SPME技术及其在司法鉴定中的应用

固相微萃取技术（SPME）是一种新型的无需溶剂的样品前处理方法,它可一步完成取样、萃取和浓缩,简化了传统前处理方法的繁琐步骤,而且不会造成二次污染。因此,SPME技术在短短十几年内已经广泛应用于各个研究领域。     

应用一滴溶剂萃取（SDE）技术提取尿样中苯丙胺类毒品

目的建立一滴溶剂萃取技术（SDE）在尿样中苯丙胺类毒品检验的提取优化方法。方法通过GC／NPD分析，系统考察了溶剂体积，萃取溶剂，搅拌速度，萃取时间等参数对苯丙胺类毒品的SDE萃取效率的影响。结果经实验研究，建立了SDE最优化方法。结论SDE技术是一种新型样品前处理技术，具有操作简单快速，成本低廉等特点，在毒物毒品检验中具有广泛的应用前景。     

毛细管固相微萃取/UPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中毒品成分

目的建立毛细管固相微萃取UPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中毒品的方法,并用于实际样品分析。方法取含毒品成分的血浆样品1mL,加入2mL硼砂缓冲液后吸入注射器中,联接内壁上固定有DB-1701毛细管柱的不锈钢针头,流动注射泵以300μL/min流速使样品全部排出,1mL纯水冲洗,50μL乙腈洗脱2min,UPLC-MS/MS梯度洗脱-正离子-多反应监测测定洗脱液毒品成分,并对28例案件样品进行分析。结果血浆中毒品回收率为64.5%~82.1%,RSD10%,LOD40 ng/mL,28份样品中检出19例。结论采用毛细管固相微萃取(in-tube SPME),方法快速、简捷、环保,与UPLC-MS/MS技术结合可应用于血浆中毒品的快速筛查。     

固相微萃取在司法化学鉴定中应用的进展

固相微萃取(SPME)是近年来发展起来的集采样、萃取、浓缩、进样于一体的综合技术。SPME在司法化学鉴定领域有着很好的发展前景,它的主要优点是分析速度快、方法简便、无需溶剂、灵敏度高、所需样品体积小,易于实现仪器化和自动化,适用于现场分析。SPME在司法化学鉴定中的应用十分广泛,用于可燃性的液体残留物、残留爆炸物、生物样品中的毒、药物以及其他物质分析。本文主要对SPME技术及其在司法化学鉴定中的应用与进展做一综述。     

固相萃取技术（SPE）在苯丙胺类毒品分析中的应用

固相萃取（SPE）技术是利用固体吸附剂将目标化合物吸附,使之与样品的基体及干扰化合物分离,从而达到分离和富集的目的。SPE是20世纪70年代后期发展起来的一种样品前处理技术,本文主要综述了近10年来SPE技术在苯丙胺类毒品分析中的应用现状及其趋势。     

环境污水毒品检测技术在禁毒情报中的应用

本文以环境污水毒品检测技术为基础,结合相关法学和统计学理论,为毒品检测技术在禁毒情报的获取中提供了新的应用方式。本文首先介绍了环境污水分析技术的起源以及污水流行病学的研究方法,并对包括样品提取与保存、固相萃取、液相色谱串联质谱法分析在内的污水样品中毒品检测技术手段进行了详细的介绍;进而,对以禁毒情报工作的需求为着力点,通过动态广泛的污水中毒品检测,以大数据的方式获得关于不同种类毒品的时间空间分布情况的方法进行说明论述,充分展现了环境污水检测技术的应用潜力及前景;最后,对此项工作目前在理论和实践中存在的问题与不足进行了简要的汇总和分析。     

固相萃取-色谱质谱技术在毒物筛查中的应用进展

固相萃取是近年发展起来的一种样品前处理技术,主要用于样品的分离和富集,能够将生物检材中的目标待测物有效的与杂质组分分离,具有较高的回收率,其样品预处理过程简单,操作便捷。在法庭科学领域,可根据生物检材,如生物体液、组织、毛发等基质的性质,选择相应的固相萃取方法;同时亦可根据目标待测物,如目标待测物的酸碱性,选用不同的固相萃取方法。色谱法是一种分离和分析方法,它利用不同物质在不同相态的选择性分配,使混合物中的不同组分根据其性质不同而分离。质谱法在分析中可提供丰富的结构信息。固相萃取-色谱质谱联用技术集固相萃取与色谱质谱检测技术优点于一体,可实现对复杂基质中的特定毒物与非特定毒物进行高效萃取、净化与检测,具有检材消耗少、检测速度快、灵敏度高等特点,已被广泛应用于环境监测、药物分析、法庭科学领域等,成为当前毒物筛查的重要手段,具有选择性好、灵敏度高、基质效应低等特点,且易实现在线分析,特别适用于法庭毒物分析中单一毒物或多种毒物的筛查。本文综述了固相萃取-色谱质谱联用技术在法庭科学毒物毒品分析中的应用进展,以供同行参考。     

有机爆炸物的现场非介入性检测——顶空固相微萃取一真空气相色谱质谱法

本文考察了顶空固相微萃取在有机爆炸物现场非介入性检测中的适用性。由固相萃取（SPME）纤维头吸附的有机爆炸物用真空气相色谱一质谱联用仪进行检测。该方法所需的洗脱温度低,色谱分离时间短。SPME适用于提取蒸汽压不低于2．4,6-三硝基甲苯（TNT）的挥发性和半挥发性有机爆炸物,如较易挥发且不稳定的化合物三过氧化三丙酮（TATP）的非介入性检测就可以应用该方法。本研究使用静态顶空,尽可能地减少顶空体积,实现了较高的灵敏度。在现场,SPME方法的灵敏度受环境温度的影响较大：由于样品的蒸汽压未达到平衡,在固定顶空体积和萃取时间的条件下,SPME纤维头萃取的样品总量随温度的提高而增加。在有合适容器的情况下SPME纤维头上萃取的样品在取样3天后仍然能顺利检测。     

固相微萃取技术在毛发药物分析中的应用

固相微萃取（SPME）可与GC/MS、HPLC/MS等在线联用,实现分离、分析一体化的特点为其在毛发药物分析中的应用提供了可能性和良好的应用前景。本文对SPME技术在毛发中滥用药物如苯丙胺类、美沙酮、大麻、可卡因、利多卡因等及其相应代谢产物的分析研究及应用进展做一综述。     

固相微萃取法在生物样品前处理中的应用

<正> 固相微萃取法(Solid phase microextraction,SPME)是一种新型的无溶剂萃取技术,它通过在一根长1 cm、直径约为0.3 mm 的溶融石英纤维(Fiber)表面覆渍厚度为5～100μm 不等的高分子聚合材料作为固定相(涂层),采用顶空(HeadSpace,HS)或直接浸入(Direct Immerstion,DI)方式与样品接触,萃取气相或液相中的目标化合物。萃取头连接在一个不锈钢管套上并与手柄连动,整个 SPME 装置类似于一个微量进样器,使用时,把针头刺入已装入样品的密闭容器中,按下手柄,萃取头从针头中探出。当取样结束时,萃取头收纳于针头内,迅速从容器中拔出,不经任何溶剂洗脱而直接     

Recent developments in the patentability of software in the UK

Over the past few months there has been renewed debate at the UK Intellectual Property Office (“UK IPO”) and in the UK courts over whether computer programs can be considered patentable inventions. In particular, concern persists that the UK authorities and the European Patent Office (“EPO”) are applying different tests for the patentability of computer software, even though they are applying the same legislation. This article reviews the positions taken by the UK and the EPO tribunals, and how these impact upon businesses wishing to patent inventions encompassed in software.     

Shades of blue: Confidence in the police in the world

Purpose

The present study tests the hypothesis that regime nature as a structural characteristic explains variations in public confidence in the police.

Methods

Combining five sources of data from 50 nations with 69,309 respondents, the current article extends the extant research by using hierarchical logistic regression analyses with ample sample sizes at both levels to test the hypothesis with a series of control variables.

Findings

In addition to the largely consistent findings from the individual-level predictors, the results show that that there is a U-shaper convex curvilinear relationship between the levels of democracy and confidence in the police. Residents in long-term stable authoritarian regimes as well as in long-term stable democracies display elevated levels of confidence in the police, whereas short-term or unstable authoritarian nations and nations in democratic transition have the lowest level of confidence in the police. Besides, confidence in the police is higher among citizens in nations with more government efficiency and is lower among residents of countries with higher homicide rates.

Conclusion

Regime nature is important in understanding confidence in the police. In addition, governments should make more efforts to promote their efficiency in order to win citizens’ support and they are expected to reduce homicide rates.     

History in the Law of the Constitution

This article addresses the diminution of historical understanding in English constitutional law by reconsidering Dicey's approach to history in his foundational work. It argues that Dicey's approach was inconsistent and unconvincing – separating a historical view of an evolving constitution from a legal view, discounting history's legal significance and nonetheless repeatedly evoking a whig history to enhance the appeal of the constitution's rules and principles. It recalls the features or deficiencies of whig history, famously characterised by Herbert Butterfield from a modern historical perspective. To Butterfield's characterisation it adds an elaboration on their constitutional significance and a neglected comparative dimension. From those features, it develops, in conclusion, methodological suggestions for a history that might yet serve constitutional legal purposes.     

An Analysis of the Role of NGOs in the WTO

It seems that the WTO Secretariat has offered some room forNGOs to participate in both the policymaking and the disputesettlement in the WTO. The note points out the structural weaknessesin the ability of NGOs to do so. Following Richard Shell’s"The Trade Stakeholders Model", this note offers suggestionsfor making NGOs participation more meaningful so as to protecttheir interests. Footnotes ^*LL.B of Law School, Xiamen University, China; LL.M of Law School,Hull University, United Kingdom     

Significance of haemorrhages in central parts of the tongue found in the medicolegal autopsy

The tongue was examined for the presence of haemorrhages in 264 medicolegal autopsy cases. The tongue was sectioned transversely and examined macroscopically and microscopically. Haemorrhages were found in marginal and/or central parts of the tongue in 104 cases. Among them, 28 cases showed haemorrhages in central parts of the tongue. Those haemorrhages in central parts of the tongue were seen only in cases of severe ‘congestive death’. The possibility must therefore be considered of a severe ‘asphyxial death’, if haemorrhages are found in central parts of the tongue during autopsy.     

Contribution to the Development of Guidelines in the Analysis of Biological Evidence in Sexual Assault Investigations

This investigation intends to study materials and techniques used for biological evidence collection in sexual assault cases and is divided into two stages: in stage one, methods for biological evidence collection (the single swab (including three variants) and the “double swab technique”) were compared; in stage two, swabs’ component material was compared. The sampling was composed of 42 heterosexual couples who provided mock samples. The collection methods in which the whole swab is covered by evidence presented significantly better outcomes (p < 0.001), such as the “double swab technique.” Additionally, nylon swabs proved to present significantly better features regarding the capacity of sample elution, providing significantly higher amounts of DNA (p ≤ 0.034). This study provides guidelines for better collection of biological evidence regarding the collection method using a swab and the proper swab material to utilize.     

Destiny of the Death Penalty in China in the Contemporary Era

This paper is a study on the abolishment of death penalty in China. The author first reviewed the ancient death penalty in China, looked at the history of death penalty from its evolution and reform, then examined the status quo of China’s death penalty, and brought forward a practical question of what course should the flourishing death penalty in China follow in the international trend of abolishing and restricting death penalty. In this regard, the author analyzed the conditions for abolishing death penalty from the perspectives of public opinion’s influence, choice of politicians, control of crimes and structure of criminal penalty. He also designed a course for China to restrict and abolish death penalty from the legislation setting and judicial restriction, expecting to find a practical way to abolish death penalty.     

论我国刑罚理论研究中的四个误区——刑罚目的一元论之提出

我国刑罚理论研究中存在四个误区:混淆了刑法目的与刑罚目的;对刑罚目的的含义理解错误;把一般预防当作刑罚目的;把报应当作刑罚目的。通过对这四个误区的厘清,可以得出以下结论:刑法目的与刑罚目的是两个不同的概念;刑罚目的,是指国家通过适用和执行刑罚所期望达到的目标;一般预防是刑法目的,不是刑罚目的;报应是刑罚的本质,不是刑罚目的;刑罚的目的是特殊预防。     

防治"非典"中适用刑法存在的法律冲突

在防治非典中,对传染病防治法第35条所列行为,医疗保健人员、国家机关工作人员、政府卫生行政部门工作人员的严重玩忽职守行为在适用刑法时所存在的法律冲突,并分别提出解决这些冲突的建议。     

Disclosure in the EEA securities markets--making sense of the puzzle

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points

• This article looks at the various elements of thedisclosure regimes for issuers that are admitted to EEA-regulatedmarkets, including the initial requirement for the productionof a prospectus on admission and on-going requirements to discloseprice sensitive information as it arises and to make regularreports to the market.
• After a brief analysis of some of thesimilarities and differences between the various regimes, thearticle makes an attempt to reconcile the differences by lookingat each regime in the context of the others and viewing themas a continuum.
• Finally, remaining problems concerning multi-jurisdictionliability for disclosure in the EEA and potential liabilityfor forward-looking disclosure are discussed.