从亚欧会议看区域合作与中欧关系

作为全球化浪潮与区域化进程合力之下产生的一项区域间合作机制，亚欧会议在推动亚欧国家间交流与合作方面具有重要价值。本文从国际制度的理论与实践出发，考察亚欧会议的制度化特征，并分析这些特征对于区域合作和中欧关系的意义。     

非政府组织在全球治理中的角色分析

全球治理是适应全球化发展趋势而出现的一种世界秩序观.所谓全球治理,是指国际社会的多元行为体为了实现共同目标、增进共同利益,在全球层面的各个领域通过正式或非正式的制度安排而采取合作行动的持续过程.它强调世界的整体性特征,力图建立一个全球多行为体、多层面和多维度的治理网络.全球治理是全球化发展的需要,形成了新的多主体的互动过程.作为国际关系中的新兴行为体,非政府组织在全球治理中扮演着重要角色.它广泛参与了全球治理过程,体现了全球治理的价值和发展趋势.研究非政府组织在全球治理网络中的角色、地位与作用,将有助于推动非政府组织的建设与发展,开展与国际非政府组织的广泛联系与合作.     

新冠疫情考验全球公共卫生治理

新冠肺炎疫情的暴发和在全世界的流行,威胁人类生命安全与健康,引发了一场全球公共卫生危机。这对全球公共卫生治理既是契机,也是考验。但不同层次上的国际合作状况有所不同,对全球治理的意义也有差异。从"促进公共卫生的全球治理"层面看,以联合国等为代表的全球性国际组织主要是从政治和经济上间接促进全球公共卫生治理,在这次抗疫过程中的作用有限。在"卫生问题全球治理"层面,世界卫生组织利用专业优势,在应对新冠肺炎疫情过程中发挥了关键的作用。在"支持全球公共卫生的治理"层面,比较突出的是东亚国家中中、日、韩和东盟国家在既有合作框架下进行了有意义的合作。非国家行为体积极投入国际抗疫合作,展现出非国家行为体的作用和潜力。中国政府和社会都积极参与公共卫生治理领域的国际合作,为全球抗击疫情作出了贡献。但因国际关系总体环境恶化,在应对疫情过程中,金砖组织并没有在已有的合作框架下启动应对疫情冲击的合作与对话。世界卫生组织因为个别国家的不负责任行为而受到指责,这对全球公共卫生治理是一个重大打击,也为其他领域的全球治理蒙上阴影。     

中欧在非洲事务中的合作

非洲是人类命运共同体的重要组成部分,帮助非洲加快发展符合全世界人民的共同利益,是国际社会的共同责任,同时也有利于推动全球治理。中国和欧洲都与非洲国家保持着密切的关系,在帮助非洲加快发展的过程中积累了不少经验;中欧双方也都为维护非洲大陆的和平、发展与稳定作出了贡献,都主张加强非洲自身的能力建设。因此,中欧有必要加强在非洲事务中的合作。     

金砖国家合作机制的转型

金砖国家合作机制目前正经历从一个"侧重经济治理、务虚为主"的"对话论坛"向"政治与经济治理并重、务虚和务实相结合"的"全方位协调机制"转型。金砖国家开发银行和外汇储备库的建设对推动金砖合作机制的转型具有重要意义,但也导致一定程度上"金砖威胁论"的兴起。本文在阐述金砖国家合作机制转型的基础上,从金砖国家在G20和全球治理体系中的作用,以及金砖国家推动国际金融体系改革的案例实践出发,提出金砖国家合作的基本定位是"内谋发展、外促改革",旨在推动当前的全球治理体系进行"包容式改进",而非对抗发达国家或推翻全球治理体系。     

论中拉命运共同体的构建

中拉命运共同体是中国主动参与全球治理的积极实践,是应对全球"治理失灵"、加大南南合作、推动全球治理体系不断优化的新方案和新举措。全球治理体系重构、中拉关系发展需求、拉美一体化驱动和"一带一路"建设等都为中拉命运共同体的构建,创造了千载难逢的内外机遇。在全球治理背景下,拉美一体化中的分歧、中拉贸易中的同质化、美国因素的干扰、地理距离遥远与文化隔阂等,都是构建中拉命运共同体过程中不得不面对的现实挑战。在机遇与挑战并存的时空维度下,中国应在理性分析和科学判断的基础上,以中拉合作框架为整体指引,以全球治理和南南合作为主线,以强化质量与增进互信为目标,与拉美国家携手共进,共同构建"五位一体"的中拉命运共同体。     

上海合作组织参与全球公共卫生治理的动因、困境与路径

上海合作组织扩员后,参与全球治理问题凸显,成为该组织发展的新方向。2020年新冠肺炎疫情在全球范围内的暴发,暴露出了现阶段全球公共卫生治理存在的诸多缺陷,该领域的合作亟须新的理念与思路。参与全球公共卫生治理,是上合组织未来发展的必经之路。上合组织的公共卫生治理合作经历了从萌芽到成熟的过程。参与全球公共卫生治理,有助于上合组织应对区域公共卫生挑战,塑造自身的国际形象,为公共卫生治理提供新的思路与方案。同时,上合组织自身的制度缺陷、公共卫生问题的政治化以及现有全球公共卫生治理机制的不足,对上合组织参与全球公共卫生治理提出了挑战。有鉴于此,上合组织在参与全球公共卫生治理的过程中,要强调议程设置,完善自身的机制建设,加强同现有全球治理机制的合作,将构建"上海合作组织命运共同体"作为出发点与落脚点。     

中欧伙伴关系协定中的"人权条款"问题

中欧目前正在进行<伙伴关系与合作协定>的谈判工作.作为未来中欧关系良性发展的法律基础,新协定将涵盖中欧双边关系的全部领域.人权问题一直是中欧关系中的敏感议题,欧盟期望在新协定中纳入"人权条款".形式上借鉴了国际法规则的"人权条款"是欧共体缔约时必然坚持的一道门槛,兼具制裁和激励的双重功能.参照欧共体以往的缔约经验,结合"人权条款"的具体实践,就法律和政治角度而言,中国在正确认识"人权条款"对欧盟的重要性和潜在法律风险的基础上,有限度地接受"人权条款"似乎利大于弊,较为可行.     

全球气候变化问题上的中美欧三边关系

在全球气候变化问题上,中美欧既是最引人关注的责任方,也是重要的利益攸关方,还是全球治理制度的关键建设者,这些构成了中美欧三边关系的基本要素.随着全球气候变化谈判的不断推进,中美欧三边关系经历了四个阶段的演变,分别表现出欧美合作高于中美和中欧合作、中欧合作超过欧美和中美合作、"浪漫三角共处"、美中联手使欧盟被边缘化等不同关系形态,并揭示出其总体的合作性、局部具体问题上的竞争性以及动态变化等特征.     

中欧如何在国际货币体系改革中合作?

全球金融危机加快了中欧在货币金融领域的合作步伐。中欧在国际货币体系改革中的合作有很大空间,但也面临着三个方面的挑战,要求双方在合作路径选择上以需求导向型合作为主,战略导向型合作为辅。中欧货币合作有助于推进人民币国际化,提高中国在国际竞争中的"巨额融资"能力,充实中欧全面战略合作伙伴关系的内涵;同时,它对建立一个更为公平、有效、多元的国际货币体系也具有重要意义。     

Population, Prophets, Pensions, and Politics

As immigrant populations in Western welfare states grow at a faster rate than the native populations, whose birthrates have declined dramatically in recent years, Europe's tradition of democracy and tolerance is threatened. The reasons for the birthrate decline and the resultant aging of the native population are many and complex, but one important contributing factor is the pay-as-you-go pension system, which reduces people's immediate dependence on children. Moreover, the payroll and social security taxes that support the welfare state reduce the earnings capacity of men and women of the traditional age for having children, thus pushing down the birthrate. It is time to consider whether modern Europe's small-size families and high pensions are sustainable     

Terrorism,counter-terrorism,and critique: opportunities,examples, and implications

This article explores the parameters, value and limitations of different critical strategies for those dissatisfied with the contemporary politics of terror. It argues, first, that the prominent (counter-)terrorism paradigm – in which terrorism is approached as a ubiquitous and very specific security challenge meriting appropriately exceptional responses – is far more critiqued than we might anticipate. And, second, that such critiques – which can be found across political language, popular culture, everyday life, and beyond – employ distinct critical resources to serve varying ends. Reflecting on these, the article offers a new heuristic distinguishing five critical strategies which seek to: (i) repudiate; (ii) question; (iii) subvert; (iv) replace, or (v) deconstruct the prominent counter-terrorism paradigm. This typology, it argues, offers scope for optimism and strategic resources for those attracted to a critical terrorism studies project going forward.     

Norway,Spitsbergen, and America, 1905-1920

In the Spitsbergen treaty of 1920, Norway acquired sovereignty over the Spitsbergen Islands. Rather than Woodrow Wilson, the American president, the architects behind the treaty were Robert Lansing, Wilson’s secretary of state, and, behind the diplomatic scene, the mining investor, John M. Longyear. In 1906, Longyear established a mining company to exploit the coal deposits at Spitsbergen. He induced Congress, the State Department, and the White House to forge an American policy for the European Arctic, including the appointment of Lansing, an international lawyer, as a counsel in the State Department. Lansing was a leading expert on both international law and the lack of state authority at the terra nullius, Spitsbergen. In 1915, he became secretary of State and, at the Paris Peace Conference, decided American policy regarding the Spitsbergen question. This analysis shows how the outcome of the Spitsbergen question was a result of American mining interests, supplemented by Norwegian-American shared interests in conflict resolution based on international law.     

Pakistan,India, China,and the United States: Energy,Climate Change,and National Security

This article focuses on the interplay of energy, climate change, and national security issues in Southwest Asia, using the newer definition of “national security” to include energy security, economic development, and climate change, as well as traditional security focusing on the military aspects.     

Indigeneity,Ethnicity, and the State: Australia,Fiji, and New Zealand

This article draws on the politics of indigeneity to distinguish the claims of first occupancy from simple ethnic identity politics, illustrating that relative political marginalization in Australasia is not so much a function of minority status but of indigeneity itself. The politics of indigeneity's aim is to create political space for self-determination and a particular indigenous share in the sovereign authority of the nation-state itself. The Australasian states are compared with Fiji to demonstrate that the significance of historical constraints on political authority transcend the withdrawal of a colonial power and the restoration of collective indigenous majority population status.     

International relations in Malaysia: theories, history, memory, perception, and context

The article makes a preliminary survey of the teaching of internationalrelations (IR) in Malaysia. It starts by describing the originsof the field, and the emergence of an IR epistemic communityjoining both academia and government. This account is necessarilyderived from the experiences of the four most established Malaysianuniversities distinguished by length of existence and officialfavor. Subsequently, the survey would describe course contentand influences going into their design. The penultimate sectionswould attempt to place the evolution of Malaysian IR teachingwithin a historical context. This survey nonetheless concludesthat nationalist aspirations continue to remain a secondaryinfluence when compared with intellectual dependence upon theWest in the design of IR education in Malaysia. Received for publication August 28, 2008. Accepted for publication October 2, 2008.     

The roles of,and relationships between,expatriates, volunteers,and local development workers

This article reports on exploratory research based on interviews with expatriate and local aid workers employed by local and international NGOs in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Thematic analysis of the interviews found that personnel were placed in groups based on their job category – consultant, volunteer, or permanent staff – regardless of experience. These categories logically reflect each worker's pay level, purpose, and role, but they may also have an implicit power meaning which reinforces group differences and inhibits inter-group relationships. Relationship building was reported to be the most important factor contributing to the success of capacity-development initiatives. Four sub-themes were identified: communication, friendship, reciprocal learning/teaching, and confidence.     

Negotiation,politics, and management

Book reviews in this article:
Samuel B. Bacharach and Edward J. Lawler , Power and Politics in Organizations: The Social Psychology of Conflict, Coalitions, and Bargaining .
Max H. Bazerman and Roy J. Lewicki , eds., Negotiating in Organizations .
Jeffrey Pfeffer , Power in Organizations .     

Privatisation,multinationals, and corruption

Recent initiatives from the OECD, the World Bank, and others on the subject of corruption have received widespread attention. However, the author argues that the incidence of corruption is closely connected with contracting-out, concessions, and privatisation, where multinationals based in OECD countries stand to gain profitable business. The encouragement of privatisation by the World Bank, and the economic benefit to OECD multinationals from this business, mean that action against corruption needs to involve effective sanctions by developing countries against multinationals which engage in corrupt practices; greater political transparency to remove the secrecy under which corruption flourishes; and resistance to the uncritical extension of privatisation. This article looks at empirical evidence on this subject.