国外法庭科学DNA实验室的质量保证和质量控制现状

法庭科学DNA检测飞速发展和广泛应用的同时也面临巨大风险,实验室质量保证能力和质量控制手段的不足已开始影响到法庭科学DNA检测的证据地位。本文对国外法庭科学DNA实验室的有关情况进行初步分析,从中发掘有益的启示,为我国法庭科学DNA检测的改革和发展提供借鉴。     

法庭科学实验室认可及其对策

为了促进国际间的合作与交流,实验室认可活动日益受到各国的重视。在法庭科学领域,通过实验室认可也已成为一种国际潮流,在一些法治比较健全的国家,法庭科学实验室纷纷申请并通过了各自国家实验室认可机构的认可。由于实验室认可活动国际间互认的广泛开展,使得这些法庭科学实验室通过实验室认可活动,既提高了实验室自身的技术能力和质量管理水平,提升了实验室的地位和信誉,又增强了国际间的信任和交流。目前,我国法庭科学实验室认可工作只是刚刚起步,与国际先进水平差距甚远。我们既没有法庭科学实验室认可的国家增补标准,也没有对此进行过…     

从17025技术要求谈物证照相专业的实验室认可

ISO／IEC17025标准是CNAS对检测和校准实验室能力进行认可的依据。根据国际通行做法,法庭科学实验室认可大多是按照检测实验室标准进行的,如美国FBI、英国FSS等。因此,物证照相专业作为法庭科学实验室的一部分,也应该符合17025标准。深圳市公安局技术处作为全国较早一批整体通过国家实验室认可的单位,笔者参与了物证照相专业实验室认可工作的整个过程,在这个过程中,本人认为ISO／IEC17025标准（即《检测和校准实验室能力认可准则》）技术要求中人员、设备、鉴定方法、检材、环境条件这5个方面不仅关系到能否顺利通过CNAS对实验室的评审,而且直接决定了实验室的检测水平,     

美国法庭DNA鉴定实验室质量控制标准

法庭DNA鉴定技术的迅猛发展,使得对法庭DNA鉴定技术进行标准化十分必要,为了促进我国法庭DNA鉴定技术的标准化,我们特别翻译了《美国法庭DNA鉴定实验室质量控制标准》一文,以供大家参考。简介本文包括定义与标准。标准是对相关实验室质量控制程序的特殊的强制性的要求。本文本提到的类同的措施也可用于此标准。1概述本标准是经常从事DNA鉴定的法庭DNA实验室所应遵循的,以保证数据的正确性和完整性以及整个实验室技术的熟练程度,各实验室在遵循本标准的同时可以提出意见来完善本标准。2定义以下各条在使用时有其特殊意义：（1…     

浅谈法庭科学实验室量值溯源的对策与途径

量值溯源是法庭科学实验室认可活动的重要内容之一，是法庭科学实验室检测结果可信性的基础，量值溯源的一致性是国际间相互承认测量结果的前提条件。根据ISO／IEC17025准则，申请认可和已经认可的法庭科学实验室所从事的检测活动，必须满足量值溯源的要求。法庭科学实验室在物证检验鉴定中，必须对用于检测的、对检测结果的准确性或有效性有显著影响的设备（包括环境监控设备）在投入使用前进行校准。本文就法庭科学实验室如何进行量值溯源作一阐述。     

法庭科学实验室质量控制研究综述

本文对法庭科学实验室质量控制活动的历史进行了回顾性分析研究,对国内外现状进行了归纳性综述。通过国内外比较,指出了我国法庭科学实验室质量控制活动的差距与改进建议。     

美国、加拿大DNA数据库概况及对我国建立DNA数据库的思考

２０００年６月１６日至３０日,公安部DNA技术与管理考察团对美国、加拿大DNA技术及数据库管理进行了考察。通过对美国联邦调查局（FBI）、弗吉尼亚州的法庭科学实验室和加拿大安大略省政府法庭科学实验室的DNA检验技术及数据库管理的实地考察,使我们对处于世界领先水平的美、加两国DNA技术应用和数据库建设与管理有了比较全面的了解,也正确认识了我国DNA检验技术和在数据库建设方面与世界先进水平的差距。１美国、加拿大DNA技术应用和建库管理情况美国FBIDNA实验室、弗吉尼亚州DNA法庭科学实验室和加拿大安大略省政府DNA…     

论法庭科学实验室认可的特殊要求

本文从价值观、证据资格和优质法庭科学服务3个方面分析了法庭科学实验室认可特殊性的产生根源;分析和总结了ILAC和部分国家法庭科学实验室认可的特殊要求,给此项工作在我国的开展提供了借鉴。     

中国人群线粒体DNA HVI区单倍型频率统计和法医学意义初探

随着DNA分析技术的不断发展,其在刑事案件侦破中的作用越来越重要.目前法庭科学实验室运用的主要方法是分析位于细胞核中的染色体DNA(即核DNA),由于其鉴别能力强,使得核DNA成为法医DNA分析的首选遗传标记.核DNA分析的方法学与统计学已被广泛接受,尤其是以PCR为基础的片段长度多态性分析已被法庭所认可.     

毒物定量分析测量不确定度评定

随着中国在国际的地位不断提升,国内对司法鉴定科学的要求亦在不断提高。为提高法庭科学实验室及科学研究的整体水平及知名度,做到和国际上法庭科学鉴定的尽快接轨,通过中国合格评定国家认可委员会（简称CNAS）实验认可,则成为必走之路。虽然近年来已有不少实验室通过CNAS的认可,但多数实验室及技术人员对其知之尚少。测量不确定度评定是在CNAS认可中必须实施和完成的一项重要指标,为了提高广大司法检验人员对测量不确定度的认知水平和实验能力,使实验室尽快通过CNAS认可。本编部特邀请了有关技术专家对测量不确定度评定有关内容的知识进行讲解和普及,以期对大家有所帮助和启迪。     

Digital evidence accreditation in the corporate and business environment

A prominent banking institution in the United States has submitted an application to have its Computer Forensics unit inspected as the first step towards attaining accreditation. Several other corporations and businesses that operate Computer Forensics units are also considering submitting their applications. This is in response to the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board's (ASCLD/LAB) accreditation program which began offering accreditation in the Digital Evidence Discipline in 2003. As defined in the ASCLD/LAB accreditation manual, any laboratory conducting forensic analysis in any of the four sub-disciplines of Digital Evidence (Audio Analysis, Computer Forensics, Digital Imaging Analysis, or Video Analysis) can apply for accreditation. This information is widely known in the forensic crime laboratory community, but most executives and examiners in the corporate and business sector are not aware that they also can apply for accreditation in the Digital Evidence discipline.     

我国法庭科学实验室认可工作现状与存在的问题

本文介绍了我国法庭科学实验室认可活动的法律环境变迁和开展现状,并对当前认可工作中存在的主要问题进行了深入分析,在此基础上提出7项政策建议。     

RFLP band size standards: NIST standard reference material 2390

The procedural standard for DNA profiling developed by the U.S. advisory board on DNA quality assurance methods mandates annual confirmation of forensic DNA measurement systems against an appropriate reference material supplied by or traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2390 is a suitable and appropriate standard for HaeIII restriction enzyme-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiling systems. Originally issued in 1992, an among-laboratory SRM 2390 recertification study was initiated in 1997. Using data provided by the 20 state, local, or commercial forensic laboratory participants, quantitative band sizes values (expected mean values and associated bivariate tolerance intervals) are established for two different-source DNAs (female cell line K562 and healthy male "TAW") for genetic loci D1S7, D2S44, D4S139, D5S110, D1OS28, and D17S79. Methods for validating an RFLP measurement system, validating a control material or other secondary standard, and for tracing a particular set of RFLP measurements to NIST SRM 2390 are described in detail.     

法医精神病鉴定质量控制对策研究

法医精神病鉴定是一种经验型或技能型鉴定类型,大多数鉴定项目只能依靠鉴定人的经验进行判断,质量控制更显重要。遗憾的是,目前该专业并未像其他法医类鉴定那样实行认证认可制度,质量控制手段不多。为有效保障鉴定质量,必须围绕鉴定意见形成过程的各个阶段或环节进行过程控制与监督,重点关注“人、机、料、法、环”等要素。为此,建议在该行业内逐步恢复认证认可制度,完善质量体系建设,运用好各种内外部质量控制方法,严格把关鉴定人准入,实行鉴定人执业分类管理、强化鉴定人执业能力考核,以规范行业鉴定活动,维护行业司法鉴定的公信力。     

Identifying background microbiomes in an evidence recovery laboratory: A preliminary study

16S rRNA profiling of bacterial communities may have forensic utility in the identification or association of individuals involved with criminal activities. Microbial profiling of evidence may, in the future, be performed within environments currently utilised for human DNA recovery, such as a forensic biology laboratory. It would be important to establish the background microbiome of such an environment to determine the potential presence of human or environmental microbial signatures to assist forensic scientists in the appropriate interpretation of target microbial communities. This study sampled various surfaces of an Evidence Recovery Laboratory (ERL) on three occasions including (a) before a monthly deep-clean, (b) immediately following the deep-clean, and (c) immediately after the laboratory’s use by a single participant for the purposes of routine item examinations. Microbial profiles were also generated for the involved participant and researcher for comparison purposes. Additionally, human nuclear DNA was profiled for each of the samples collected, using standard forensic profiling techniques, to provide a prospective link to the presence or absence of a background microbial signature within the ERL after its use. Taxonomic distributions across ERL samples revealed no consistent signature of any of the items sampled over time, however, major phyla noted within all ERL samples across the three timepoints were consistent with those found in human skin microbiomes. PCoA plots based on the Unweighted Unifrac metric revealed some clustering between participant microbial reference samples and surfaces of the ERL after use, suggesting that despite a lack of direct contact, and adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs) suitable for human DNA recovery, microbiomes may be deposited into a forensic setting over time. The reference samples collected from the involved participant and researcher generated full STR profiles. Human DNA was observed to varying degrees in samples taken from the ERL across each of the sampling timepoints. There was no correlation observed between samples that contained or did not contain detectable quantities of human nuclear DNA and microbial profile outputs.     

Comparison of two whole genome amplification methods for STR genotyping of LCN and degraded DNA samples

The analysis of LCN or highly degraded DNA samples presents a challenge for forensic science. Improving the quantity and/or quality of samples would greatly increase the profiling success rate from LCN and degraded samples. Whole genome amplification (WGA) is one method that has such potential. Two commercially available WGA kits, GenomePlex and GenomiPhi, were investigated for use on LCN and degraded DNA samples. Both kits amplified genomic DNA, producing microgram quantities from sub-nanogram templates. Profiling success of LCN DNA samples was increased, with improvements of over 700% from 10pg template DNA compared to non-WGA-amplified control samples. The amplification success with degraded DNA was also improved by WGA. Degraded DNA was simulated using restriction enzymes to demonstrate that the application of WGA can result in the typing of STR loci that could not previously be amplified. An increase in artefacts, such as stutter alleles and amplification biases, were observed in many samples. Results show that WGA is capable of increasing both the quality and quantity of DNA, and has the potential to improve profiling success from difficult samples in forensic casework.     

混合斑的DNA分型解析

综述了常染色体STR、Amelogenin、Y染色体STR、线粒体DNA和单核苷酸多态性等DNA检测方法在解释混合斑检验结果应用中的进展。对混合斑的统计学方法也作了总结。     

MiniSTR技术的研究进展

短串联重复序列(STR)是法医DNA鉴定中最常用和最重要的遗传标记,但是对于降解和微量的DNA样品,经常得不到完整的DNA分型甚至分型失败。MiniSTR技术通过设计更靠近重复序列的引物,得到更短一些的STR基因座,提高了降解和微量检材的DNA分型成功率。本文综述了miniSTR技术的研究进展,以服务于法医学实践。     

法医DNA实验室的DNA污染和防范

DNA污染是产生DNA鉴定结论错误的重要因素,法医DNA实验室要努力去解决这一问题。DNA污染有自身污染、交叉污染、PCR污染3种。法医DNA实验室要采取实验室分区、严格检验操作步骤、对试剂及消耗材料进行质量控制等方法防止发生DNA污染,采取设置对照样本、核查DNA结果、建立DNA排查数据库等方法监测和发现DNA污染。