经济危机中的美国工人运动分析

经济危机给美国工人阶级带来很大影响,美国工会积极从国家层面和地区层面上采取各种政策和措施应对经济危机,但是由于美国工人运动的地区性和改良性特点使得美国工人运动收效甚微。经济和政治的双重压力、新自由主义势力的增长、资方的强烈抵制以及工会自身的衰退是美国工人运动衰萎的主要原因。美国工会振兴道路将漫长而曲折。     

美国工会与贸易保护主义

杨鹏飞在《工会理论研究》2010年第4期撰文，对如何看待美国工会积极推行贸易保护主义这一现象，以及对中国工会的建设有何教训和启示进行了分析。（一）美国工会推行贸易保护主义的表现。关于自由贸易对人类社会的价值，在世界各国可以说是妇孺皆知。与这一人类文明的基本认识相反，大约自20世纪70年代以来，以劳联产联为代表的美国工会常常扮演反自由贸易的角色。     

基层工会工作应处理好六个方面关系

提出建立工会领导下的维权机制需要着重把握好以下几个问题。（1）要更加注重源头维权。在宏观层面上，工会必须加大立法和政策制定参与力度．完善政府与工会的联席会议和协调劳动关系三方会议机制。建立工会参政议事机制。在微观层面上。要进一步巩固和规范国有、集体企事业单位职工代表大会和厂务公开制度。建立职工生产生活信息反馈机制。同时。进一步畅通职工群体性事件信患渠道。（2）要更加注重宏观性维权。主要应从以下两个方面入手：一是工会组织要主动参与宏观经济和社会发展决策。二是工会要积极协助政府不断提高社会保障水平。（3）要更加注重针对性维权。在维权领域上以非公有制企业和改制企事业单位为重点；在维权对象上以进城务工人员、下岗失业人员和困难职工群体为重点；在维权内容上以职工群众的劳动就业、收入分配、社会保障、劳动安全卫生等劳动经济权益为重点。（4）更加注重整合工会维权资源与社会维权资源。建立政府调控机制与工会协调机制互联、政府行政功能与工会自治功能互补、政府管理力量与工会调节力量互动的社会管理网络。（5）更加注重制度化维权。当前关键是围绕劳动关系的建立、运行、监督和调处等环节来展开。     

工会在厂务公开中要找准自身定位

在利用工会的组织优势和工会会员的广泛性，调动广大职工积极参加厂务公开的活动中，工会要找准自身的位置，明确工会的角色定位，要积极主动地承担起厂务公开的日常工作，在“巩固、深入、求效”上下功夫。     

激励机制与基层工会改革 ——上海顾村经验的理论与政策意义探析

基层组织薄弱是当前中国工会改革面临的重要问题之一。本研究从如何激发基层工会干部积极 性的视角对顾村经验进行了解读。研究认为，顾村经验的核心就是尝试在现有工会体制下解决基层组织薄弱的 问题。其成功之处在于首先合理界定基层工会组织的职责，并在此基础上对基层工会干部进行适当的激励，从 而调动他们的主动性和积极性，以此激发基层工会的活力。顾村经验的实践意义表现在自上而下的全国推广中， 理论意义在于指出工会改革应进行思维方式的转变，即应从宏观体制层面转向微观制度层面，以中国工会现有 体制特性为前提，更多地探索中国工会具体的组织制度与运行机制创新问题。     

扩内需 保增长 工资集体协商势在必行

王莹在《吉林工运》2010年第7期撰文认为，如何把握历史契机，以工资集体协商为切人点，突破工会维权瓶颈，切实履行维护职能是摆在各级工会组织面前一个崭新的实践课题。笔者认为，从政治层面上讲，提高职工工资收入正当其时；从经济学层面上讲，提高职工工资水平势在必行；从社会学和管理学层面上讲，     

习近平同志在浙江推动工会事业发展的生动实践

习近平同志在浙江工作期间立足于浙江经济社会新变化和新特点，从加强党的执政能力建设、 巩固阶级基础的高度，在省域层面上就工会事业发展进行了一系列的生动实践。这是党的十八大以来习近平总 书记推动全国群团改革和工会事业发展的实践基础，两者在实践风格上有着鲜明的一致性。     

美国企业工会选举的法律保障初探

美国企业工会选举是其集体谈判制度的重要组成部分.美国企业工会选举的法律保障包括确认谈判单位、举行工会选举及其相关的劳动争议处理.美国企业工会选举的法律保障具有制定法与判例法相结合、政府中立、程序公正和保障企业民主等特点.这对构建我国的集体协商/谈判制度有着积极的借鉴意义.     

世界主要国家工会应对经济危机的政策主张及启示

经济危机给工人阶级的工作和生活带来了重大影响,各国工会对此都提出了各自的政策主张以应对经济危机。无论是发达国家工会还是发展中国家工会,大多主张创造就业和保护就业;采取更严格的措施确保公平分配;加强集体谈判;加强与政府、雇主及社会其他组织的合作;加强教育投资,加强职工培训;加强工会组织建设。这些政策主张对中国工会也有有益的启示。     

试论增强基层工会组织活力的长效机制建设

增强基层工会活力,不仅仅局限在基层工会这个层面,还必须在工会工作的体制、机制、载体和方法上加以创新,需要从建立和完善增强基层工会活力的工作机制、保障机制、测评约束机制的建立完善出发,来增强基层工会活力。     

crisis,austerity and gendered governance: a feminist perspective

Feminist scholars have been highly attentive to the ways that crises have become an everyday technique of global governance. They are particularly sensitive to the mechanisms through which ‘crisis management’ entrenches the power of particular economic orders and constrains the possibilities, and space, for contestation and critique. This paper seeks to contribute to but also to extend existing feminist research on financial crisis by arguing that, over the course of what has commonly been labelled the ‘global financial crisis’, the emergence of ‘crisis governance feminism’ has enabled existing structures and mechanisms of gendered privilege, such as the global financial industry, to suppress calls for their overhaul and to re-entrench their power in the global political economy. Adopting a discursive approach to gender and governance that situates gender centrally in understanding governance discourses and their reproduction of common sense (about what people do, how they labour, where they invest and so on), this paper argues that the governance of crisis in the contemporary era, in particular the various actors, institutions, policies and ideas that have sought to describe and ‘contain’ the global financial crisis, are gendered. Gender has become, in the contemporary global political economy, a technique of governance, and with deleterious effects. Despite inciting more discussion of ‘gender’ in economic systems than ever before (particularly in terms of discussions of ‘economic competitiveness’), this paper argues that the ‘global financial crisis’ has precipitated and continues to reproduce techniques of governance that trivialise feminist concerns while further embedding a masculinised, white and elitist culture of global financial privilege.     

重新审视中国的资本外逃

近年来,我国已成为世界上第四大资本外逃国.其外逃方式有利用经常项目、资本项目外逃及变相外逃.其外逃症结可概括为:体制因素、政策性因素、风险因素、"洗钱"因素.资本外逃削弱国内建设的物质基础,影响宏观经济的稳定,引起外债增加,造成国有资产流失,使社会不稳定加剧,甚至会引发金融危机.因此,必须多管齐下积极预防和控制资本的大量外逃.     

后金融危机时代的全球就业难题及警示

在当前全球经济复苏加速的情况下,就业形势却没有获得实质性改善.失业率居高不下主要源于金融危机对就业的持续影响,无就业的复苏和无就业的经济增长模式,以及绿色就业短期效应的不确定性.破解就业难题需要实施高就业的经济增长战略,加强对劳动力的教育培训,以及实施就业数量和就业质量并重的就业政策.     

The worker cooperative movement in South Korea: from radical autonomy to state-sanctioned accommodation

This article traces the historical evolution of worker cooperatives in South Korea from the years of Japanese colonialism to the current era. It argues that the evolution of the worker cooperative movement from radical agitation to state-sanctioned accommodation has been structured by the nature of state response to cooperative activity. Vigorously resisted by an authoritarian state from the colonial era until the late 1990s, the Korean worker cooperative movement before the 1997 economic crisis was ideologically radical, waging a class-based struggle to overcome poverty, resist the authoritarian state, and transform Korea’s economic foundations in socialist directions. Since democratization in 1987, and the Asian economic crisis in 1997, worker cooperative movements have gradually shifted their once transformational and politicized labor ontology to a deradicalized and more economically focused job-conscious ontology, partly as a result of the state-directed growth of civil society. The worker cooperative movement became less contentious as the state emerged as a collaborator of social economy initiatives. The gains won by radical worker cooperatives in opening space for pluralistic civil society in Korea in the 1980s and 1990s ultimately resulted in the depoliticization and re-incorporation of worker cooperative activists into a moderately reformed political economic system.     

人文荟萃能筑巢引凤吗？ ——基于人文适宜性的中国人才区域集聚研究

经济地理学的适宜性理论认为，经济适宜性和自然适宜性对人才分布具有决定性作用，但是伴 随着人均收入水平的提高，人文适宜性对人才的吸引力有逐步增强的趋势。研究利用全国层面的城市—人才数 据对人文适宜性的人才集聚效应进行了验证。研究发现：经济和自然适宜性依然对人才分布具有决定性作用， 但人文适宜性也已成为中国城市吸纳人才的一个有利因素；电影院、文化馆等具有国情特色的人文适宜性设施 对人才的区域分布具有显著而稳健的影响；人文适宜性是人才集聚的原因而非结果；随着人文适宜性相关设施 的存量不断积累，其吸纳人才的能力和规模不会边际递减，反而有累积递增的倾向。研究建议，在人文适宜性 塑造时应突出“中国特色”，打造“经济—自然—人文”三位一体的品质城市，以吸引人才集聚。     

Migrant women breadwinners in Italy during the crisis: improvement or trap?

Gender gaps in some aspects of the labour market in Europe narrowed during the recent economic crisis, mainly because men were hit harder and because of the ‘added worker effect’. Therefore, the number of families with a single wage-earner, in particular female-headed households, increased. However, the differential impact of the crisis on male and female labour force in part was an unintended effect of the ‘gendered’ and ‘racialized’ structure of the labour market. Occupational concentration in care and reproductive work and the public sector in fact protected women from unemployment. Adopting an intersectional approach and using individual and household data from the Labour Force Survey from 2008 to 2015, the aim of this paper is to assess to what extent the gendered and ‘racialized’ structure of the Italian labour market has changed, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view, and to what extent the increase in female breadwinner families, especially among migrants, hides widening or narrowing intersectional inequalities by gender and citizenship.     

The first women police: a force for equality or infringement?

After the United States, Canada was the country the most severely hit by the economic crisis of the thirties. Yet few studies have tried to evaluate its effects on the family economy and the work performed by women within the private sphere. To fill this gap, the author has interviewed 30 francophone women who married before 1934 and were living in Montréal (Québec) during the Great Depression. This article presents the main conclusions of her study. It reveals the impact of the economic crisis on the different components of women's work within the family, and the role played by women in family survival during that decade. It brings forward a new dimension of the crisis and shows that for many working‐class housewives, hardship was nothing new.

     

A farewell to urban/rural bias: peripheral finance capitalism in Mexico

Based on a discussion of the structural transformation of the Mexican economy, this paper investigates the impact of financialization on agriculture’s role in capitalist development. It argues that the peripheral financialized economy is a rural–urban economy. On the one hand, agriculture and industry are bifurcated into a growing export sector and a stagnating local economy, and there are no functional ‘developmental’ links between capitalist agriculture and industry. On the other hand, the economic structures have resulted in the consolidation of a huge mass of rural–urban ‘classes of labour’. Capitalist agriculture and industry are linked through and dependent on cheap labour sustaining the export economy. I argue that the current economic formation is not due to ‘urban bias’, ‘rural bias’ or any misallocation of resources among economic sectors. Rather, it can be explained in relation to ‘finance bias’: the taking over of debt relations as the key driving force of economic activities. A major contradiction in peripheral finance capitalism arises from the financing of cheap labour through debt. This is likely to result in new financial crisis, when the contradictions between increasing levels of (private and public) debt, a stagnating domestic economy, and below-subsistence level wages become too large.     

民族地区少数民族就业促进制度建设研究

各自治区及其他民族地区自成立后,特别是改革开放以来,全面贯彻党的民族政策,坚持民族区域自治制度,采取多种措施促进少数民族就业,不断完善就业服务机制,积极制定和实施相应的民族政策法规,少数民族就业数量质量明显提高。受到诸多因素综合影响,民族地区经济总体发展水平与发达地区有较大差距,影响着民族地区经济的发展和少数民族就业的实现。提升少数民族就业竞争能力,离不开就业促进制度建设和路径规划,这涉及我国作为多民族国家劳动就业制度设计的重大问题,更离不开民族地区有效转化国家立法政策,不断创新民族地区就业促进制度和实践。