertaining to the debate on the state in advanced capitalism, the outcome of which may permit certain postulates concerning state-corporate relations in Canada. A narrative history of the nature and development of the Canadian economy informed by Canadian political economists will be presented, followed by a brief review of the history of anti-combines legislation and its enforcement up to 1945. Data will then be introduced enabling analysis in greater detail of post-war enforcement.     

The parliamentary activity of the head of government in Ireland (1923–2000) in comparative perspective

This article examines the parliamentary activity of the head of government in Ireland in selected years from 1923 to 2000 and compares the findings with previous studies of the British and Canadian systems. The results show that, similar to the UK and Canada, there is variation in the level of parliamentary activity in Ireland from one head of government to another. However, contrary to the British and Canadian experience, in the Irish case the data show that the head of government's overall level of parliamentary activity has generally increased over time. In short, Irish heads of government are not necessarily more active than their contemporary British and Canadian counterparts. However, in a number of respects they are certainly more active than their Irish predecessors used to be. These findings suggest that there is now a greater degree of indirect accountability in the Irish system than was previously the case.     

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN CANADIAN FAMILY LAW PROCEDURE

"Family law procedure" differs greatly from "civil procedure." Canadian jurisdictions and common-law jurisdictions have copied English reforms of merging law and equity. Canada unlike the United States confined legislative authority over divorce to the federal government under the British North American Act. The Canadian federal government enacted the national Divorce Act of 1968, which had a homogenizing effect on substantive family law across Canada in both custody and support matters for a number of years. There are many pressures for fragmentation of procedure specifically, dealing with the provincial courts. Modern family law procedure is much more like civil procedure. If inquisitorial methods are used or if discovery is limited using "simplified rules" for smaller cases, family law procedure will become two different tiers-one for self-represented litigants and litigants where the stakes are small and the other tier would be one that operated under the "normal" rules of civil procedure.     

The Hermeneutics of Jurisdiction in a Public Health Emergency in Canada

This paper investigates the state of the law in Canada in regards to a public health emergency, and in particular the jurisdictional logic that might come into effect were a public health emergency to occur. Although there has yet to be a national public health emergency in Canada, threats of such crises are likely to arise in the future. It is therefore recognised as necessary to address Canada’s legal preparedness for a public health emergency and evaluate proposed reforms to the legal structure that could facilitate response. This paper contributes to this goal by identifying multiple jurisdictional factors that could inform legal interpretations in a public health emergency. It considers how the legal system and the courts are dealing with public health as a national security issue (political and collective matter) while taking into account s. 7 of the Canadian Charter (individual rights). It also looks at the power of the government defined in the Emergencies Act [1985, c. 22] and a proposed legal reform that would make it easier for the government to act unilaterally in a public health emergency. The paper draws on the legal theory of Robert Cover to analyse the hermeneutics of jurisdiction that characterise legal interpretations of public health in Canada, as well as the relationship between jurisdiction and legal violence that these hermeneutics imply. It then develops a case study of the use of medical triage in a public health emergency to explore the possibility of holding the state liable under private law for harm caused to individuals by public health decisions. The paper concludes by suggesting that the state’s public health power can be conceptualised as a form of legal violence and that the courts in Canada should adopt a jurisgenerative approach to legal interpretation in the area of public health.     

经济转轨 政府定位与“新的法律秩序”

新中国成立初期,我国提出了优先发展重工业的“赶超战略”,相应地形成了高度集中的计划经济体制。由于计划经济缺乏市场经济那种优越的信息机制和强大的动力机制,使得经济系统效率低下,整个社会缺乏活力,于是在20世纪70年代末80年代初,我国发起了市场取向的改革。从计划经济体制向市场经济体制转轨的过程,其实也是政府职能转变的过程。政府能否实现从过去的无限、低效政府向有限、高效政府转变是改革能不能取得成功,“好的市场经济”能不能最终确立的关键。为此,政府要科学设计改革方案,增强自身改革的动力;尤为重要的是要积极推进“新的法律秩序”的形成。     

Establishing safe injection facilities in Canada: legal and ethical issues

In the face of an ongoing and escalating health crisis among injection drug users in Canada, calls are coming from many quarters to initiate safe injection facilities as a way to reduce overdoses, the spread of bloodborne diseases, and other health and community problems associated with injection drug use. This article summarizes a paper on safe injection facilities released in early 2002 by the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network. The paper contributes to the policy discussion in Canada and sets out why and how the law should support the introduction of safe injection facilities.     

全球化条件下中国省级行政区划改革的新思考——兼与刘小康、金太军和高峰等人商榷

在全球化条件下,进行省级行政区划改革不能采用分割现有省级行政区划增加省份的方式进行,否则会提高行政成本,降低行政效率,引发诸多社会矛盾,不利于国家稳定。我国省级行政区划改革要在科学发展观的指导下,考虑政府公共服务的有效性和增强各省的地区竞争力的情况下,以稳定和完善现有省级行政区划为主的途径进行。