中亚伊斯兰极端主义的由来及应对

近几年来,中亚伊斯兰极端主义的发展进入活跃期,突出表现为伊斯兰极端思想的传播加强.从总体上看,在中亚地区,伊斯兰极端主义并非首要安全问题,但却正在成为重大威胁之一.它的产生、发展有着复杂、深刻的原因,涉及地区内外的历史文化、思想意识、社会经济等方面.中亚伊斯兰极端主义主要源自瓦哈比极端思想,是国别、地区内外多种因素交互作用的产物.中亚国家经过多年治理实践,积累了不少经验,使伊斯兰极端主义处于总体可控之中,目前亟待深层管理,尤其需要加强社会治理与宗教教育.     

东南亚伊斯兰极端主义思想的扩散:诱因、影响及应对

伊斯兰极端主义利用伊斯兰教来表达自身诉求并煽动暴力,其在全球的扩散引发恐怖主义浪潮,严重扰乱国际与地区秩序。域外伊斯兰极端主义的渗透、广大穆斯林外部威胁感知的强化以及地区部分国家的政策失当,推动东南亚伊斯兰极端主义迅速崛起。伊斯兰极端主义意识形态在东南亚的蔓延诱发地区恐怖主义滥觞,严重恶化各国政治生态与安全形势。基于此,抑制并消除伊斯兰极端主义就成为东南亚国家打击地区恐怖主义、维护安全与稳定的关键举措。实现"去极端化"目标既要切断域外伊斯兰极端主义意识形态渗透渠道,弘扬伊斯兰教多元共存精神,又要积极探索适应本土价值与政治发展需求的现代性模式,实现族群融合与宗教和谐。     

三个"极端主义"与中亚安全

本文主要论述了民族分离主义、宗教极端主义、恐怖主义的内涵和界定标准,这三个"极端主义"是当今世界上不少地区冲突或战乱的重要根源之一.近几年来,民族极端主义、伊斯兰极端主义和恐怖主义三股恶势力在中亚地区的合流,挑起塔吉克斯坦内战,制造绑架、暗杀、爆炸等一系列恐怖活动,破坏中亚国家社会秩序和威胁地区安全,影响中亚国家政治和经济发展进程.2001年美国发生"9·11"事件后,中亚国家积极支持美国反恐怖战争.美国与俄罗斯在反恐怖斗争中的合作,消除国际恐怖主义头目本·拉登在阿富汗的"基地"组织和推翻伊斯兰极端主义政权塔利班,美国等西方大国加大对中亚国家经援力度,这都有助于维护中亚地区安全.     

全球化语境下的中亚地区极端主义复兴问题

随着经济全球化深入发展,新一轮极端主义思潮兴起,对地区稳定和全球安全造成严重冲击,世界政治资源的配置格局面临重新洗牌,首先发生松动和颠覆的就是处于世界各大权力中心之间的边缘地带。极端主义浪潮在中亚地区的出现,就体现了该地区各国内部矛盾与周边环境变化的综合作用,并呈现出与以往不同的特征。由于美西方坚持冷战思维,使国际社会的团结与合作在反对极端主义的努力中大打折扣,宗教问题等国内问题甚至成为大国博弈的重要手段。如何应对中亚地区泛起的宗教极端主义冲击,是处在同等或接近利益层级的各国须认真思考的问题。     

全球伊斯兰经文学校纵览

"9.11"事件后,伊斯兰极端主义成为国际社会关注的焦点。事态发展表明,传播极端伊斯兰意识形态的激进经文学校与宗教极端主义和恐怖主义的密切关系,不仅成为影响有关国家社会稳定的重大因素之一,也危及地区乃至国际安全。     

冷战结束后巴尔干地区局势的特点与走势

冷战结束后,由于前南地区各国间历史积怨与分歧难以消除、各种极端主义思潮泛滥,加之外部势力频繁插手巴尔干事务,使得该地区战事迭起,各国间经济发展不平衡加剧.进入新世纪后,巴尔干地区形势虽较几年前有所好转,但发展前景仍充满变数.     

“伊斯兰国”的兴起与极端主义在中东的扩张

"伊斯兰国"给中东带来的乱局是当前该地区政治伊斯兰主义发展的突出写照,宗教极端主义必然混迹其中。尽管美国和西方国家发起新一轮空中军事打击行动,但囿于自身利益以及有关国家政局动荡,未必能在短期内解决问题,宗教极端主义的蔓延还将延续。未来中东地区的政治变迁大体可从土耳其、伊朗和巴基斯坦过往的政治发展中找寻演变规律。     

试析“伊斯兰国”对中国周边的渗透和扩张

“伊斯兰国”的极端主义理念、政治追求和战略战术决定了其扩张需求.“伊斯兰国”对外渗透和扩张主要指向伊斯兰世界,包括位于中国周边地区的南亚、东南亚和中亚地区.这种渗透和扩张严重威胁相关地区和国家的安全与稳定,增加了世界各国面临的核恐怖主义风险,也对中国的安全和利益构成了多重挑战.     

从法西斯主义的兴起看西方右翼极端主义

近年来西方右翼极端主义势力有所抬头。从对右翼极端主义的最高历史形态———法 西斯主义的兴起分析中可以看出, 资本主义生产方式是右翼极端主义的基本社会根源, 经济危机和 特定条件下的政治文化危机是法西斯主义主流化的基本条件。右翼极端主义也具有很强的蛊惑 力。社会主义运动是抑制和铲除右翼极端主义的根本途径     

后“伊斯兰国”时代极端主义对中东安全的挑战

"伊斯兰国"在战场上的一系列失利预示着一个时代的结束。然而,摩苏尔的陷落并不意味着伊斯兰极端主义在世界范围内的彻底终结。无论是"伊斯兰国"的残存势力、还是"基地"组织等老牌极端组织、抑或是目前尚不为人知的潜在极端分子,都在等待新的时机。其存在将对中东地区的社会秩序、国家安全、意识形态稳定以及大国间关系构成严重挑战。稍有不慎就会引爆新的动荡和冲突,以致极端主义势力向其他地区蔓延。因此,国际社会应继续保持密切合作,在打击中东极端主义势力的同时,帮助中东国家完成国内重建或转型,构建一个各文明和谐相处的世界。     

Managing conflict in north-west Kenya: the siege of Loregon and its aftermath

Conflict management in the context of ethnic boundaries and a history of inter-ethnic violence remains a challenge in a range of socio-economic contexts. Conflict management in remote rural areas within developing states where state presence and capacity is relatively weak amidst a background of prolonged and ongoing inter-ethnic violence is particularly challenging. This article examines a case of successful bottom-up efforts to manage conflict at the micro level in northern Kenya. Focusing on the so-called siege of Loregon and its aftermath, this case study describes dynamics on one part of the ‘border’ between Turkana and Pokot ethnic groups, examining the causes and consequences of this violent episode, with a particular focus on recent successes at the local level in managing conflict and as a consequence in reducing the likelihood of future violence in a particular locality, despite ongoing violence in other parts of the interface between Turkana-Pokot ethnic groups.     

Political Culture and Information Technology in the 2001 Singapore General Election

Within the political configuration of advanced Western democracies, analysts agree that technology is a significant empowering force for organization and mobilization of political parties. However, it is clear that information technology is deployed and employed within a larger political culture, and therefore it is reasonable to expect that political culture has a mediating effect on the role of information technology and political practice. This essay presents a case study from the Republic of Singapore, a nation that has a vastly different political culture from the Western nations, to examine the ways in which assumptions about technology affected both the deployment and regulation of the Internet as a political force during the 2001 general election. Contrary to assumptions and arguments that the Internet has similar qualitative impacts across national boundaries, this essay argues that political culture, including regulation, plays a significant role in contextualizing and limiting the effects of new media on political practice. The results demonstrate significant national differences in the ways in which the Internet is used in campaigns, in soliciting feedback and discussion, and in establishing a political profile.     

身份叙事与中国参与北极事务身份建构

国家身份可以划分为总体身份和具体身份,具体身份是总体身份在不同场域的具体投射。作为话语实践的一种形式,叙事则是身份建构的主要机制,它将一系列关于总体身份和具体身份的隐喻以特定逻辑联系在一起。当代中国所追求的总体身份是负责任大国,而这一身份的主要表现则是倡导构建人类命运共同体。这一身份通过领域或功能以及地域两个维度被投射到北极场域,形成了"北极事务的重要利益攸关方"这一具体身份。本文在论述叙事和国家身份形成关系的基础上,重点分析了"北极事务的重要利益攸关方"这一身份隐喻通过叙事被投射到具体场域中的过程。通过叙事,"北极事务的重要利益攸关方"同中国的国际责任、各国的共同利益等话语联系在一起,成为负责任大国身份在北极场域的延伸,成为构建人类命运共同体这一宏观目标的组成部分。     

Military Dialogue in the Euro‐Mediterranean Charter: An Unjustified Absence

The summer 2006 war in Lebanon can be perceived through at least five different frames of reference. The US administration saw the war in Lebanon as a local manifestation of the global war on terror. According to this framework, Hezbollah is an Al Qaeda-type enemy, not a national group with a local agenda and constituency; bargaining with Hezbollah is not possible. This point of view makes fighting global terror more difficult and jeopardises the search for stability and peace in the region. Many Israeli and European politicians saw the war as a confrontation between radical Islam and a modern Israeli state, a clash of cultures between Islamic fundamentalists and Western civilisation. This frame of reference, however, fails to recognise the fault line within the Muslim world itself, between those who want to integrate their societies into a globalised world and those who do not. The conflict in Lebanon can also be interpreted as a consequence of the weakening of a state, a framework which underlines the need to strengthen Arab institutions, or as an asymmetrical war between an armed nation state and a guerrilla movement. Finally, the war in Lebanon can be seen as a conflict over power, land, resources and sovereignty–the classic realist perspective. If the international community fails to work toward a comprehensive peace settlement in the Middle East, another framework will gain strength in the Arab world: one that interprets events according to a theory of non-negotiable conflicts between Western imperialism and radical Islamic resistance.     

Learning from innovation: implications of an integrated development project in Chiapas,Mexico

This is a case study of an integral local development project combining elements of agro-ecology, fair trade, and risk-conservative finance, operated in partnership between a grassroots organisation and a promoter organisation. We conclude that insurance is a key element in the transition from a traditional rural household economic unit to a family enterprise. We reflect on the need for (and limits of) development projects to meet the complexity of structural poverty. The text concludes with an exhortation to value experimentation in development practice, with ethical responsibility, and in terms that can be shared in the larger public arena.     

关于东北亚经济合作的构想

关于东北亚经济合作已经讨论多次 ,现在的问题在于需要找到一个合适的切入点来开始行动。东北亚地区曾经有过辉煌的过去 ,在经济全球化成为普遍的趋势、贸易投资自由化进程加快和科技革命迅速发展的当今世界 ,东北亚必须通过经济合作 ,发挥集体的力量 ,提高经济发展的水平和质量 ,再创辉煌。从中、日、韩 3国开始 ,由相互投资启动合作 ,建立成长三角可能是一个合适的切入点。从长远看 ,东北亚经济合作的发展终归要从非制度化走向制度化 ,最终实现区域经济一体化。     

Norming “Moderation” in an “Iconic Target”: Public Policy and the Regulation of Religious Anxieties in Singapore

The maintenance of a “moderate mainstream” Muslim community as a bulwark against the fraying of harmonious ethnic relations has become a key governance concern post-September 11. In light of the global concern—and often paranoia—with diasporic Islam, Islamic religious institutions and civil society have been portrayed in the popular media as hotbeds of radicalism, promoters of hatred, and recruiters for a “conflict of civilization” between the Muslim world and the modern world. Having declared itself a terrorist's “iconic target,” Singapore has taken a broad-based community approach in advancing inter-religious tolerance, including a subtle initiative to include the “Muslim civil society” in advancing the understanding and the promotion of a moderate brand of Islam in Singapore. This tacit process of regulation (top-down, intra-community and inter-community), while effective, is constrained by the unique governance context in Singapore.     

Factors and motivations contributing to community volunteers' participation in a nursery feeding project in Malawi

This article reports on a study to explore the factors and motivations that contribute to community volunteers' participation in a nursery feeding project in Malawi. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with community volunteers in 14 of the 32 sites in the programme. The findings pointed to a mix of intrinsic motivations, namely a deep concern for orphans and vulnerable children, a moral obligation to help, and a declared love of the work undertaken, and also to external factors such as spirituality, links of reciprocity, and the building of social capital. Understanding what motivates volunteers to take part in resource-poor settings is crucial to recognising, facilitating, and sustaining the work that they do. Further research into volunteering in the South is crucially needed.     

中国企业对俄直接投资的风险及其防范

尽管目前俄罗斯整体投资环境已经明显改善，但由于法律法规尚不健全、金融体系脆弱、税法繁杂、官员腐败、两国文化差异较大等原因，中国企业对俄投资仍面临较大的国家风险、经济风险、法律风险、社会风险以及文化风险。因此，企业对俄投资一定要提高风险防范意识，做好可行性研究工作，并在企业内部形成统一的风险管理语言，准确把握企业经营中的各种不确定性，并采取恰当的方法转移、降低或规避风险。     

The Australian journalism vs cultural studies debate: implications for South African media studies

ABSTRACT

This article describes an investigation into factors required for a development programme in intercultural business communication amongst the personnel of a South African company operating in the Japanese market. Drawing from items that were identified in the literature, and amongst individuals who operate in the Japanese market, a set of criteria was identified that could be included in a South African-Japanese intercultural business communication course. These criteria were used in a structured questionnaire, which was pre-tested in interviews and a focus group, and then administered to a group of company managers who had travelled to Japan on business. The results of the research are a set of items ranked in terms of salience within three categories. The first comprises degree of knowledge of important aspects of Japanese life, the second consists of factors that lead to culture shock, and the third includes aspects that are deemed to be important in a course on South African–Japanese intercultural business communication.