当代西方建构主义取向评析

进入９０年代,西方国际关系理论领域活跃着一种称为“建构主义”（ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｉｓｍ）的新型研究取向。建构主义主张应用社会学视角看待世界政治,注重国际关系中存在的社会规范结构而不是经济物质结构,强调机构、规则和认同在国家行为及利益形成过程中所具有的重要作用,指出行为体与体系结构之间存在着互动依赖关系。建构主义既对传统的国际关系主流理论提出挑战,又避免囿于自８０年代以来西方批评理论及后现代思潮所热衷的国际关系超理论（ｍｅｔａｔｈｅｏｒｙ）层面的讨论,而是在吸取它们合理成分的基础上,谋求通过对…     

集体认同与国际政治——一种文化视角

文化已成为后冷战时代国际关系研究领域的重要维度。在建构主义国际政治学理论中 ,文化是指不同国家行为体经过国家间互动、社会学习而共同拥有的国际规范、国际制度和国际规则等共有知识或集体知识。文化结构的研究包括规范、制度、认同等一系列范畴。本文以温特为代表的建构主义主流学派的国际政治理论为基础 ,试图阐发集体认同与国际关系的互动 ,以及与国际安全之间的构成性关系。     

从建构主义角度看“东盟方式”的结构性缺失

建构主义及其结构观 建构主义来源于西方批判社会理论,最早被广泛运用于西方哲学、心理学、社会学、经济学、政治学等学科的理论研究.20世纪80年代末,美国学者尼古拉斯·奥勒夫首次将"建构主义"一词引入国际关系理论研究领域.其后,建构主义的另一里程碑式人物亚历山大·温特于1997年、1999年分别发表了<国际政治中的认同和结构变化:国际关系理论中文化和认同的回归>和<国际政治的社会理论>两部力作,尤其是后者被称为"是20世纪国际关系理论界最后一部重要著作",标志着建构主义视角被运用于国际关系研究已日趋成熟.     

从温和建构主义角度谈文化对国际关系的影响

在国际关系研究中, 相对于政治、经济、军事而言, 文化是较为隐性和富有弹性的范 畴。以温特为代表的温和建构主义主流学派的国际政治理论, 提出国际体系文化有着多种形式, 即 霍布斯文化、洛克文化和康德文化。国际关系的性质取决于文化的先进性, 即由积极文化建构的观 念和认同将导致积极、合作性的国际关系;反之, 将生发出消极、敌对性的国际关系     

研究国际体系的全新视角——《世界历史中的国际体系：重塑国际关系学》评介

当代 ,全球化浪潮正使世界联为一体 ,任何国家都不可能忽视别国因素而独立行事。在此背景下 ,主流国际关系理论如新现实主义、新自由主义、世界体系论等从结构、相互依赖和体系的意义上来解释国际关系。新兴的建构主义、女性主义等理论也从各自不同的角度理解国际关系的不同层面。 2 0 0 0年 ,正在众多理论争鸣于学术界时 ,英国学派新一代学者威斯敏斯特大学国际关系学教授巴里·布赞和布里斯托尔大学政治学教授理查德·利特尔在其新著《世界历史中的国际体系 :重塑国际关系学》① (以下简称《重塑》)中 ,对主流国际关系理论发起挑战 ,为我…     

拉美本土国际关系理论与主流国际关系理论的比较

从地区国际关系及外交政策的现实出发,拉丁美洲产生了一些富有见地的国际关系理论,但其与源自美国的主流国际关系理论有着不同的学术传统,在很多方面都显得格格不入,彼此间对话、交流很少。本文简要回顾了主流国际关系理论与拉美本土国际关系理论各自的历史发展,并以发展主义、依附论、混合模式和外围现实主义作为拉美本土国际关系理论的代表,将其与主流国际关系理论作了比较。相比主流国际关系理论,拉美的国际关系理论研究对象更宽泛,在研究方法上较不"科学化",并对主流国际关系理论的"无政府状态"基本假设提出质疑。另外,从目标来看,拉美国际关系理论旨在解决发展问题,而主流国际关系理论则力图探索和解释国际关系的普遍规律。实际上,两类理论就是从不同的研究目标出发,沿着两种不同的逻辑路径发展,从而衍生出差异。所有这些差异也可以根据这两种不同的逻辑路径串联起来。最后,本文认为,两类理论间的差异对于构建中国国际关系理论有着启示意义。     

构建中国国际关系理论的大致路径——以秦亚青为个案的研究

在构建规范且具有普遍解释力的中国国际关系理论方面,秦亚青做出了重要贡献,他提出的"过程建构主义"理论模式产生了广泛的学术影响。秦亚青对西方主流国际关系理论的系统研习和深入反思,对"人文与科学的契合"新方法论的大力倡导和努力实践,对相关学科知识的广泛涉猎和认真借鉴,对本土思想理论资源的高度重视和积极发掘,明确理论内核、提出工巧设计的研究方式,可以视为构建中国国际关系理论的大致路径。     

对女权主义和平研究的几点初步认识

女权主义和平研究是女权主义国际关系理论的重要组成部分,具有鲜明的社会性别分析的特点。1976—1985年的“联合国妇女十年”以及联合国提高妇女地位的行动对女权主义和平研究的成长起到了很大的促进作用。本文将从和平的概念、战争爆发的原因以及妇女、战争与和平的关系等方面来探讨女权主义和平研究的主要观点。     

国际关系三大理论与规范研究简介

国际关系的建构主义学者已经把规范和规范问题作为研究的核心要素之一,他们对规范日趋精确的界定也使人们对其形成较为准确和统一的认识。建构主义研究的最新成果表明,规范是“具有给定身份的行为体适当行为的准则。……政治学中的建构主义称之为规范的概念与社会学称之为‘制度’的概念实际上是同样的行为准则。……根据社会学理论,规范和制度的一个不同之处是聚合性问题:规范指的是单独的行为准则,而制度强调的是诸多行为准则的组合与汇聚(即一组实践活动和准则)”。①但是,在建构主义进入国际关系的理论视野之前,国际关系的三大理论流派:…     

对西方现实主义国际政治理论的几点质疑--兼论建立中国特色的外交学理论的必要性

现实主义、自由主义及建构主义构成了现今西方三派主要的国际政治理论。现实主义的权力冲突和无政府状态下自助的探索,自由主义对制度、相互依赖与合作的剖析,建构主义的观念、认同和文化透视,为我们观察和分析国际政治和国际关系提供了很好的视角、分析工具和框架,具有深刻的启发和引导意义。其中,现实主义是一种具有久远渊源的主流国际关系理论。它注重揭示国际政治的本质和实际情况,主张从权力、利益的角度看待国际关系。现实主义者把权力--政治行为中的一个关键变量分离出来加以研究,并据此发展了一整套国际关系理论,有利于帮助人们认识国际社会的无政府状态,民族国家发展的不平衡性,以及国际格局演变的延续性和变迁的普遍性。西方特别是美英现实主义国际政治理论事实上也成     

Population, Prophets, Pensions, and Politics

As immigrant populations in Western welfare states grow at a faster rate than the native populations, whose birthrates have declined dramatically in recent years, Europe's tradition of democracy and tolerance is threatened. The reasons for the birthrate decline and the resultant aging of the native population are many and complex, but one important contributing factor is the pay-as-you-go pension system, which reduces people's immediate dependence on children. Moreover, the payroll and social security taxes that support the welfare state reduce the earnings capacity of men and women of the traditional age for having children, thus pushing down the birthrate. It is time to consider whether modern Europe's small-size families and high pensions are sustainable     

Terrorism,counter-terrorism,and critique: opportunities,examples, and implications

This article explores the parameters, value and limitations of different critical strategies for those dissatisfied with the contemporary politics of terror. It argues, first, that the prominent (counter-)terrorism paradigm – in which terrorism is approached as a ubiquitous and very specific security challenge meriting appropriately exceptional responses – is far more critiqued than we might anticipate. And, second, that such critiques – which can be found across political language, popular culture, everyday life, and beyond – employ distinct critical resources to serve varying ends. Reflecting on these, the article offers a new heuristic distinguishing five critical strategies which seek to: (i) repudiate; (ii) question; (iii) subvert; (iv) replace, or (v) deconstruct the prominent counter-terrorism paradigm. This typology, it argues, offers scope for optimism and strategic resources for those attracted to a critical terrorism studies project going forward.     

Pakistan,India, China,and the United States: Energy,Climate Change,and National Security

This article focuses on the interplay of energy, climate change, and national security issues in Southwest Asia, using the newer definition of “national security” to include energy security, economic development, and climate change, as well as traditional security focusing on the military aspects.     

Norway,Spitsbergen, and America, 1905-1920

In the Spitsbergen treaty of 1920, Norway acquired sovereignty over the Spitsbergen Islands. Rather than Woodrow Wilson, the American president, the architects behind the treaty were Robert Lansing, Wilson’s secretary of state, and, behind the diplomatic scene, the mining investor, John M. Longyear. In 1906, Longyear established a mining company to exploit the coal deposits at Spitsbergen. He induced Congress, the State Department, and the White House to forge an American policy for the European Arctic, including the appointment of Lansing, an international lawyer, as a counsel in the State Department. Lansing was a leading expert on both international law and the lack of state authority at the terra nullius, Spitsbergen. In 1915, he became secretary of State and, at the Paris Peace Conference, decided American policy regarding the Spitsbergen question. This analysis shows how the outcome of the Spitsbergen question was a result of American mining interests, supplemented by Norwegian-American shared interests in conflict resolution based on international law.     

International relations in Malaysia: theories, history, memory, perception, and context

The article makes a preliminary survey of the teaching of internationalrelations (IR) in Malaysia. It starts by describing the originsof the field, and the emergence of an IR epistemic communityjoining both academia and government. This account is necessarilyderived from the experiences of the four most established Malaysianuniversities distinguished by length of existence and officialfavor. Subsequently, the survey would describe course contentand influences going into their design. The penultimate sectionswould attempt to place the evolution of Malaysian IR teachingwithin a historical context. This survey nonetheless concludesthat nationalist aspirations continue to remain a secondaryinfluence when compared with intellectual dependence upon theWest in the design of IR education in Malaysia. Received for publication August 28, 2008. Accepted for publication October 2, 2008.     

Indigeneity,Ethnicity, and the State: Australia,Fiji, and New Zealand

This article draws on the politics of indigeneity to distinguish the claims of first occupancy from simple ethnic identity politics, illustrating that relative political marginalization in Australasia is not so much a function of minority status but of indigeneity itself. The politics of indigeneity's aim is to create political space for self-determination and a particular indigenous share in the sovereign authority of the nation-state itself. The Australasian states are compared with Fiji to demonstrate that the significance of historical constraints on political authority transcend the withdrawal of a colonial power and the restoration of collective indigenous majority population status.     

The roles of,and relationships between,expatriates, volunteers,and local development workers

This article reports on exploratory research based on interviews with expatriate and local aid workers employed by local and international NGOs in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Thematic analysis of the interviews found that personnel were placed in groups based on their job category – consultant, volunteer, or permanent staff – regardless of experience. These categories logically reflect each worker's pay level, purpose, and role, but they may also have an implicit power meaning which reinforces group differences and inhibits inter-group relationships. Relationship building was reported to be the most important factor contributing to the success of capacity-development initiatives. Four sub-themes were identified: communication, friendship, reciprocal learning/teaching, and confidence.     

Negotiation,politics, and management

Book reviews in this article:
Samuel B. Bacharach and Edward J. Lawler , Power and Politics in Organizations: The Social Psychology of Conflict, Coalitions, and Bargaining .
Max H. Bazerman and Roy J. Lewicki , eds., Negotiating in Organizations .
Jeffrey Pfeffer , Power in Organizations .     

Privatisation,multinationals, and corruption

Recent initiatives from the OECD, the World Bank, and others on the subject of corruption have received widespread attention. However, the author argues that the incidence of corruption is closely connected with contracting-out, concessions, and privatisation, where multinationals based in OECD countries stand to gain profitable business. The encouragement of privatisation by the World Bank, and the economic benefit to OECD multinationals from this business, mean that action against corruption needs to involve effective sanctions by developing countries against multinationals which engage in corrupt practices; greater political transparency to remove the secrecy under which corruption flourishes; and resistance to the uncritical extension of privatisation. This article looks at empirical evidence on this subject.