东亚安全秩序变迁与中国的地区战略选择

冷战结束后,东亚安全秩序经历了一个不断变迁的过程。从美国强化日美同盟,牢牢掌握地区安全主导权的霸权秩序;转变为美国联盟体系依然占主导地位,但同时允许东亚地区合作兼容发展的复合秩序;再到2017年以来美国联盟体系转型且不断冲击东亚地区安全合作,从而形成竞争秩序。中国是东亚安全秩序变迁的直接推动者,通过管理中美关系,推动国际权力和平转移,重建地区国家政治信任,以新经济关系促进新安全关系,以及和平解决争端,塑造地区安全的多边治理框架,中国逐渐从权力、关系和治理三个维度建构自身的地区角色和地区战略。为了防止竞争性安全秩序进一步向对抗和冲突方向演变,中国应以维护地区秩序稳定为首要目标,在保持自身战略可持续发展的基础上,推动新安全格局的构建,并聚焦全球安全倡议的重点合作领域,拓展地区公共产品供给的方式和路径,为推动东亚地区从竞争性秩序向包容性秩序的变迁而创造条件、积蓄能量。     

应对危机 寻求突破——奥巴马第二任期的全球战略

<正>2013年是美国奥巴马政府第二任期的第一年。一年来,美国全球战略出现了哪些动向与新特点?究竟应该如何看待美国战略走向?美国究竟是处于战略收缩还是战略扩张期?其战略重点究竟是在亚太还是在中东?本文尝试对以上问题作出回答,并在此基础上提出美国全球战略调整背景下中国面临的新机遇与新挑战。态势与特点与过去四年相比,奥巴马政府第二任期的全球战略呈现出以下几个方     

地缘学的发展与中国的地缘战略——一种分析框架

根据地缘学研究在内涵和外延两个维度上的新发展,中国的地缘战略应包括地缘政治战略、地缘经济战略和地缘文化战略三个部分,每个部分都应从全球、地区和周边三个层次上地缘空间的实际状况出发,明确界定中国的核心地缘利益、主要地缘威胁与挑战以及应对地缘威胁与挑战的战略手段。中国地缘战略的基本特性在于内外结合、由内而外。在周边层次上,中国地缘战略应强调以统一、发展、稳定为基本取向,在地区层次上应突出以合作、稳定、整合为基本取向,在全球层次上应突出以和平、合作、和谐为基本取向。总体上,中国应结合地缘空间与地缘战略的特性和取向,制定和推行合作性参与地缘战略。     

四大力量博弈与东亚秩序

中、美、日、东盟四股力量相互影响、相互制约,使得东亚秩序处于重构之中。当前东亚秩序建构面临的最大挑战是:中、日、东盟、美等四股战略力量之间正在展开着新的博弈,难以就未来目标达成一致,甚至在地区稳定与繁荣上也出现了越来越多不同的考虑。鉴于此,中国应当充分认识自身崛起的地区效应,完善东亚共同体的中国论述,推动地区制度建设的顶层设计,致力于以汇聚共同利益为基础开展开放的东亚共同体建设,通过制度化合作发展东亚利益共同体、责任共同体,大力促成东亚命运共同体,培育建立在共同利益基础之上的平等、合作、互利、互助、开放的东亚秩序。     

中国与世界关系的逻辑建构:理论、战略与对策

正北京大学出版社2016年1月版定价:78元本书是作者2001-2015年的学术研究论文及国内外调研报告的辑录,以中国与世界的关系为主线,探究中国崛起的内外环境、现实挑战、理论准备和战略谋划等。主要涉及国际关系理论探索、中国战略体系建构、美国霸权战略剖析、大国东亚战略聚焦、国际调研与决策咨询等     

拜登政府国家安全战略的基本方针与发展方向

拜登政府推出的《临时国家安全战略方针》作为临时方针以及未来制定正式国家安全战略的基本原则,体现了其国家安全战略的大致发展方向.拜登政府的国家安全战略延续了以实力为原则的战略传统:建立强大的美国经济,从更强势的地位迎接新挑战;希望重返特朗普政府退出的国际组织和多边协定,重新领导世界,并以美国的价值观和原则主导全球治理体系;根据国际格局的变化组建模块化联盟体系,借助盟友的力量应对不同领域的挑战;强调与中国的大国竞争,将中国视为唯一能对美国主导的国际体系提出严峻挑战的国家.尽管不排除在一些全球和地区事务上与中国进行合作,但战略竞争甚至对抗将成为美国对华政策的主轴.     

新自由国际主义与美国大战略的思想转向

冷战后,新保守主义曾在美国得势,一度成为美国战略的主要思想基础。然而,新保守主义在伊拉克战争中受到重挫,陷入低谷,美国大战略的思想基础转向何处?新自由国际主义很可能成为美国未来国际战略的思想基础。新自由国际主义一方面秉承自由国际主义传统,主张在民主自由国家之间建立以国际机制为基础、以权力为支撑、以大国自律为条件,以开放经济、集体安全为核心内容的国际秩序;另一方面将一些现实主义的特点糅合进去,在强调宪政制度的同时,也重视权力和国家利益。2002年启动的普林斯顿计划根据美国国际安全环境新特点和美国传统的国际秩序理想,提出了美国未来的安全大战略。从理论背景和实际内容来看,普林斯顿计划带有新自由国际主义战略的思想烙印,体现了国际宪政秩序、权力的自我克制、多边机制下使用武力、多边整合大国关系等新自由国际主义的原则。     

中国“补课”周边外交安全短板——专访社科院亚太与全球战略研究院周方银

东亚的经济合作正在以较快的速度发展,然而,长久以来,美国在这一地区扮演安全秩序中心的角色,与中国积极推动的地区经济一体化形成了安全与经济关系的割裂。未来如何形成可持续的"亚太价值链",将有赖于中国能否弥补安全短板。     

特朗普政府的印太战略构想及其对地区秩序的影响

21世纪第二个十年,美国政府的亚洲战略逐渐实现了从亚太到印太的战略过渡,其显著标志是特朗普政府于2017年底提出了美国的印太战略构想。这一战略构想不仅明确将中国视为美国头号战略竞争对手,还从经济与安全两个层面对中国进行牵制与防范,强化美国在印太地区的经济与安全存在,维护美国地区霸权,重塑地区秩序。尽管这一战略构想还处于摸索、落实阶段,但已经对中美关系及地区秩序造成了显著的负面冲击,值得高度重视。     

美国主导下TPP的战略特点与中国的应对

在美国主导下的TPP谈判时有发展的情况下,东亚地区经济合作呈现出两个次地区独立展开、"跨地区"与本地区经济协作竞争的迹象。东亚经济合作范围虽扩大但发展方向不明。美国借助TPP的战略化特点创造出一种广域一体化(或宏地区主义)的新模式。它试图发挥国际经济机制(如TPP)与战略或安全问题的互动功能,开辟一条美国主导的东亚经济一体化道路。美国对中国加入TPP仅口头上表示欢迎,而中国目前选择暂不加入。中国应趁TPP谈判受阻,抓住机遇,作出次优选择。     

“回归亚洲”——中苏关系正常化与中国印度支那政策的演变(1979—1989)

中国在20世纪的后期是否有东亚地区战略或政策,在学术界是有争议的。在1979年到1989年中苏实现正常化的十年中,中国的印支政策如何在中苏博弈中逐步摆脱国际反苏统一战线的窠臼,并最终回归到东亚地区政策的范畴。从20世纪80年代中期起,中国开始逐步形成了对东亚地区的政策。     

日本参加“跨太平洋战略经济伙伴协定”谈判的主要考虑及其影响

"跨太平洋战略经济伙伴协定"作为美国重返亚太地区的重要战略之一近年得到国际社会广泛关注。日本作为东亚区域合作的重要国家在东亚区域合作政策上采取何种立场在很大程度上反映出日本大国外交的趋向。野田新内阁已经明确表示参加TPP谈判。日本热切参加TPP谈判的主要意图是重振日本经济,在地区问题上纠偏中美关系,制约中国在地区合作进程中的影响。参加谈判可能给日本国内政治带来分裂,也将对东亚地区合作进程带来影响。     

In Search of Regional Governance in East Asia: Processes and Outcomes

Abstract

This article employs the concept of ‘regional governance’ to analyze both the processes and outcomes of the emerging regional institutional arrangements in East Asia. It argues that while ASEAN has played a significant role in creating and sustaining the ‘processes’ of wider East Asian regional governance efforts, the level of achievement in translating these processes into tangible ‘outcomes’ remains severely constrained by great power rivalry, especially between Japan and China. By focusing on the areas of trade and finance, this article argues that the varying levels of outcomes between these two issue areas can be explained primarily by the degree of convergence between Japanese and Chinese interests. In particular, while Japan and China have a shared interest in contributing to the promotion of regional financial stability, they strongly disagree over the appropriate form and contours of a trade governance system.     

Two Ways of Influence-building: The Eurasian Economic Union and the One Belt,One Road Initiative

Russia and China have been pursuing the Eurasian Economic Union and the One Belt, One Road initiative since the early 2010s, employing two distinct sets of practices in their respective influence-building endeavours. Russia is interested in creating an exclusive sphere of influence in the post-Soviet space, in order to bolster its great power status and secure regional primacy. China, in turn, is expanding its economic influence over a vast geographical area disguising economic expansion behind multilateralism. These differences make Sino–Russian competition in Central Asia less plausible.     

“四方安全对话”的新发展及前景探析

自2017年美、日、印、澳“四方安全对话”重新启动以来,其虽然只开展了少量且缺乏实质性内容的行动,却引发了大量讨论和高度的政策关注。纵观这一对话的发展演变可以看出,四国之间的某些共识构成了其重启后的显著特点,如更明确地将目标指向中国、以“民主价值观”作为秩序构建的出发点、服务于美国“印太战略”的需要以及开始将关注重点延伸至发展和治理领域等。基于这些新特点,“四方安全对话”在近三年来的实践中提升了四国之间的战略联系和协同作战能力、从议题领域和地理范围两个维度拓展了四国的战略合作、在外交上释放了四国团结一致的政治信号,并强化了美国主导的地区安全结构,从而对“印太”地缘环境产生了不容忽视的影响。尽管从组织内部以及次区域战略环境角度分析,“四方安全对话”的前景仍有很大的不确定性,但考虑到这一新的地缘战略安排针对中国的目标指向性,以发展的眼光看待并审慎地予以应对,是中国从外交上塑造地区和平秩序、维护国家安全和发展利益的应有之义。     

ASEAN and evolving power relations in East Asia: strategies and constraints

This article seeks to examine constraints and challenges that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) states are confronted with in formulating and implementing their strategies in response to evolving regional environments represented by the rise of China. It argues that China's southern neighbours have adopted purposeful strategies in order to mitigate potentially negative effects from China's growing capabilities in East Asia. These strategies led to the expansion of membership in the East Asia Summit (EAS) and positive involvement in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement, encouraging America's substantial commitments to the Asia-Pacific. However, ASEAN has failed to form the unified front on the EAS and TPP because its members have adopted diverse stances on and policies towards the two institutions. Moreover, an identity issue constitutes a crucial impediment to promoting cooperation between ASEAN members and the USA. While Washington has intensified diplomatic linkages with ASEAN, the US identity shown in its adherence to the results-oriented approach still provokes some concerns among the ASEAN members.     

Sino-Japanese Energy Relations: Processes and Constraints

Abstract

Economic growth and a resultant rise in energy demand in China and other East Asian countries have attracted academic interests in energy security and energy cooperation. This article examines the nuanced development of institutions to realise Sino-Japanese energy cooperation at the bilateral and regional levels. It highlights the objective and process of cooperative engagements in terms of relative gain concern and the involvement of non-state actors. The arguments that this article advances are three-fold. First, the Japanese government has pushed forwards multilateral energy cooperation in East Asia and bilateral cooperation for energy conservation with China, which would produce both economic and political gains. Second, the Chinese government has adopted a cautious approach to Japan's energy engagements largely because it took into account the relative political gains of committing to such engagements in addition to the economic gains produced by them. Third, the involvement of non-state actors in cooperative projects and their meaningful roles in forging cross-border linkages could play a catalytic role in advancing cooperative processes.     

The Strategic Use of Public Information in Anti-Corruption Agencies: Evidence from the Asia-Pacific Region

In this era of anti-corruption policy-making, the Internet provides a potentially critical strategic resource for anti-corruption agencies (ACAs) aiming to promote organizational and policy learning. Realizing its potential is a creative challenge that will tap different types of capacities in the agency and its environment. We present a framework for understanding the information-related functions that underpin policy and organizational learning for ACAs, develop a rating criteria to assess strategic information usage, and then assess five ACAs in the Asia Pacific region on one aspect of strategic information usage: dissemination via the Internet. Agencies differ markedly in the degree to which their use of public information dissemination via the Internet is “strategic” in nature, pointing towards a new arena for capacity building and strategy development.     

东亚地区主义发展路径的基本特征:政府主导与过程中展开

东亚地区主义发展路径呈现出不同于已有地区主义发展路径的特征,东亚地区合作仍然局限在政府间的双边对话、谈判与合作,东亚各国政府是机制建设和合作议题的倡导者、决策者和核心推动者。而在实际操作中,东亚地区合作通常由领导人会议高层驱动,制定统一的合作框架,进而各国部长及高官会议推动合作框架的具体实施。东亚地区主义是一个进程,没有明确的议程和目标。东亚将在未来一个较长的时期内,主要还将是继续致力于现实利益基础上的务实合作。     

The new great game in Central Asia post 2014: The US “New Silk Road” strategy and Sino-Russian rivalry

With the planned US and NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2014 looming ever closer, and Central Asia's own future increasingly in doubt, major powers are all competing to enhance their influence in Central Asia. 2014 may mark a regional tipping point, but none can accurately predict how the regional balance might shift after the NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan. During 2009–2010, the signs of growing Russian dependence on China in terms of economy and energy were palpable, as were the signs of China successfully subordinating Russia to its Central Asian economic agenda. In 2011–2012, it was difficult to see Russia simply acquiescing in its subordination to China without reacting to that situation negatively. Since 2011, to avoid this dependence on China, Russia has vigorously pushed for its regional integration schemes. 2011 marked the launch of the US “New Silk Road” initiative. Great power regional integration schemes, however, undermine both regional and national development.